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Al-MIKRAJ: Jurnal studi Islam dan Humaniora
Published by Institut Agama Islam Sunan Giri Ponorogo
ISSN : -     EISSN : 27454584     DOI : -
Core Subject : Economy, Education, Social,
Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences
Al-Mikraj: Jurnal Kajian Islam dan Humaniora Indonesia. Jurnal ini membahas tentang Studi Islam dan Humaniora. Kajian Islam memiliki ruang lingkup kajian yang cukup luas secara sistematis dan terintegrasi untuk mengetahui, memahami dan menganalisis secara mendalam hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan Islam, baik yang menyangkut sumber-sumber ajaran Islam, pokok-pokok ajaran Islam, sejarah Islam, dan realitas Islam. implementasinya dalam kehidupan. Kajian humaniora menjelaskan ilmu alam yaitu ilmu sosial dan humaniora. Ilmu alam meliputi matematika, fisika, kimia, ilmu bumi, dan astronomi. Ilmu sosial tersebut adalah sosiologi, antropologi, psikologi, pendidikan, ekonomi, dan politik. Sedangkan ilmu humaniora meliputi bahasa, linguistik, sastra, pendidikan, sejarah, hukum, filsafat, arkeologi, seni, dan ilmu sosial yang memiliki muatan humanistik.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Sosial (Lain-Lain)
Articles 1,656 Documents
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JIHAD KONTEMPORER: Jihad Sebagai Jalan Kehidupan, Bukan Jalan Kematian Ahmad Syafi'i; Suad Fikriawan
AL-MIKRAJ Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora (E-ISSN 2745-4584) Vol. 1 No. 1 (2020): AL-Mikraj Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora
Publisher : Pascasarjana Institut Agama Islam Sunan Giri Ponorogo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37680/almikraj.v1i1.672

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to try to reconstruct the discourse of Jihad as a way of life, not a way of death, as has so far been echoed by jihadist activists. This research concludes that jihad is one of the teachings of Islam. In fact, its position in religion ranks third after the practice of praying and serving one's parents. This shows how important every Muslim is in carrying out jihad. So the jihad that must be carried out in this contemporary era is more aimed at maintaining life (socio-economic sector), such as eradicating poverty and underdevelopment. For this reason, the meaning of jihad must always be contextualized according to the times. Because Islam is a religion that has the nature of shalih li kulli zaman wa makan.
KONSEP PEMIKIRAN MEHDI GOLSHANI : AGAMA DAN SAINS: konsep pemikiran mehdi golshani: agama dan sains Moh. Ainul Yakin; Nur Aimmatul Aula; Helmi Syaifuddin
AL-MIKRAJ Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora (E-ISSN 2745-4584) Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021): AL-Mikraj Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora
Publisher : Pascasarjana Institut Agama Islam Sunan Giri Ponorogo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37680/almikraj.v1i2.674

Abstract

Religion and science are forces capable of transforming human life. Both try to direct and provide welfare for mankind. With their advantages and limitations, these two subject figures are proven to have made a real contribution to improving the standard of human life. Mehdi Golshani is one of the philosopher who expressed his opinion on religion and science. The purpose of this study was to determine the concept of religious and scientific thought according to Mehdi Golshani. The research method used is literature / literacy. By examining the contents of the book, the substance of the discussion and the focus of the character's study and thoughts. The object is in the form of several research journal books which contain Mehdi Golshani's thoughts on religion and science. The results in the context of Mehdi Golshani's thought are used as a way to solve all natural phenomena, where the climax of all of them is to internalize self-awareness of the existence and power of God of the universe. The natural phenomenon that exists in human life is not just a coincidence, nor does it occur in the middle of nowhere. Keywords: Religion, Science, Mehdi Golshani. Agama dan sains adalah kekuatan yang mampu mentransformasi kehidupan manusia. Keduanya berusaha mengarahkan dan memberikan kesejahteraan bagi umat manusia. Dengan kelebihan dan keterbatasannya, kedua subjek ini terbukti memberikan kontribusi nyata dalam meningkatkan taraf hidup manusia. Mehdi Golshani adalah salah satu filsuf yang mengutarakan pendapatnya tentang agama dan sains. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui konsep pemikiran religius dan ilmiah menurut Mehdi Golshani. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka / literasi. Dengan menelaah isi buku, substansi pembahasan serta fokus kajian dan pemikiran tokoh. Objeknya berupa beberapa buku jurnal penelitian yang memuat pemikiran Mahdi Golshani tentang agama dan sains. Hasil pemikiran dalam konteks pemikiran Mehdi Golshani digunakan sebagai cara untuk menyelesaikan semua fenomena alam, dimana puncaknya semuanya adalah menginternalisasi kesadaran diri akan keberadaan dan kekuatan Tuhan semesta alam. Fenomena alam yang ada dalam kehidupan manusia bukan hanya kebetulan, juga tidak terjadi di antah berantah.
PROSES PERALIHAN KEKUASAAN DAN KEBIJAKSANAAN DALAM PEMERINTAHAN KHULAFAURRASYIDIN Kadenun Kadenun Kadenun
AL-MIKRAJ Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora (E-ISSN 2745-4584) Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021): AL-Mikraj Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora
Publisher : Pascasarjana Institut Agama Islam Sunan Giri Ponorogo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37680/almikraj.v1i2.747

Abstract

Abstract: This study aims to analyze the results of the succession of the Khulafaur Rashidin government, starting with the election of Abu Bakr, Umar bin Khotob, Ustman bin Affan and Ali bin Abi Tholib. The method used in this literature research is carried out by examining the concepts and theories used based on the available literature, including articles published in scientific journals containing theories relevant to research problems. The results of this research that Abu Bakr as caliph was carried out through deliberations of the friends at Saqifah Bani Saidah. His election as caliph was because of his seniority, his closeness to the Prophet Muhammad, was considered capable of solving complex and complex problems, moderate, lots of experience, and wise. The election of Umar was to continue the military expansion of the two superpowers (Persia and Rome) and Syria as a power base to carry out further expansion, such as to Egypt and Iraq. In his domestic political policy, Umar created a modern administrative system in all fields. Uthman became caliph, it can be said that it was relatively uneasy and smooth, because it was carried out through long deliberations of senior friends with their fear of divisions among Muslims after Umar's leadership. The appointment of the Caliph Ali, was carried out without deliberation, but it was sufficient for the majority of the Muslims, both from the Muhajirin and the Ansar, to do this so that there would be no more chaos at that time. Finally, on June 23, 656 AD, he was persecuted by the majority of the Muslims at the Nabawi Mosque in Medina, to become a caliph. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalis hasil suksesi pemerintahan masa khulafaurrosyidin, mulai Pemilihan Abu Bakar, Umar bin Khotob, Ustman bin Affan dan Ali bin Abi Tholib. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian kepustakaan ini dilakukan dengan mengkaji mengenai konsep dan teori yang digunakan berdasarkan literatur yang tersedia, yang diantaranya artikel-artikel yang dipublikasikan dalam jurnal ilmiah yang berisi teori-teori yang relevan dengan masalah-masalah penelitian. Hasil Penelitian ini Abu Bakar sebagai khalifah dilakukan melalui musyawarah para shahabat di Saqifah Bani Saidah. Terpilihnya beliau sebagai khalifah, karena senioritas, kedekatannya dengan Nabi Muhammad Saw, dianggap mampu untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan yang kompleks dan rumit, moderat, banyak pengalaman, dan bijaksana. Terpilihnya Umar yaitu melanjutkan ekspansi militer terhadap dua emperium adidaya (Persia dan Romawi) dan Syria dijadikan sebagai basis kekuatan untuk menjalankan ekspansi selanjutnya, seperti ke Mesir dan Irak. Kebijakan politik dalam negerinya, Umar membuat sistem administrasi modern di segala bidang. Utsman menjadi khalifah, dapat dikatakan relatif tidak mulus dan lancar, karena dilakukan melalui musyawarah yang panjang dari para shahabat senior dengan kekhawatiran mereka akan terjadinya perpecahan di kalangan umat Islam setelah kepemimpinan Umar. Pengangkatan khalifah Ali, dilaksanakan tanpa musyawarah, tetapi cukup dilakukan manyoritas kaum muslimin, baik dari kaum Muhajirin maupun Anshar, ini dilakukan supaya tidak terjadi kekacauan lebih besar lagi pada waktu itu. Akhinya, pada 23 Juni 656 M. beliau dibai’at oleh manyoritas kaum muslimin di Mesjid Nabawi kota Madinah, untuk menjadi seorang khalifah.
DASAR TEOLOGIS PENDIDIKAN ISLAM MULTIKULTURAL Moh Masduki; Nurul Malikah
AL-MIKRAJ Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora (E-ISSN 2745-4584) Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021): AL-Mikraj Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora
Publisher : Pascasarjana Institut Agama Islam Sunan Giri Ponorogo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37680/almikraj.v1i2.748

Abstract

Abstract: Multicultural education paradigm is important to develop with the facts and realities of the pluralistic and diverse Indonesian nation. Because Islam is also part of this diversity, multicultural Islamic education is automatically also the responsibility of Indonesian Muslims to develop. The studies explored in this research are focused on examining the theological basics of multicultural Islamic education including the verses of the Koran which are the basis for developing a multicultural Islamic education paradigm.This study is a literature review by looking for and digging up written data related to the focus of the study, these texts will be studied in such a way by looking at several angles of reading them and then drawing a red thread which is then used as the final goal in this study. From the results of this discussion, it can be concluded that multicultural Islamic education is important to be developed in a plural and multicultural area, multicultural Islamic education must be able to develop universal principles in order to foster personalities who can become peacemakers in that plural environment. From this study it is also found that theologically normative Islam has foundations and principles as the foundation for developing multiculural Islamic education, these principles are equality or al-musawah, compassion or ar-rahmah, justice or al-'adl, tolerance or al-tasamuh, togetherness or at-ta'aruf.
TERJEMAHAN TADHAFUL QOROIN AL-QUR’AN DEPARTEMEN AGAMA Sri ana; Yufridal Fitri Nursalam
AL-MIKRAJ Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora (E-ISSN 2745-4584) Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021): AL-Mikraj Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora
Publisher : Pascasarjana Institut Agama Islam Sunan Giri Ponorogo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37680/almikraj.v1i2.749

Abstract

The translation of the Koran for Muslims is a tool for understanding the Koran because the Qur'an is in Arabic. However, the process of translating from the Source language to the target language is certainly not easy, both linguistically and non-lunguistic. Tadafhur Qorain (pointer) which for the translator is very helpful in finding or revealing the appropriate meaning for the Source language and the Target language because it not only pays attention to the side of linguistic meaning but also non-Linguistic. In the translation of the Al-Qur'an owned by the Ministry of Religion, there are a variety of tadhafur used by the translators, including Qorinah Lafzhi, Aqli and context. So the better the translator's mastery of Tadhafur Qorain will make it easier to find the right meaning both to understand the source language and its correctness in Target language. Terjemahan Al-Qur'an bagi umat Islam menjadi alat untuk memahami Al-Qur'an karena Al- Qur'an berbahasa Arab. Namun proses penerjemahan dari bahasa sumber ke bahasa sasaran tentunnya tidak mudah, baik sisi linguistik dan non linguistik. Tadafhur Qorain (penunjuk) yang bagi penerjemah sangat membantu dalam mencari atau mengungkap makna yang sesuai untuk bahasa sumber dan bahasa sasaran, karena tidak hanya memperhatikan sisi makna linguistik tapi juga non-Linguistik. Di dalam terjemahan Al-Qur'an punya Depag terdapat ragam tadhafur yang dipakai oleh penerjemah diantaranya adalah qorinah Lafzhi, Aqli dan konteks.Jadi semakin baik penguasan penerjemah terhadap Tadhafur Qorain akan memudahkan dalam pencarian makna yang tepat baik untuk memahami bahasa sumber dan penepatan nya dalam bahasa Sasaran.
NON-DIKOTOMI ILMU: INTEGRASI-INTERKONEKSI DALAM PENDIDIKAN ISLAM Izzuddin Rijal Fahmi; Muhamad Asvin Abdur Rohman
AL-MIKRAJ Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora (E-ISSN 2745-4584) Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021): AL-Mikraj Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora
Publisher : Pascasarjana Institut Agama Islam Sunan Giri Ponorogo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37680/almikraj.v1i2.750

Abstract

The relation between religion and science seems to be the dichotomous view. Both of them are like oil and water, two entities that cannot be reunited and separated. Due to “this dispute”, science often misses their ethics, so science and modern technology have actually humanized humans and distanced them from their nature. The conflict between them forces many intellectual Muslims to make “epystemology briidge” for reconciling science and religion. This paper aims to analyze the tendency of dichotomy that occurs in Islamic scholarship. The Dichotomy is reflected in education with the “demarcative” separation between general (scientific) education and religious education. Therefore, one of the efforts to develop Islamic scholarly is to minimized dichotomy problem is called scientific integration-interconnection in Islamic education. Hubungan antara agama dan ilmu pengetahuan tampaknya menjadi pandangan dikotomis. Keduanya ibarat minyak dan air, dua entitas yang tidak bisa bersatu kembali dan dipisahkan. Dikarenakan “sengketa” ini ilmu pengetahuan mencoba merangkul konsep-konsep agama dan etika supaya ilmu pengetahuan-teknologi memiliki nuansa yang manusiawi. Konflik antara keduanya memaksa kaum Muslim intelektual membuat “jembatan epistemologi” untuk mendamaikan antara sains dan agama. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tentang kecenderungan dikotomi yang terjadi pada keilmuan Islam. Dikotomi tersebut tercermin dalam pendidikan dengan adanya pemisahan secara “demarkatis” antara pendidikan umum dan pendidikan agama. Oleh karena itu, salah satu upaya untuk mengembangkan keilmuan Islam dalam meminimalisasi problem dikotomik tersebut adalah apa yang disebut integrasi-interkoneksi keilmuan dalam pendidikan Islam.
PENGEMBANGAN BAHASA ANAK USIA DINI MELALUI METODE ROLE PLAYING SUCI MIDSYAHRI AZIZAH
AL-MIKRAJ Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora (E-ISSN 2745-4584) Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): AL-Mikraj Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora
Publisher : Pascasarjana Institut Agama Islam Sunan Giri Ponorogo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37680/almikraj.v2i1.762

Abstract

This research is based on the problem of suboptimal development of children's language. The objective to be achieved is to obtain a picture of children's language development in TK Tunas Indah through the application of the role playing method which is formulated as follows: (1) What is the condition of children's language development before applying the method of role playing in TK Tunas Indah? (2) What is the process of applying the role playing method in improving children's language development at TK Tunas Indah? (3) what extent is the improvement in the language development of TK Tunas Indah children after applying the role playing method? and (4) What constraints do teachers experience in implementing the role playing method? The research method used is Classroom Action Research (CAR) to improve the learning process of children's language development through the application of the role playing method. Classroom Action Research was carried out in two cycles, with the subjects of group A children in TK Tunas Indah, totaling 15 children. From the results of the implementation and observations made, there was a significant increase, especially in the second cycle. It is recommended for teachers that language development is further optimized, both in learning, implementing and evaluating learning. For further researchers, it is expected to make research on the development of children's language through other methods.
KARAKTERISTIK KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL DI LEMBAGA PENDIDIKAN ISLAM Samsudin Samsudin IAI Sunan Giri Ponorogo; Suci Midsyahri Azizah
AL-MIKRAJ Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora (E-ISSN 2745-4584) Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021): AL-Mikraj Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora
Publisher : Pascasarjana Institut Agama Islam Sunan Giri Ponorogo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37680/almikraj.v1i2.763

Abstract

The characteristics of transformational leadership play a very strategic role in determining the progress and setbacks of an educational institution. Educational institutions need a leader figure to advance, develop and bring the institution they lead to a better direction. Transformational leadership is a modern leadership style that is able to change from vision and mission to action and is done by making a clear vision, motivating staff to be creative, innovative, building a learning culture, and building effective communication. The characteristics of transformational leadership become the basis for how a leader should behave and act on his members. The characteristics of transformational leadership include: Idealized Influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, and Individualized Consideration. It seems that these characteristics are in line with the leadership of the Indonesian education figure, Ki Hajar Dewantoro, known by the motto "Ing ngarso sung tulodo ing madyo mangun karso tut wuri handayani", a leadership slogan applied to various forms of organizations or institutions, especially in educational institutions. Karakteristik kepemimpinan transformasional memegang peranan yang sangat strategis dalam menentukan kemajuan serta kemunduran sebuah lembaga pendidikan. Lembaga pendidikan membutuhkan sosok pemimpin untuk memajukan, mengembangkan serta membawa intitusi yang dipimpinnya menuju ke arah yang lebih baik. Kepemimpinan transformasional salah satu gaya kepemimpinan yang modern yang mampu mengubah dari visi misi menjadi aksi dan dilakukan dengan membuat visi yang jelas, memotivasi staf untuk menjadi kreatif, inovatif, membangun budaya belajar, serta membangun komunikasi yang efektif. Karakteristik-karakteristik kepemimpinan transformasional menjadi pijakan bagaimana seorang pemimpin harus bersikap dan berbuat kepada anggotanya, Adapun karakteristik kepemimpinan transformasional meliputi: Idealized Influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, dan Individualized Consideration. nampaknya karakteristik tersebut sejalan dengan kepemimpinan tokoh pendidikan Indonesia yakni Ki Hajar Dewantoro yang dikenal dengan semboyan “Ing ngarso sung tulodo ing madyo mangun karso tut wuri handayani” sebuah slogan kepemimpinan yang diterapkan pada berbagai bentuk organisasi atau lembaga terutama di lembaga pendidikan.
ADAPTASI KEBIASAAN BARU DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19: Studi Pendekatan Ushul Fiqih dan Psikologi Nihayatur Rohmah
AL-MIKRAJ Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora (E-ISSN 2745-4584) Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021): AL-Mikraj Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora
Publisher : Pascasarjana Institut Agama Islam Sunan Giri Ponorogo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37680/almikraj.v1i2.767

Abstract

The Covid-19 pandemic has succeeded in changing the habits that we do every day at home, at school, at work, on the road, at the right place of worship and anywhere. New habits for healthier living must be continuously carried out in society and in every individual, so that they become social norms and new individual norms in everyday life. If the new habit is not carried out in a disciplined manner or is only carried out by a group of people, then this could be a threat that the corona virus outbreak will have a longer duration. Old habits that are often carried out, such as shaking hands, crowding / clustering, lazy to wash hands must begin to be abandoned because they support the transmission of Covid-19. Various responses and reactions are shown by the community, some are sad, anxious, afraid, anxious, worried, angry but there are also those who are calm or remain confident. Changing attitudes and behavior in society requires struggles in the form of adaptation or adjustment. Individuals in society always describe themselves with their changing environment, either autoplastically or alloplastically. Thus the relationship between Individuals who interact are always a relationship that influences each other (reciprocally). The adaptation of new habits in this pandemic period is not without purpose. Among them are as a community medium for survival and Conformity which is carried out openly so that it is visible to the public, with the aim of making individuals accepted in group or avoid Rejection from the group. The adaptation of this new habit in the pandemicovid-19 period is in accordance with the principle of benefit because in essence every commandment and prohibition of sharia "is basically for realizing the goals of sharia, which are returned to the rule of" attracting benefit and rejecting damage. Pandemi Covid-19 berhasil mengubah kebiasaan yang kita lakukan sehari-hari baik di rumah, di sekolah, di tempat kerja, di jalan, di tepat ibadah dan dimanapun. Kebiasaan baru untuk hidup lebih sehat harus terus menerus dilakukan di masyarakat dan setiap individu, sehingga menjadi norma sosial dan norma individu baru dalam kehidupan sehari hari. Bila kebiasaan baru tidak dilakukan secara disiplin atau hanya dilakukan oleh sekelompok orang saja, maka hal ini bisa menjadi ancaman wabah virus corona ini akan semakin panjang durasinya. Kebiasaan lama yang sering dilakukan, seperti berjabat tangan, berkerumun/ bergerombol, malas cuci tangan harus mulai ditinggalkan karena mendukung penularan Covid-19.Berbagai respon dan reaksi ditunjukkan oleh masyarakat, ada yang sedih, cemas, takut, gemas, khawatir, marah-marah, tetapi ada juga yang tenang atau tetap percaya diri.Perubahan sikap dan perilaku masyarakat ini membutuhkan perjuangan dalam bentuk adaptasi atau penyesuaian diri.Individu dalam masyarakat senantiasa menjelaskan dirinya dengan lingkungan hidupnya secara berubah-ubah, baik secara autoplastis atau alloplastis.Dengan demikian hubungan antara individu yang berinteraksi senantiasa merupakan hubungan yang saling mempengaruhi (timbal balik).Adaptasi kebiasaan baru di masa pandemic ini dilakukan bukan tanpa tujuan.Diantaranya adalah sebagai media masyarakat untuk bertahan hidup dan Konformitas yang dilakukan secara terbuka sehingga terlihat oleh umum, bertujuan agar individu diterima dalam kelompok atau menghindari penolakan dari kelompok.Adaptasi kebiasaan baru di masa pandemicovid-19 ini bersesuaian dengan asas kemaslahatan karenapada hakikatnya setiap perintah dan larangan syara’ pada dasarnya untuk mewujudkan tujuan syariah, yang dikembalikan pada satu kaidah “menarik kemaslahatan dan menolak kerusakan”.
PRIYAYI DAN FASHION; PERUBAHAN CARA BERPAKAIAN PRIYAYI KECIL SURAKARTA 1900-1920 Muhammad Misbahuddin
AL-MIKRAJ Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora (E-ISSN 2745-4584) Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): AL-Mikraj Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora
Publisher : Pascasarjana Institut Agama Islam Sunan Giri Ponorogo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37680/almikraj.v2i1.1003

Abstract

Clothing is not limited to fabrics that cover the body. For a long time it took even centuries, especially when people started to recognize civilization. Clothing became an extension of the social body in their social life. In Javanese culture, self-esteem is in words, while body honor is in clothing. It's just that this phrase is only used by the elite in Surakarta and doesn't apply to ordinary people. At the beginning of the 20th century, along with the rise of the common people to the upper middle class, the struggle for elite status was fought through the wearing of clothes. Using historical methods of analysis and multidimensional approaches, the author attempts to demonstrate the complexity of the struggle of ordinary people to reach the position of the upper middle class by wearing clothes. The sacralization of clothing, long lauded by the elite, began to de-sacralize at the beginning of the 20th century. De-sacralization is symbolized by the elegant and elegant posture of the little Surakarta priyayi. This attitude has an ambiguous impact on the social reality in which new civic experiences arise in society.

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