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Nusantara Journal of Behavioral and Social Science
Published by Utan Kayu Institute
ISSN : 28281039     EISSN : 28280733     DOI : http://doi.org/10.47679/20225
Core Subject : Humanities, Health, Education, Social,
Humanities Education Public Health Social Sciences Other
Nusantara Journal of Behavioral and Social Science (NJBSS) targets all the current and future prospective of research in the behavioral and social sciences. The journal accepts all types of articles such as research articles, case reports, reviews, commentary and short communications etc., behavioral sciences include psychology, psychobiology, criminology and cognitive science. > Psychology > Political science > Public health > Accounting > Applied anthropology > Social networks > Cognitive science > Sociology > Organizational behavior > Anthropology > Social neuroscience > Operations research > Management science > Behavioral economics
Arjuna Subject : Umum - Umum
Articles 106 Documents
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Rising From the Waves: Exploring Post-Traumatic Growth of Tsunami Survivors Who Lost Their Parents Rahmah, Siti; Zuanny, Iyulen Febry
Nusantara Journal of Behavioral and Social Science Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Utan Kayu Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/njbss.2025100

Abstract

This study aims to determine the condition of post-traumatic growth in Tsunami survivors who lost their parents on December 26, 2004. The subjects of this study were selected using a purposive sampling technique with a phenomenological approach from qualitative research of as many as two people. The instrument in this study used observation, in-depth interviews, and field notes. These two participants were selected based on the conditions intended by the researcher, namely losing their parents in the Aceh tsunami in 2004. Participants were given five open questions and conducted in-depth interviews. The data were analyzed using the Moleong approach, which consists of five aspects of post-traumatic growth, namely: (1) New possibilities, (2) Appreciation of Life, (3) Personal Strength, (4) Relationships with Others, and (5) Spiritual Enhancement. Data analysis used thematic analysis techniques to identify themes and subthemes from participant narratives. The results of this study indicate that tsunami trauma opens up opportunities for the emergence of new possibilities (new opportunities obtained), appreciation in life (in the form of gratitude, appreciating moments together and realizing the meaning of life), personal strength (resilience, revival, optimism, reflection, and responsibility), and relationships with others (relationship attachment, empathy, social support, and communication), as well as spiritual enhancement reflected in the reinterpretation of religious values and stronger beliefs. These findings are important for the development of interventions that empower disaster victims in the process of recovery and post-traumatic growth.
The Iraw Tengkayu Culture: Stability of Behaviour in Solidarity Among Tribes in Tarakan City Wiranto, Handy; Setyawan, Jefri
Nusantara Journal of Behavioral and Social Science Vol. 4 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Utan Kayu Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/njbss.2025104

Abstract

Iraw Tengkayu is a cultural tradition preserved by the people of Tarakan City, North Kalimantan, that engages various ethnic groups in a shared ceremonial event. This tradition not only symbolizes cultural continuity but also serves as a psychosocial platform to foster interethnic solidarity and cultural resilience in a multicultural society. This study aims to examine the psychosocial processes embedded in the Iraw Tengkayu celebration, focusing on social connectedness, collective identity formation, intrinsic motivation, environmental consciousness, and the symbolic meanings constructed within the community. Employing a qualitative realist approach, data were collected through semi-structure interviews with four key informant organizers and local participants. Thematic analysis was employed to identify recurring patterns, with triangulation used to enhance the validity of the findings. The findings demonstrate that Iraw Tengkayu strengthens social cohesion through interethnic rituals, reinforces inclusive cultural identity, and promotes civic participation. The celebration also nurtures ecological awareness and sustains a collective memory rooted in gratitude and togetherness. Theoretically, this study contributes to understanding how cultural rituals function as psychosocial mechanisms for identity integration and solidarity in diverse settings. Practically, it emphasizes the importance of integrating cultural heritage into public policy to foster inclusive citizenship, social harmony, and environmental responsibility in multicultural contexts.
Flexible Work Arrangements and Employee Creativity in Indonesia: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction Vivian, Edina; Eryandra, Alvin
Nusantara Journal of Behavioral and Social Science Vol. 4 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Utan Kayu Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/njbss.2025110

Abstract

The rapid adoption of flexible work arrangements (FWA) in Indonesia, driven by digital transformation and shifting workforce expectations, raises critical questions about their impact on employee creativity—a relationship that remains underexplored in the local context. While global studies suggest FWA can foster innovation through greater autonomy and work-life balance, conflicting evidence and unique cultural values in Indonesia warrant further investigation. This study addresses a significant research gap by examining whether job satisfaction mediates the effect of FWA on employee creativity among Indonesian workers. Employing a cross-sectional survey of 233 permanent employees with validated measurement scales, we conducted mediation analysis using Jamovi. The results demonstrate that FWA positively influences both job satisfaction and creativity, with job satisfaction partially mediating this relationship. Notably, FWA exerts both direct and indirect effects on creativity, emphasizing the dual role of structural flexibility and psychological fulfillment. These findings enrich Job Adjustment Theory and the Job Demands-Resources framework in a non-Western setting, offering fresh insights into the mechanisms behind workplace innovation. Practically, organizations should not only implement flexible policies but also actively support job satisfaction to maximize creative outcomes. Future research is encouraged to explore additional mediators, moderators, and qualitative perspectives to further illuminate this evolving landscape. Abstrak. Adopsi pengaturan kerja fleksibel (Flexible Work Arrangements/FWA) yang semakin pesat di Indonesia, didorong oleh transformasi digital dan perubahan ekspektasi tenaga kerja, menimbulkan pertanyaan penting terkait dampaknya terhadap kreativitas karyawan—hubungan yang masih jarang dikaji dalam konteks lokal. Meskipun studi global menunjukkan bahwa FWA dapat mendorong inovasi melalui peningkatan otonomi dan keseimbangan kerja-kehidupan, temuan yang saling bertentangan serta nilai-nilai budaya yang unik di Indonesia memerlukan penelitian lebih lanjut. Studi ini mengisi kesenjangan penelitian dengan menguji apakah kepuasan kerja memediasi pengaruh FWA terhadap kreativitas karyawan di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan survei cross-sectional pada 233 karyawan tetap dan skala pengukuran terstandar, analisis mediasi dilakukan menggunakan Jamovi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa FWA berpengaruh positif terhadap kepuasan kerja dan kreativitas, dengan kepuasan kerja memediasi hubungan tersebut secara parsial. Menariknya, FWA memberikan efek langsung dan tidak langsung terhadap kreativitas, yang menegaskan peran ganda fleksibilitas struktural dan pemenuhan psikologis. Temuan ini memperkaya teori Job Adjustment dan kerangka Job Demands-Resources di konteks non-Barat, serta menawarkan wawasan baru tentang mekanisme inovasi di tempat kerja. Secara praktis, organisasi tidak hanya perlu menerapkan kebijakan fleksibel, tetapi juga secara aktif mendukung kepuasan kerja untuk memaksimalkan hasil kreativitas. Penelitian selanjutnya disarankan mengeksplorasi mediator, moderator, dan pendekatan kualitatif tambahan untuk memperdalam pemahaman mengenai lanskap ini yang terus berkembang.
From Likes to Bonds: A Scoping Review on the Impact of Social Media on Youth Social Interaction Patterns Sitinjak, Charli; Kristiyani, Veronica; Handoko, Daniel
Nusantara Journal of Behavioral and Social Science Vol. 4 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Utan Kayu Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/njbss.202593

Abstract

Social media has profoundly reshaped the way youth interact, communicate, and build relationships in the digital age. As platforms like Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, and WhatsApp become central to daily life, understanding their psychosocial impacts on young people is critical. This scoping review aims to map and synthesize existing research on how social media influences youth social interaction patterns. A total of 82 studies published between 2020 and 2025 were analyzed, covering diverse cultural and geographical contexts. Thematic analysis identified four key areas: (1) social media as a catalyst for friendship formation, (2) evolving communication styles shaped by visual and ephemeral content, (3) the rise of digital intimacy and emotional support networks, and (4) the amplification of peer conflict, social comparison, and algorithmic pressures. The findings reveal both opportunities (e.g., global connections and creative self-expression) and risks (e.g., performative self-presentation, cyberbullying, and FOMO). Practical recommendations include implementing digital literacy programs in education, fostering authentic connections through platform design, and developing policies for algorithmic transparency and youth online safety. This review highlights the need for intersectional and globally aware frameworks and calls for longitudinal research to inform interventions that promote youth well-being in digital spaces.
Exploring the Link between Neuroticism and Work–Life Balance in High-Pressure Banking Jobs Maszura, Leni; Pratama, M. Fikri Jaka; Safitri, Yulia Nanda
Nusantara Journal of Behavioral and Social Science Vol. 4 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Utan Kayu Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/njbss.202512443

Abstract

The banking sector is characterized by high work pressure, long working hours, and demanding performance targets, making it one of the most vulnerable industries to occupational stress and work–life imbalance. While organizational factors such as workload, supervisor support, and company policies are recognized as critical determinants of work–life balance (WLB), studies focusing on dispositional factors, particularly personality traits, remain limited. Neuroticism, as one of the Big Five personality dimensions, is strongly associated with emotional instability, anxiety, and rumination, which may hinder employees’ ability to manage competing role demands effectively. This study aims to examine the relationship between neuroticism and WLB among banking employees in Indonesia, where cultural values and organizational contexts may shape employees’ experiences differently than in Western settings. Using a quantitative correlational design, data were collected from 234 banking employees through purposive sampling. Neuroticism was measured using the Big Five Inventory, while WLB was assessed with the Work–Life Balance Scale. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between neuroticism and WLB (r = –.210, p < .001, 95% CI [–.320, –.090]), with a small-to-moderate effect size. These findings are consistent with global literature linking neuroticism to poor work–family outcomes, while also highlighting contextual factors that may buffer or intensify this relationship. Theoretically, this study contributes by extending the scope of WLB research to include personality-based determinants in a Southeast Asian context. Practically, the results suggest that banking organizations should design interventions such as stress management training, resilience-building programs, and flexible work arrangements to support employees with high neuroticism profiles.   Abstrak: Sektor perbankan dikenal memiliki karakteristik pekerjaan dengan tekanan tinggi, jam kerja yang panjang, serta tuntutan target yang ketat. Kondisi tersebut seringkali menimbulkan risiko stres kerja dan mengurangi kesempatan karyawan untuk menyeimbangkan peran antara pekerjaan dan kehidupan pribadi. Work-life balance tercapai ketika seseorang mampu memenuhi tuntutan dari kedua ranah tersebut secara proporsional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan neuroticism dengan work-life balance pada karyawan perbankan. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah pekerja di sektor perbankan yang berjumlah 234 orang. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan korelasional, pengukuran variabel dilakukan menggunakan skala big-five personality dan skala-work life balance dengan format likert. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis menggunakan pearson product moment correlation. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa neuroticism berhubungan negatif secara signifikan dengan work-life balance (r = -0.210, p < .001) artinya semakin tinggi neuroticism, semakin rendah work-life balance dan sebaliknya semakin rendah neuroticism maka semakin tinggi work-life balance. Implikasi praktis dari penelitian ini adalah pentingnya organisasi perbankan menyediakan dukungan kerja yang memadai serta mengembangkan kebijakan work–life balance terutama bagi karyawan dengan profil neuroticism lebih tinggi.
Human Resource Development Practices and Employee Performance in Private Hospitals: Evidence from Emerging Healthcare Systems Jothi P, Manicka; Sangeeta, S.Sangeeta
Nusantara Journal of Behavioral and Social Science Vol. 4 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Utan Kayu Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/njbss.20259644

Abstract

Despite extensive research on Human Resource Development (HRD), few studies have examined how socio-demographic factors influence the effectiveness of HRD practices on employee performance in private hospitals within emerging healthcare systems. This study investigates the relationship between HRD practices and employee performance at Assured Best Care Hospital, using a descriptive–correlational design with 50 participants selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS. Results reveal no significant difference in performance across educational levels (p = .629) and tenure groups (p = .230), yet positive correlations were found between updated training (r = .48, p < .05), supervisor support (r = .45, p < .05), learning climate (r = .43, p < .05), and career growth opportunities (r = .41, p < .05) with employee performance. These findings support the Human Capital Theory and Social Exchange Theory by demonstrating that HRD enhances performance through capability building and reciprocal motivation. The study extends HRD scholarship by contextualizing these mechanisms within resource-constrained hospital settings. Practically, the results emphasize the need for continuous, competency-aligned training, effective coaching, and transparent career development to sustain engagement and performance. The findings inform hospital administrators about the strategic importance of HRD in achieving service excellence.
Injunctive Norms or Descriptive Norms – Explaining Intention of Energy-Dense Food Intake among Adolescents Sarintohe, Eveline
Nusantara Journal of Behavioral and Social Science Vol. 4 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Utan Kayu Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/njbss.202512344

Abstract

This present study tested an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) model including interaction effects between TPB determinants (i.e., attitudes, subjective norms/injunctive norms, perceived behavioural control (PBC), and intentions), and an additional variable (descriptive norms) among Indonesian adolescents. A cross-sectional study was done among 411 adolescents (Mage = 12.02 years, SD = 0.45, 53.3% boys) from five private schools in urban and suburban areas of Indonesia. Data were collected using adapted questionnaires. A Multiple Linear Regression was used to examine the associations and interaction between determinants (attitudes, injunctive and descriptive norms, and perceived behavioural control) and intention of energy-dense intake using R 4.0.2. Analyses demonstrated significant predictions of three determinants to intentions. Analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the regression to intentions between injunctive and descriptive norms, where descriptive norms more importantly explained intentions than injunctive norms. The results also showed that there were no significant two-way interactions. Injunctive norms and descriptive norms did not moderate the relation between attitude and intention, neither attitudes as moderator between PBC and intentions. All three determinants of TPB could predict the intention of eating energy-dense food. The TPB model could explain this behaviour. It looked likely beneficial to consider the difference between descriptive norms and injunctive norms (especially friends) that may strongly effect on high school students intentions to consume energy-dense food.
The Protective Role of Emotional Regulation and Family Support Against Burnout in Sandwich Generation Workers Fakhri, Syaiful; Fitriana, Yeny Famila Fasca
Nusantara Journal of Behavioral and Social Science Vol. 4 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Utan Kayu Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/njbss.2025127-44

Abstract

Abstract. Burnout is a long-term reaction to emotional stress and stress resulting from friction between workers and their jobs. The purpose of this study was to determine the complex relationship between emotional regulation and family support with burnout problems in the sandwich generation. This study used a quantitative correlational method with burnout as the dependent variable and emotional regulation and family support as independent variables. The measurement of these variables used 3 scales, namely the Burnout scale measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey scale based on aspects of exhaustion, cynicism and professional efficacy. Emotional regulation was measured using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire scale by Gross & John ERQ measuring aspects of cognitive reappraisal strategies and aspects of expressive suppression strategies. While family support was measured using a scale  adaptation and translation of the Perceived Social Support Family and Friend (PSS-Fa and PSS-Fr) scale by Procidano & Heller based on aspects of emotional support, information, and feedback. The subjects were N=120 sandwich generation workers. The results of this study are that there is a significant relationship between emotional regulation and family support with burnout in sandwich generation workers, where emotional regulation provides an effective contribution of 50.2% while family support is 41.4%.This suggests that workplace and family interventions aimed at enhancing coping strategies and support systems are critical for mitigating burnout in this sandwich generation   Abstrak. Burnout merupakan reaksi jangka panjang terhadap stres secara emosional dan stres akibat dari pergesekan antara pekerja dan pekerjaannya. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan kompleks antara regulasi emosi dan dukungan keluarga dengan masalah burnout pada generasi sandwich. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif korelasional dengan burnout sebagai varibel tergantung dan regulasi emosi serta dukungan keluarga sebagai variable bebas. Adapun pengukuran varibel tersebut menggunakan 3 skala yaitu skala Burnout diukur skala Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey berdasarkan aspek exhaustion, cynicism dan professional efficacy. Pada regulasi emosi diukur menggunakan skala Emotion Regulation Questionnaire oleh Gross & John ERQ yang mengukur aspek strategi cognitive reappraissal dan aspek strategi expressive suppression. Sedangkan dukungan keluarga diukur menggunakan skala yang diadaptasi dan translasi dari skala Perceived Social Support Family dan Friend (PSS-Fa dan PSS-Fr) oleh Procidano & Heller berdasarkan aspek dukungan emosional, informasi, dan umpan balik. Subjek merupakan pekerja generasi sandwich dengan jumlah N=120 subjek. Hasil penelitian ini adalah terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara regulasi emosi dan dukungan keluarga dengan burnout pada pekerja generasi sandwich, dimana regulasi emosi memberikan sumbangan efektif sebesar 50,2% sedangkan dukungan keluarga sebesar 41,4%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa intervensi di tempat kerja dan keluarga yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan strategi koping stress dan sistem pendukung sangat penting untuk mengurangi kelelahan pada generasi sandwich ini.
Fatherlessness, Childhood Trauma, and Self-Harm in University Students: A Moderated Regression Analysis Saudin, Efa; Rohmadani, Zahro Varisna
Nusantara Journal of Behavioral and Social Science Vol. 4 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Utan Kayu Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/njbss.202512944

Abstract

Self-harm among university students has emerged as an increasingly urgent mental-health concern globally, yet research examining culturally specific risk mechanisms remains limited, particularly in Indonesian contexts where paternal roles are socially salient and emotional disclosure is often constrained. This study investigates whether childhood trauma moderates the association between fatherlessness and self-harm tendencies among late-adolescent university students. Using a quantitative correlational design, 123 participants completed validated measures of fatherlessness, childhood trauma, and self-harm. Data were analyzed using simple regression and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). Results indicated that fatherlessness positively predicts self-harm (β = 0.85, t = 17.75, p < .001) and childhood trauma is also strongly associated with self-harm (β = 0.65, t = 5.78, p < .001). More importantly, childhood trauma strengthened the positive relationship between fatherlessness and self-harm (interaction β = 0.14, t = 3.32, p = .001), demonstrating a quasi-moderation effect consistent with attachment disruption and developmental trauma frameworks. The final model explained 79.4% of the variance in self-harm, underscoring the combined role of paternal disengagement and early adversity in shaping students’ emotional vulnerability. These findings highlight the need for trauma-informed, family-aware mental-health services in higher-education settings, including early screening, psychoeducation, and resilience-building interventions for high-risk groups.   Abstrak: Perilaku melukai diri pada mahasiswa telah menjadi isu kesehatan mental yang semakin mendesak secara global, namun kajian yang menelaah mekanisme risiko berbasis konteks budaya masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji apakah trauma masa kecil memoderasi hubungan antara kondisi tanpa sosok ayah (fatherlessness) dan kecenderungan melukai diri pada mahasiswa akhir remaja. Dengan menggunakan desain kuantitatif korelasional, sebanyak 123 partisipan mengisi instrumen terstandar mengenai fatherlessness, trauma masa kecil, dan perilaku melukai diri. Data dianalisis menggunakan regresi sederhana dan Analisis Regresi Moderasi (Moderated Regression Analysis/MRA). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa fatherlessness memprediksi perilaku melukai diri secara positif (β = 0.85, t = 17.75, p < .001) dan trauma masa kecil juga berasosiasi kuat dengan perilaku melukai diri (β = 0.65, t = 5.78, p < .001). Lebih jauh lagi, trauma masa kecil memperkuat hubungan positif antara fatherlessness dan perilaku melukai diri (β interaksi = 0.14, t = 3.32, p = .001), menunjukkan efek kuasi-moderasi yang konsisten dengan kerangka teori keterikatan dan trauma perkembangan. Model akhir menjelaskan 79.4% varians perilaku melukai diri, menegaskan peran gabungan keterlibatan ayah yang rendah dan pengalaman traumatis awal dalam membentuk kerentanan emosional mahasiswa. Temuan ini menekankan pentingnya layanan kesehatan mental berbasis trauma dan sensitif keluarga di lingkungan pendidikan tinggi, termasuk skrining dini, psikoedukasi, dan intervensi penguatan resiliensi bagi kelompok berisiko tinggi.
Reconstructing Positive Self-Image among Juvenile Inmates through Positive Interactive Counselling: A Strength-Based Approach to Psychosocial Rehabilitation Ababiel, Merinta Wira; Setyawan, Jefri; Elisabeth, Mary Philia
Nusantara Journal of Behavioral and Social Science Vol. 4 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Utan Kayu Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/njbss.202513144

Abstract

This exploratory study examines how a brief Positive Interactive Counselling (PIC) session can foster positive self-image among justice-involved adolescents in an Indonesian juvenile correctional facility. Beyond a community outreach activity, the work is framed as qualitative descriptive research with a clear theoretical contribution to Positive Psychology and Psychosocial Rehabilitation. Three participants (ages 16–17), purposively sampled, completed a single 60-minute group session combining guided reflection and peer sharing. Data (fieldnotes, participant worksheets, and in-session reflections) were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Three themes emerged: (1) a growing desire to make a positive impact coupled with personal responsibility; (2) recognition of self-potential linked to skills and long-term goals; and (3) spiritual strength as a stabilizing foundation in adversity. Empirically, the session elicited counter-stereotypic self-descriptions and visible peer affirmation; observed changes included increased self-confidence, self-awareness, and perceived readiness for social reintegration. Conceptually, findings illuminate how PIC may support self-reconstruction by aligning with autonomy, competence, and relatedness needs while normalizing hope and meaning-making in a culturally resonant setting. Practically, the study demonstrates a low-resource, replicable protocol suitable for constrained custodial contexts and points to directions for longitudinal and multi-site evaluation.   Abstrak: Studi eksploratif ini menelaah bagaimana satu sesi singkat Positive Interactive Counselling (PIC) dapat membangun citra diri positif pada remaja binaan di sebuah lembaga pemasyarakatan anak di Indonesia. Melampaui kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat, penelitian ini diposisikan sebagai studi kualitatif deskriptif dengan kontribusi teoretis yang jelas terhadap Psikologi Positif dan Rehabilitasi Psikososial. Tiga partisipan (usia 16–17 tahun) yang dipilih secara purposif mengikuti satu sesi kelompok berdurasi 60 menit yang memadukan refleksi terarah dan peer sharing. Data (catatan lapangan, lembar kerja partisipan, dan refleksi selama sesi) dianalisis menggunakan reflexive thematic analysis. Tiga tema utama muncul: (1) meningkatnya keinginan memberi dampak positif yang disertai tanggung jawab pribadi; (2) pengenalan potensi diri yang terhubung dengan keterampilan dan tujuan jangka panjang; dan (3) kekuatan spiritual sebagai landasan stabil dalam menghadapi kesulitan. Secara empiris, sesi ini memunculkan deskripsi diri yang berlawanan dengan stigma serta afirmasi sejawat yang tampak; perubahan yang diamati meliputi peningkatan kepercayaan diri, kesadaran diri, dan kesiapan untuk reintegrasi sosial. Secara konseptual, temuan menunjukkan bahwa PIC dapat mendukung rekonstruksi diri dengan menyelaraskan kebutuhan otonomi, kompetensi, dan keterhubungan, sekaligus menormalisasi harapan dan pemaknaan dalam konteks budaya yang relevan. Secara praktis, studi ini mendemonstrasikan protokol berbiaya rendah yang dapat direplikasi di lingkungan pemasyarakatan yang terbatas, serta membuka arah evaluasi longitudinal dan multi-situs.

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