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JPPS (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Sains)
ISSN : 20891776     EISSN : 25491597     DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jpps.v9n1
Core Subject : Science, Education,
JPPS (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Sains) is one of the research journals in the education field which includes science, physics, chemistry, and biology education. JPPS also contains articles that discuss the latest issues about education.
Articles 649 Documents
PENGEMBANGAN PERANGKAT PEMBELAJARAN FISIKA MODEL INKUIRI TERBIMBING SEBAGAI UPAYA MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATERI KALOR DI SMA Hakim, Moh. Luqman; Prabowo, Prabowo; Yuanita, Yuni
JPPS (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Sains) Vol 5, No 1 (2015)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26740/jpps.v5n1.p764-768

Abstract

The purpose of this research is produce physics learning material through guided inquiry model that valid, practical, and effective to improve learning outcomes of senior high school students. The development of learning material used the Kemp model and was tested X of SMA Hangtuah 1 Surabaya second semester in academic year 2013/2014 with One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design. Data of the study collected through observation, test, and questioner. The results of this research are: 1) Learning material developed has a valid category. 2) Learning material in terms of a practical category in feasibility of lesson plans and the students? activities in accordance with steps of guided inquiry model. 3) The learning material effectiveness in terms of: (a) the increasing of students learning outcomes seen from exhaustiveness of indicator, individual, and classical; (b) the increasing of students? comprehensiveness seen from high level of gain; (c) The students? responds toward material and implementation of learning are very positive. Based on the findings of the study, It?s conclusion that the learning material through guided inquiry model are valid, practical, and effective to increasing students' learning outcomes. It showed through the students' comprehensiveness of the concept, psychomotor skills and character, which are students' discipline and responsible. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan perangkat pembelajaran fisika model inkuiri terbimbing yang valid, praktis, dan efektif sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa SMA. Pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran menggunakan model Kemp dan diujicobakan di kelas X SMA Hangtuah 1 Surabaya semester genap tahun ajaran 2013/2014 dengan One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode observasi, tes, dan angket. Temuan hasil penelitian, yaitu: 1) Perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembangkan berkategori valid; 2) Kepraktisan perangkat pembelajaran ditinjau dari keterlaksanaan RPP berkategori baik dan sesuai dengan tahap-tahap pada model inkuiri terbimbing; dan 3) Keefektifan perangkat pembelajaran ditinjau dari: (a) Peningkatan hasil belajar siswa terlihat dari ketuntasan indikator, individual, dan klasikal; (b) Peningkatan kemampuan pemahaman konsep siswa terlihat dari gain dengan kategori tinggi; dan (c) Respon siswa terhadap perangkat dan pelaksanaan pembelajaran sangat positif. Berdasarkan hasil temuan dalam penelitian ini, disimpulkan bahwa perangkat pembelajaran IPA Fisika dengan model inkuiri terbimbing, praktis dan efektif untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa yang ditunjukkan oleh pemahaman konsep siswa, keterampilan psikomotor siswa, dan karakter siswa yang meliputi disiplin dan tanggung jawab siswa.
MELATIHKAN KETERAMPILAN PROSES SAINS SISWA SMA NEGERI 8 KOTA TERNARTE MELALUI PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN CCDSR (CONDITION, CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, SIMULATION, REFLECTION) Rahman, Rosida Abd.; Limatahu, Iqbal
JPPS (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Sains) Vol 9, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26740/jpps.v9n2.p1783-1789

Abstract

Penerapan model pembelajaran CCDSR (condition, construction, development, simulation, reflection) dapat melatihkan keterampilan proses sains (KPS) siswa SMA Negeri 8 Kota Ternate. Jenis penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan kelas (PTK) yang diterapkan pada 36 orang siswa dengan dua kali siklus penelitian. Masing-masing siklus terdiri dari empat kali pertemuan. Penerapan CCDSR menunjukkan bahwa KPS siswa menggunakan model pembelajaran CCDSR pada siklus I yaitu skor perolehan tertinggi 2,03 dan sejumlah 47,2% siswa memiliki KPS  tergolong dalam kriteria rendah, dan 52,8% pada kategori sedang, dan tidak seorangpun KPS siswa  pada kategori tinggi. Penerapan model pembelajaran CCDSR pada siklus II memberikan dampak peningkatan pada KPS siswa dengan skor perolehan tertinggi 2,94 dan 13,8% berada pada kriteria sedang, 86,2% berada pada kriteria tinggi, 13,8% pada kategori sedang, dan tidak ada KPS siswa yang berada pada kategori rendah. Implikasi penelitian ini adalah model pembelajaran CCDSR dapat digunakan untuk melatihkan keterampilan proses sains siswa SMA.
PENGEMBANGAN PERANGKAT PEMBELAJARAN IPA MODEL INKUIRI TERBIMBING DENGAN STRATEGI MOTIVASI ARCS UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA SMP Asnita, Asnita; Wasis, Wasis; Soetjipto, Soetjipto
JPPS (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Sains) Vol 6, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26740/jpps.v6n1.p1140-1149

Abstract

This research aimed to produce learning science materials using guided inquiry model with the ARCS motivational strategies that  feasible  to  improve  students? learning  achievement.  The  development of learning materials used 4D model design and it was tested in the VII grade of SMPN 17 Kendari, even semester in academic year of 2014/2015 with One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The data collections used validation, observation, test, and quetionnaires methods. The data analysis techniques used qualitative descriptive analysis. The results of this research showed: 1) the developed teaching and learning materials were valid with good category; 2) learning implementation was conducted; 3) students? motivation after conducting the learning has a good category and 4) students? learning achievement has increased with high category gain score. Based on the results, it could be concluded that the guided inquiry learning models that integrate the ARCS motivational strategies were feasible to improve the learning achievement of junior high school students. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan perangkat pembelajaran IPA model inkuiri terbimbing dengan  strategi  motivasi  ARCS  yang  layak  untuk  meningkatkan hasil  belajar  siswa.  Pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran mengikuti rancangan model 4-D dan diujicobakan di kelas VII SMPN 17 Kendari semester genap tahun ajaran 2014/2015 dengan desain One-Group Pretest-Posttest design. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode validasi, observasi, tes, dan angket. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan: 1) Perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembangkan valid; 2) Semua rencana pembelajaran terlaksana dengan kategori baik; 3) motivasi siswa dengan kategori baik terhadap pembelajaran; 4)  hasil belajar siswa mengalami peningkatan dengan skor N-gain berkategori tinggi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa perangkat pembelajaran model inkuiri terbimbing dengan strategi motivasi ARCS yang dikembangkan layak untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa SMP.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF QUIZ TEAM TYPE ACTIVE LEARNING STRATEGY TO INCREASE THE UNDERSTANDING ON MOVEMENT SYSTEM CONCEPT AT JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL Wahyuni, Hiatun Sri; Agustini, Rudiana; Prastowo, Tjipto
JPPS (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Sains) Vol 7, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26740/jpps.v7n2.p1487-1495

Abstract

This study was conducted to increase the understanding on movement system concept at Junior High School.This study belongs to pre-experimental using One Group Pretest and Posttest Design. Subjects of the research were 32 students. Analysis of research data is carried out descriptive quantitatively. Result of this study shows that: (1) lesson plan gets average score of 3.72 which is categorized as excellent; (2) Normalized Gain Score  is 0.71; and (3) students response positively; 98,74% of students state they are pleased with this teaching model, 96,88% state it is new for them, 98,75% state it is easyto do, 98,13% state their agreement, and 91% request the application of this model on the following lessons; and (4) the highest learning activity is reading teaching material, of 22,85% students. As a conclusion from this research is that quiz team model of teaching is applicable to increase the understanding on movement system concept at Junior High School.
PENGEMBANGAN PERANGKAT PEMBELAJARAN IPA SMP BERBASIS PENDEKATAN SAINTIFIK DENGAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN INKUIRI TERBIMBING Syafi?ah, Rohmatus; Tukiran, Tukiran; Rachmadiarti, Fida
JPPS (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Sains) Vol 5, No 2 (2016)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26740/jpps.v5n2.p903-910

Abstract

This research aimed to describe the teaching material?s feasibility of IPA based on scientific approach with guided inquiry learning model. This research had been done in three phases, that are creating the teaching material?s, validating and doing  revision, and verifying them at learning activity in class with one group pretest-posttest design. Techniques for collecting data was conducted through questionnaires, validation, observation, and test. Techniques for analyzing data used descriptive qualitative. The result of research showed that (1) the feasibility of teaching material?s based on scientific approach with guided inquiry learning model of IPA that consist of syllabus,  lesson plan, student book, student worksheet and  the learning outcome test gained 4.89; 4.72; 4.81; 4.79; and 4.51 respectively that are categorized as valid. (2) The implementation of this lesson plan at two meetings in VII-A and VII-B class is categorized as good with average minimal scores 4.00 and got 94% in minimal percentage of agreement aspect; (3) Working in a group was the most dominant student activity at two meetings at VII-A and VII-B classes with average frequency of two meetings, observed are 19 and 10 times (VII-A class), and 18 and 10 times (VII-B class); (4) The learning outcomes that can be analyzed by calculating classical masteries at the first and second meetings on multiple choice and essay are 95.5%; 100%; 91%; 95% (VII-A class); and 91%; 86%; 91%; and 91% (VII-B class) respectively, and (5) Students gave the positive response to the learning process using teaching material?s of IPA based on scientific approach with guided inquiry model with average score to be 3.3 (VII-A class) and 3.4 (VII-B class). Based on the result of the analyzed data, it can be concluded that the teaching material?s of IPA based on scientific approach with guided inquiry model which had been developed was feasible to be used. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan kelayakan perangkat pembelajaran IPA SMP berbasis pendekatan saintifik dengan model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam tiga tahap, yaitu tahap mengembangkan perangkat pembelajaran, tahap validasi dan revisi, dan tahap uji coba dalam pembelajaran di kelas dengan menggunakan rancangan one group pretest-posttest design. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan angket, validasi, pengamatan, dan tes. Teknik analisis data menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Kelayakan perangkat pembelajaran yang terdiri dari silabus, RPP, buku siswa, LKS, dan tes hasil belajar masing-masing diperoleh hasil 4,89; 4,72; 4,81; 4,79; dan 4,51 dengan kriteria valid. (2) Keterlaksanaan RPP pada dua pertemuan di kelas VII-A dan VII-B mendapatkan kriteria baik dengan skor rata-rata minimal 4,00 dan rata-rata persentase kesepakatan antara dua pengamat minimal 94%; (3) Frekuensi aktivitas siswa yang paling dominan pada dua pertemuan di kelas VII-A dan VII-B adalah bekerja dalam kelompok dengan frekuensi pengamatan rata-rata pada kedua pertemuan berturut-turut 19 dan 10 kali (kelas VII-A), dan 18 dan 10 kali (kelas VII-B) (4) Hasil belajar siswa yang dilihat dari  ketuntasan klasikal pada pertemuan pertama dan kedua pada soal PG dan uraian berturut-turut sebesar 95,5%; 100%; 91%; 95% (kelas VII-A); dan 91%; 86%; 91%; dan 91% (kelas VII-B), dan (5) Respon positif siswa terhadap pembelajaran IPA berbasis pendekatan saintifik dengan model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing dengan nilai rata-rata 3,3 (kelas VII-A) dan 3,4 (kelas VII-B). Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa perangkat pembelajaran IPA berbasis pendekatan saintifik dengan model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing yang telah dikembangkan layak untuk digunakan.
PENGEMBANGAN PERANGKAT PEMBELAJARAN MODEL KOOPERTIF TIPE TWO STAY TWO STRAY UNTUK MELATIH KETERAMPILAN SOSIAL DAN MENUNTASKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA SMP Humaidin, Muhammad; Susantini, Endang; Haryono, Tjipto
JPPS (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Sains) Vol 6, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26740/jpps.v6n1.p1273-1282

Abstract

Research aims to improve The development learning cooperative Model of Two Stay Two Stray type to improving Social Skills and Increase student outcomes which are validity, practically, and effectively in topic structure earth and disaster for eight grade students; and describing the realization result of instructional design plan, student?s learning outcomes, student?s responds, and the obstacles encountered in the implementation of learning. The research was conducted in two steps, The development of cooperative learning Model Two Stay Two Stray type for improve Social Skills and Increase student outcomes which referred to four-D instructional design model. The last step was tested the instructional design that has been developed on students. Subject of this research is students in class VIII SMPN 14 Bima city. Researcher use One Group Pretest-Posttest Design to test the instructional design that has been developed. Data collecting through validation, observation, test, documentation, and student respons questionnaire. Data analysis used descriptiv analysis. The development of cooperative learning Model Two Stay Two Stray type for improve Social Skills and Increase student outcome are validility, practically, and effectively topic structure earth and disaster. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan perangkat pembelajaran model kooperatif tipe Two Stay Two Stray yang valid, praktis, dan efektif pada pokok bahasan struktur bumi dan bencana kelas VIII; dan untuk mendeskripsikan hasil keterlaksanaan RPP, hasil belajar siswa, keterampilan sosial, respon siswa, serta Kendala-kendala yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaan pembelajaran. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua tahap, yaitu tahap pertama pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran model kooperatif Tipe Two Stay Two Stray yang mengacu pada model pengembangan four-D tetapi hanya sampai pada tahap pengembangan. Tahap kedua yaitu mengujicobakan perangkat pembelajaran yang telah dikembangkan pada siswa. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII SMPN 14 Kota Bima. Uji coba dilakukan dengan menggunakan One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui validasi, pengamatan, tes, dan angket respon siswa. Teknik analisis data menggunakan teknis analisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perangkat pembelajaran model kooperatif tipe Two Stay Two Stray  sangat valid, praktis, dan efektif untuk pokok bahasan struktur bumi dan bencana. 
EDUTAINMENT WITH COMPUTER GAME AS A CHEMISTRY LEARNING MEDIA Lutfi, Achmad; Suyono, Suyono; Erman, Erman; Hidayah, Rusly
JPPS (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Sains) Vol 8, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26740/jpps.v8n2.p1684-1689

Abstract

Abstract. The research aims to get answers to whether chemistry learning with computer-based games as learning media can create fun learning (edutainment). The study was conducted on students in three high schools in chemistry learning according to plan, during the learning activities were observed by students, before and after learning the learning outcomes tests and student questionnaires were conducted. The results showed that learning activities were 90.4% to 92.0% as expected, 90% to 100% of students stated that learning was fun with games as learning media, and learning outcomes had achieved 93% to 100% classical completeness. These results indicate that the use of computer-propelled games as chemical learning media can create chemical learning that pleases students and can be used by teachers as an alternative to edutainment chemistry learning
PENGEMBANGAN PERANGKAT PEMBELAJARAN IPA PENDEKATAN SCIENTIFIC PADA POKOK BAHASAN PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN UNTUK MELATIHKAN LIFE SKILLS SISWA SMP DAN MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR Khairiyah, Ummu; Kirana, Tjandra; Widodo, Wahono
JPPS (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Sains) Vol 5, No 2 (2016)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26740/jpps.v5n2.p1016-1022

Abstract

A develop research was done about science learning materials (lesson plans, student?s worksheets, student?s book, and learning achivement test) Scientific approach to the 4D models to teach life skills and the aim of improving student learning outcomes. This research was trial to 35 of junior high school?s students of class VII academic year 2014/2015 with One-group pretest-posttest design. Analysis data is descriptive quantitative-qualitative and the results are Validity of learning material valid (3.50);  Practicalitybased on:  Readability of worksheets and teaching materials 86% students interesting and easy to understand; Feasibility of instruction good category (3.5); Students response of positive (97%);  Effectiveness based on: Student activities are student center; student learning achivement increased (N-Gain: 0.75); Ability Life skills (Thinking skills, academic skills, social skills) have been trained and the result is increased. The conclusions of this research that science learning material with base Scientific approach to teach Life skills and and improve the student learning achivement in junior high school. Telah dilakukan penelitian dengan mengembangkan perangkat pembelajaran (RPP, LKS, Materi Ajar, Tes Hasil Belajar) dengan pendekatan Scientific model 4D yang bertujuan untuk melatihkan Life skills dan meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa SMP. Perangkat pembelajaran diujicoba pada 35 siswa kelas VII semester genap tahun ajaran 2014/ 2015 dengan rancangan uji coba One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif kuantitatif- kualitatif dengan hasil Validitas perangkat kategori valid(3,50), Kepraktisan perangkat yang meliputi: Keterbacaan LKS dan materi ajar siswa 86% menarik dan mudah dipahami; Keterlaksanaan pembelajaran sangat baik (3,5) ; Respon siswa positif (97%);  Keefektifan perangkat pembelajaran yang meliputi:  Aktivitas siswa bersifat student centered; Hasil belajar siswa meningkat (N-Gain: 0,75); Kemampuan Life skills (Thinking skills, academic skills, social skills) telah dilatihkan dan hasilnya meningkat. Simpulan penelitian ini, bahwa perangkat pembelajaran IPA dengan pendekatan Scientific layak untuk melatihkan life skills dan meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa SMP.
MODEL INKUIRI TERBIMBING MENGGUNAKAN LKS BERORIENTASI KETERAMPILAN BERPIKIR KRITIS UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR BIOLOGI PADA MATERI EKOSISTEM Al? Ayub, M. Salahudin; Rahardjo, Rahardjo; Koestiari, Toeti
JPPS (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Sains) Vol 5, No 1 (2015)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26740/jpps.v5n1.p703-719

Abstract

The aimed of this research to describe the student learning outcomes and critical thinking skills through guided inquiry model using student worksheet oriented of critical thinking skills. This Research was conducted on two stages, are development of teaching materials using Dick and Carey model, and the implementation stage into the classroom using one group pretest-posttest design with subjects were 30 students on X class of SMAN 1 Pasir Belengkong Kabupaten Paser Kalimantan Timur. The parameter is feasibility of lesson plan, student activity, learning outcomes, critical thinking skills and constraints for teaching and learning activities. Data collecting were using observation method, test, and questionnaire. After the data were analiyzed with this result: The feasibility of lesson plan could be categorized as good, student activity with instrument reliability classified as good, learning outcomes test to know mastery of student learning on Ecosystems with the average score as good and gain score high gain, critical thinking test with the average score as good and gain score high gain. Based on this research, it can be concluded that guided inquiry model using student worksheet of critical thinking skills can improve student learning outcomes and critical thinking skills. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan hasil belajar siswa dan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa melalui model inkuiri terbimbing menggunakan LKS berorientasi keterampilan berpikir kritis. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam dua tahap, yaitu tahap pengembangan perangkat yang menggunakan model Dick & Carey, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan tahap implememtasi model di dalam kelas menggunakan rancangan One group Pretest-Posttest Design dengan subjek penelitian 30 siswa kelas X SMAN 1 Pasir Belengkong Kabupaten Paser Kalimantan Timur. Parameter yang diukur meliputi keterlaksanaan RPP, aktivitas siswa, hasil belajar siswa, keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa, respon siswa dan hambatan selama kegiatan belajar. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode observasi, tes, dan angket. Selanjutnya data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Keterlaksanaan RPP dengan kategori baik, aktivitas siswa, dengan reliabilitas instrumen berkategori baik, ketuntasan belajar siswa pada materi ekosistem dengan nilai rata-rata baik dan gain score rata-rata  gain tinggi, ketuntasan keterampilan berpikir kritis dengan rata-rata nilai baik dan gain score rata-rata gain tinggi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa model inkuiri terbimbing menggunakan LKS berorientasi keterampilan berpikir kritis dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar dan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa.
INVESTIGATING STUDENT’S CRITICAL THINKING DISPOSITION BASED ON GENDER IN PHYSICS TEACHING WITH INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA Gunawan, Gunawan; Harjono, Ahmad; Herayanti, Lovy; Husein, Sadam; Fathoroni, F
JPPS (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Sains) Vol 9, No 1 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26740/jpps.v9n1.p1766-1771

Abstract

Interactive multimedia is able to combine various kinds of representations into one whole media unit. These representations are in the form of visual, auditory, and procedural representations. Interactive multimedia capabilities can directly stimulate the development of students' critical thinking skills. This research has explored the increasing tendency of students to think critically or called critical thinking disposition. In particular, this study compared the increasing levels of critical thinking disposition of male and female students. Field trials employed a quasi-experiment with a pretest and posttest control group design. The subject consisted of 16 male and 16 female students in senior high school at Mataram, Indonesia. The research instrument used description problem that has been adapted to the indicators of critical thinking disposition, namely truth-seeking, open-mindedness, analyticity, systematic, and inquisitiveness. The results indicate that of N-gain research for male students were 35.5 and female 36.4. This shows that the use of interactive multimedia has a positive effect on improving critical thinking disposition in both male and female students.