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PHARMACOLOGY, MEDICAL REPORTS, ORTHOPEDIC, AND ILLNESS DETAILS (COMORBID)
Published by Transpublika Publisher
ISSN : -     EISSN : 28099745     DOI : https://doi.org/10.55047/comorbid
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Nursing
About the Journal PHARMACOLOGY, MEDICAL REPORTS, ORTHOPEDIC, AND ILLNESS DETAILS (COMORBID) is an international, modern, general medical publication that publishes research on all aspects of medicine, from fundamental research to significant clinical trials and cost-effectiveness analyses. We generally publish human research that contribute to our understanding of medical epidemiology, etiology, and physiology; the development of prognostic and diagnostic technologies; clinical trials that evaluate the efficacy of particular therapies and comparative trials; and systematic reviews. We want to encourage the conversion of fundamental research into clinical trials and clinical evidence into therapeutic practice. When studies in animal models produce remarkable research findings that are extremely clinically relevant, we publish them on occasion. The international medical community, as well as educators, policymakers, patient advocacy groups, and other interested parties, are among our target audiences. The online edition of COMORBID is updated on a regular basis. Medical Informatics, Basic Science, Clinical Science, Case Report, Brief Communication, Public Health, Public Policy, and Review Articles from all branches of medicine and associated subjects are published in PHARMACOLOGY, MEDICAL REPORTS, ORTHOPEDIC, AND ILLNESS DETAILS (COMORBID)
Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Kedokteran (Lain-Lain)
Articles 99 Documents
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Identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Bacteria Using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) Based on Image Classification Maulana, Haris; Kamaruddin, Mudyawati; Suyanto, Agus; Rabban, Auliyaur
PHARMACOLOGY, MEDICAL REPORTS, ORTHOPEDIC, AND ILLNESS DETAILS Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): JANUARY
Publisher : Transpublika Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55047/comorbid.v5i1.1963

Abstract

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus) is the primary bacterium responsible for the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, which is transmitted through sexual contact. Traditional identification methods, such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), are still widely used but have limitations in terms of cost, time, and the need for multiple reagents. This study aims to develop a faster and more efficient identification method using Artificial Intelligence (AI) through a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) approach based on the Inception V3 architecture. The dataset used consists of 84 JPEG images, comprising 42 images of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and 42 non-Neisseria images. The model was trained using 50 epochs with an early stopping mechanism, which optimally halted at epoch 25, achieving a training accuracy of 94.74% and a validation accuracy of 100%. The resulting model achieved 96% classification accuracy, correctly identifying all 8 positive and 4 negative test images. These findings indicate that CNN based on Inception V3 is effective in classifying Neisseria gonorrhoeae images and has strong potential as a fast, accurate, and efficient diagnostic alternative.
Effectiveness of the ‘One Week One Egg’ Program in Preventing Stunting in Palangka Raya City Astoeti, Dileli Dharma; Widiarti, Astri
PHARMACOLOGY, MEDICAL REPORTS, ORTHOPEDIC, AND ILLNESS DETAILS Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): JANUARY
Publisher : Transpublika Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55047/comorbid.v5i1.1971

Abstract

Stunting remains a significant public health issue in Indonesia because its impact not only hinders linear growth but also reduces cognitive development, educational attainment, and long-term productivity. These risks prompted the government to accelerate its eradication through RAN-PASTI 2021–2024. In response, the city of Palangka Raya established a Stunting Reduction Acceleration Team (TPPS) and introduced several innovations, including the One Week One Egg (OWOE) programme, which engages civil servants, students, and contract workers in donating eggs to stunted toddlers and at-risk families. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of OWOE in supporting stunting reduction efforts at the city level. The method used is a literature review based on secondary data from government reports, TPPS documents, the Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey (SSGI), and scientific publications on animal-based foods and child nutrition. The evaluation was conducted by analysing participation levels, the number of eggs collected, beneficiary coverage, and its correlation with changes in stunting prevalence. The results show that OWOE successfully collected around 3,250 eggs per week (108 trays) and served 54 toddlers, although this coverage remains far below the total of 7,622 at-risk families. Stunting prevalence in Palangka Raya also decreased significantly from 28% in 2023 to 19.1% in 2024, lower than provincial and national rates, indicating OWOE’s contribution to strengthening convergence efforts. With its simple, low-cost, and community-based approach, OWOE has the potential to be further developed and replicated in other regions to support the achievement of national stunting reduction targets.
Formulation and Sensory Evaluation of Crystal Candy Containing Collagen Extract from Milkfish (Chanos chanos) Scale Waste Fauzi, Ach Zakyah Al; Priyoherianto, Andri; Fitriany, Erna
PHARMACOLOGY, MEDICAL REPORTS, ORTHOPEDIC, AND ILLNESS DETAILS Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): JANUARY
Publisher : Transpublika Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55047/comorbid.v5i1.1984

Abstract

Stunting remains a major public health issue in Indonesia, with a prevalence of 21.6% in 2023, primarily caused by chronic nutrient deficiencies. While collagen does not directly address all nutritional causes of stunting, its protein content may contribute to improving dietary quality. This study aimed to develop a functional crystal candy formulation incorporating collagen extracted from milkfish (Chanos chanos) scale waste as a potential source of protein supplementation.  Collagen was extracted through maceration using 0.05 M NaOH for 8 hours, followed by hydrolysis in 0.3 M acetic acid for 72 hours, heating in a water bath, and drying at 50°C. The extraction yield was 18%, with the presence of amino compounds confirmed through the ninhydrin assay. The extracted collagen was incorporated into crystal candy formulations at concentrations of 0% (F1), 5% (F2), and 10% (F3). Physical quality was evaluated through organoleptic, pH, and hedonic sensory tests involving 80 panelists. The F2 formulation demonstrated the highest sensory acceptability, with an average pH of 6.32. This study provides preliminary data on the feasibility of utilizing fish scale waste as a functional ingredient in confectionery products; however, further analyses of nutritional content, collagen bioactivity, and storage stability are required to substantiate its potential health benefits.
The Effectiveness of Using Health Education Video on Increasing Knowledge of Household Contacts of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Nataladi, Evani; Permatasari, Henny; Nursasi, Astuti Yuni; Mulyono, Sigit
PHARMACOLOGY, MEDICAL REPORTS, ORTHOPEDIC, AND ILLNESS DETAILS Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): JANUARY
Publisher : Transpublika Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55047/comorbid.v5i1.1987

Abstract

Despite extensive health education efforts, pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) incidence remains high, particularly among household contacts. Audiovisual media (video) is emerging as a potential alternative to optimize educational outcomes where traditional methods have underperformed. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of video-based health education in increasing knowledge and preventive behaviors among household contacts of pulmonary TB patients. A systematic search was conducted (February-March 2025) across five databases: ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Sage Journals, and Google Scholar. Using PRISMA guidelines and JBI critical appraisal tools, six high-quality articles were synthesized from an initial 19,481 records (filtered for Open Access, 2016-2025, and relevant study designs). Synthesis of the included studies demonstrates that health education significantly enhances knowledge, attitudes, and participation in early TB detection. Specifically, audiovisual tools were found to improve information retention and understanding of TB prevention more effectively than standard verbal counseling, although its success is often contingent. Audiovisual-based health education is a superior intervention for increasing the knowledge and preventive attitudes of TB household contacts. The integration of video media significantly enhances information uptake compared to traditional methods, suggesting that TB control programs should prioritize digital audiovisual tools to optimize early case detection and community-based prevention.
Potential Effectiveness of Secondary Metabolites of Azolla microphylla as Aedes aegypti Repellent Guide Pradana, Muhammad Sungging; Ekawati, Evy Ratnasari; Yusmiati, Siti Nur Husnul; Rosady, Imron; Cahyani, Ridanti Nagita
PHARMACOLOGY, MEDICAL REPORTS, ORTHOPEDIC, AND ILLNESS DETAILS Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): APRIL
Publisher : Transpublika Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55047/comorbid.v5i2.2066

Abstract

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) remains an endemic public health concern, with Aedes aegypti mosquitoes serving as the primary transmission vector. While chemical repellents are widely used for vector control, their health and environmental risks have driven the need for safer, biodegradable natural alternatives. This study aimed to identify the secondary metabolite content of Azolla microphylla leaf extract and evaluate its effectiveness as a repellent against Aedes aegypti. This experimental study employed a post-test only control group design. Three extract concentrations (10%, 15%, and 20%) were tested alongside positive and negative controls, using 10 mosquitoes per group. Observations were conducted at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours, with data analyzed using statistical tests to assess differences between treatment groups. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins in the extract. Repellent testing revealed that the 20% concentration provided the highest effectiveness, with an average mosquito repellency of 58% during the first 1–2 hours. However, effectiveness declined progressively across all concentrations over time. Statistical analysis confirmed a significant difference between treatment and control groups after 1 hour of observation (p < 0.05). Azolla microphylla leaf extract demonstrates potential as a natural repellent against Aedes aegypti; however, its protective effect is temporary due to the volatility of its active compounds. Further formulation development, such as encapsulation or the use of fixative agents, is needed to enhance the stability and durability of its repellent activity.
Unexpected Encephalitis in Active Miliary TB Undergoing Treatment in an Elderly Person: A Rare Case Report Digdoyo, Ananda; Tabuni, Carolus Boromeus; Wikrama, Ketut Wiswa; Putra, Putu Nanda Pratama; Atmoko, Mahendra Bagus Dwi; Sudharmadji, Sudharmadji
PHARMACOLOGY, MEDICAL REPORTS, ORTHOPEDIC, AND ILLNESS DETAILS Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): APRIL
Publisher : Transpublika Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55047/comorbid.v5i2.2093

Abstract

Miliary tuberculosis (TB) with central nervous system (CNS) involvement manifesting as unexpected encephalitis in the elderly is a rare and serious condition. This study aims to describe and analyze the clinical manifestations of unexpected encephalitis in elderly patients with active miliary TB undergoing treatment. A descriptive case study with a qualitative approach was used. The population was elderly patients diagnosed with active miliary TB complicated by CNS involvement, with a purposive sample of one 68-year-old female patient who presented with atypical neurological symptoms after approximately five weeks of multidrug therapy (MDT). Data were obtained from medical records, neurological physical examinations, laboratory results, and head CT scans. A narrative descriptive analysis integrated clinical and radiological findings to interpret the relationship between encephalitis manifestations and TB therapy progression. The results showed atypical encephalitis symptoms with CT evidence of hypodense lesions and central calcifications, highlighting the diagnostic challenge. Appropriate MDT therapy with adjuvant corticosteroids resulted in a good clinical response. The conclusions emphasize the importance of early detection and use of neuroimaging in elderly patients with miliary TB to reduce neurological complications. Further research with larger samples is recommended to strengthen the findings.
Risk Factors and Severity of Coronary Lesions in Acute Coronary Syndrome Manalu, Karina Yesika; Masyhudi, Alysa Masytha; Galenta, Yusuf; Sitompul, Sanggap Indra
PHARMACOLOGY, MEDICAL REPORTS, ORTHOPEDIC, AND ILLNESS DETAILS Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): APRIL
Publisher : Transpublika Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55047/comorbid.v5i2.2110

Abstract

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in Indonesia, with multivessel disease (MVD) linked to worse outcomes, yet individual risk factors’ roles in lesion severity remain unclear in rural settings. This study is done to identify risk factors influencing coronary lesion severity (SVD vs. MVD) in ACS patients. This cross-sectional study at Dr. Doris Sylvanus General Hospital (July 2023-October 2024) included 85 ACS patients undergoing angiography/PCI, categorized by SVD (n=26, 30.6%) or MVD (n=59, 69.4%). Clinical data were extracted from emergency department records, including demographic characteristics (age, sex), medical history (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia), smoking status, as well as physical examination and laboratory findings such as blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), and Free Blood Sugar levels, which were used to support the classification of corresponding risk factors. SPSS v29 facilitated bivariate/multivariate logistic regression (p<0.05). The findings of this study show that no individual risk factor significantly predicted MVD (all p>0.05; diabetes OR=2.059, p=0.409). However, ≥3 cumulative risk factors strongly associated with MVD (3 factors: 80%, p=0.022; 4-9 factors: 65.5%, p=0.038). A higher burden of cumulative risk factors, not isolated ones, is associated with MVD in this rural ACS cohort, suggesting the potential value of integrated screening for early risk stratification.
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura with Gastrointestinal Tract Involvement and Nephritis in Children in Limited Healthcare Settings Sari, Dewi Wulan; Wahyuni, Ike Dwi
PHARMACOLOGY, MEDICAL REPORTS, ORTHOPEDIC, AND ILLNESS DETAILS Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): APRIL
Publisher : Transpublika Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55047/comorbid.v5i2.2141

Abstract

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP), or IgA vasculitis, is the most common systemic vasculitis in children, characterized by a clinical tetrad of palpable purpura, arthritis/arthralgia, abdominal pain, and renal involvement. Gastrointestinal manifestations may mimic surgical acute abdomen, while nephritis determines the long-term prognosis. This case report aims to present the management of HSP with multi-organ involvement in a limited-resource setting. An 8-year-old girl presented with nausea, vomiting, and severe abdominal pain, preceded by the appearance of a reddish rash on the extremities and buttocks one week prior. Physical examination revealed diffuse palpable purpura and epigastric tenderness. Investigations showed leukocytosis, microscopic hematuria, and mild proteinuria. Abdominal ultrasound revealed positive sonographic tenderness at McBurney’s point without signs of acute appendicitis or intussusception. The patient was diagnosed with HSP with gastrointestinal involvement and nephritis. The patient was treated conservatively with intravenous hydration, antibiotics, gastric mucosa protectors, and systemic corticosteroids. Significant clinical improvement in abdominal pain and skin rash was achieved following corticosteroid administration, and the patient was discharged with a prednisone tapering regimen. Early diagnosis of HSP is crucial to avoid unnecessary surgical intervention in patients with severe abdominal pain. Corticosteroids are effective in relieving acute gastrointestinal symptoms. Long-term monitoring of renal function is mandatory given the risk of chronic kidney disease progression, even in cases with mild initial symptoms.
Histological and Biochemical Effect of Branded Energy Drink (Fearless) on the Liver and Kidney of Albino Rats Tsennoe, Goyang J.; Tokwap, Gongmen T.; Gamde, Solomon M.; Ibanga, Imoh; Adisa, James O.
PHARMACOLOGY, MEDICAL REPORTS, ORTHOPEDIC, AND ILLNESS DETAILS Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): APRIL
Publisher : Transpublika Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55047/comorbid.v5i2.2144

Abstract

Energy drink consumption is rising globally due to their perceived mental and physical performance benefits. These carbonated beverages contain high levels of caffeine, sugar, and various additives. This study examined the effects of the energy drink (Fearless) on liver and kidney histology and biochemical parameters in albino rats. Fifteen Rattus norvegicus (mean weight 126.3±23.9g) were divided into three groups (n=5): Group A (control) received standard feed and water; Groups B and C received 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg body weight/day of the energy drink for 6 weeks, respectively. The body weights of animals were measured. Following sacrifice under light anesthesia, blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis, and liver and kidney tissues were processed via paraffin wax for histological examination. Body weights of animals descriptively indicated steady increased. Biochemical analysis showed no statistically significant changes in the kidney function serum sodium, potassium, chloride, urea, and creatinine inclusive compared to controls. However, liver function parameters showed statistically significant elevations (P<0.05) in AST, ALT, and ALP in the test groups. Liver histology revealed central vein congestion and hepatocyte necrosis in both dose groups. The low-dose kidney sections exhibited glomerular tuft changes, polymorphonuclear inflammatory infiltration, architectural distortion, and vascular congestion, while the high-dose group showed widened Bowman's capsule space and renal tubule necrosis with inflammatory infiltration. These findings suggest that chronic energy drink consumption adversely affects liver and kidney structure and function.

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