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INDONESIA
International Journal of Economic, Technology and Social Sciences (Injects)
Published by Centre For Research and Development Indonesia
ISSN : -     EISSN : 27752976     DOI : 10.53695/injects
Core Subject : Religion, Economy, Humanities, Health, Science, Education, Agriculture, Social, Engineering,
Religion Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Computer Science & IT Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Public Health Social Sciences
International Journal of Economic, Technology and Social Sciences (Injects), published by the Centre for Research and Development Indonesia (CERED Indonesia), North Sumatra, Indonesia, which includes articles on the scientific research field of Economics, Technology and Social sciences, consists of the results of scientific research original, International Journal of Economic, Technology and Social Sciences (Injects) accepts manuscripts in the field of research comprises scientific areas relevant to: Economics and the Relevant Sectors of Economic Science Technology Social Sciences Fields
Arjuna Subject : Umum - Umum
Articles 305 Documents
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Cryptocurrency Investment: Financial Technology Policy, Financial Literacy and Expected Return Irfan irfan
International Journal of Economic, Technology and Social Sciences (Injects) Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): October 2025
Publisher : CERED Indonesia Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the influence of financial technology, financial literacy, and expected returns on cryptocurrency investment interest among Sun Plaza Medan employees. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. Data were collected by distributing questionnaires to Sun Plaza Medan tenant employees who met the research criteria. The sample size in this study was 89 respondents. The data analysis technique used was Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based on Partial Least Square (PLS). The results show that financial technology has a positive and significant effect on cryptocurrency investment interest, financial literacy has no effect on cryptocurrency investment interest, and expected returns have no effect on cryptocurrency investment interest among Sun Plaza Medan employees. These findings indicate that easy access to financial technology, adequate financial understanding, and perceptions of potential investment profits are important factors in shaping individual interest in investing in crypto assets.
Harmonization of Narcotics Criminal Law: Reconstructing the Paradigm for Aligning Law No. 35 of 2009 with Law No. 1 of 2023 from the Perspective of the Lex Specialis Principle Reyhand Parlindungan; Sumarno; Suci Ramadhani; Aries Kata Ginting; Daniel Naibaho
International Journal of Economic, Technology and Social Sciences (Injects) Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): October 2025
Publisher : CERED Indonesia Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53695/injects.v6i2.1645

Abstract

The enactment of Law No. 1 of 2023 concerning the National Criminal Code (KUHP) has initiated a fundamental shift in Indonesia’s criminal law doctrine, moving from a predominantly retributive and punitive paradigm toward a restorative and rehabilitative approach to justice. Nevertheless, narcotics-related offenses remain governed by Law No. 35 of 2009 on Narcotics, which occupies the position of a lex specialis systematica within the Indonesian legal system. This normative legal research aims to examine the urgency of juridical harmonization between these two legislative frameworks and to analyze the role of a legislative adjustment mechanism in eliminating normative dualism. Employing both a statutory approach and a conceptual approach, this study reveals that inconsistencies between the National Criminal Code and the Narcotics Law, particularly regarding mandatory minimum sentencing provisions and alternative penal mechanisms, have the potential to generate legal uncertainty (rechtsonzekerheid). Such normative discrepancies may create difficulties in the uniform application of criminal law and undermine the objectives of legal reform. Accordingly, this study argues that the reformulation of penal policy must be accommodated through a comprehensive adjustment statute designed to harmonize the relationship between the National Criminal Code and the Narcotics Law. Such harmonization is essential to ensuring proportionality in sentencing, particularly by differentiating between perpetrators involved in illicit narcotics trafficking as part of organized criminal networks and narcotics users who should be regarded primarily as victims of substance abuse requiring rehabilitation and restorative intervention
The Paradox of Rechtsvinding in Criminal Law: The Tension Between the Principle of Formal Legality and the Expansion of Progressive Legal Interpretation in Indonesia Reyhand Parlindungan; Fitri Rafianti; Bambang Fitrianto; Aries Kata Ginting; Daniel Naibaho
International Journal of Economic, Technology and Social Sciences (Injects) Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): October 2025
Publisher : CERED Indonesia Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53695/injects.v6i2.1647

Abstract

The practice of judicial law-finding (rechtsvinding) in criminal law has consistently been confronted with a profound doctrinal tension between the demands of legal certainty and the pursuit of substantive justice. This study aims to examine the doctrinal boundaries and practical dynamics of judicial law-finding methods employed by judges in criminal cases in Indonesia following the enactment of the new National Criminal Code. The research adopts a normative juridical methodology utilizing statutory, conceptual, and jurisprudential approaches. The findings reveal that the principle of legality, embodied in the maxim nullum crimen, nulla poena sine praevia lege poenali, imposes strict limitations on judicial discretion by prohibiting the application of analogical reasoning (argumentum per analogiam) in criminal adjudication. Nevertheless, in responding to normative gaps arising from technological advancements and the increasing complexity of contemporary social and criminal phenomena, judges cannot remain passive as mere bouches de la loi (mouthpieces of the law). The paradigm of progressive law provides an avenue for judges to optimize legal interpretation, particularly through teleological (sociological) interpretation and extensive interpretation, without undermining the fundamental rights of defendants. Such interpretative methods enable courts to adapt legal norms to evolving social realities while remaining within the framework of criminal legality. This study concludes that a balance between formal legal certainty and substantive justice may be achieved when criminal law-finding is situated within the framework of protecting legally recognized social interests and guided by the principles of proportionality, objectivity, and rational legal reasoning. Accordingly, the future development of Indonesian criminal jurisprudence should not be directed toward abandoning the legality principle, but rather toward harmonizing legal certainty with the judicial responsibility to ensure that criminal law remains responsive to contemporary societal needs.
Legal Certainty in the Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice: A Study at the Gunungsitoli District Prosecutor’s Office Richisandi Sibagariang; Triono Eddy; Adi Mansar
International Journal of Economic, Technology and Social Sciences (Injects) Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): October 2025
Publisher : CERED Indonesia Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53695/injects.v6i2.1648

Abstract

This study examines legal certainty in the implementation of the termination of criminal prosecutions based on restorative justice, with a particular focus on the jurisdiction of the Gunungsitoli District Prosecutor’s Office. As a state governed by the rule of law, Indonesia maintains a legal enforcement system that seeks to balance the principles of legal certainty, justice, and expediency. The enactment of Attorney General Regulation (PERJA) No. 15 of 2020 concerning the Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice provides a juridical basis for prosecutors, as holders of the dominus litis principle, to exercise prosecutorial discretion in resolving criminal cases. Employing a normative juridical and empirical socio-legal research approach with a descriptive-analytical design, this study analyzes the legal framework, implementation process, and challenges encountered in the application of restorative justice. The findings indicate a significant increase in the settlement of criminal cases through restorative justice at the Gunungsitoli District Prosecutor’s Office, rising from four cases in 2023 to nine cases in 2024. The principal obstacles include the failure to satisfy substantive and procedural requirements, conflicts of interest arising from disproportionate compensation demands, and the absence of willingness among the parties to reach an amicable settlement. To address these challenges, the study recommends strengthening the capacity of Prosecutor Facilitators, enhancing institutional coordination and harmonization, and establishing restorative justice counseling centers to facilitate the psychological recovery of both victims and offenders. These measures are expected to improve the effectiveness of restorative justice while ensuring greater legal certainty in the exercise of prosecutorial discretion.
Judicial Reasoning in Rendering Criminal Convictions Under Provisions Beyond the Public Prosecutor's Indictment in Narcotics Cases: A Juridical Analysis of the Supreme Court Decision No. 6087 K/Pid.Sus/2024 Freshly Newman Silalahi; Ida Hanifah; Mhd. Teguh Syuhada Lubis
International Journal of Economic, Technology and Social Sciences (Injects) Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): October 2025
Publisher : CERED Indonesia Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53695/injects.v6i2.1650

Abstract

This study examines the juridical issue concerning the authority of judges to render criminal convictions by applying legal provisions that were not included in the public prosecutor’s indictment, particularly in narcotics-related criminal cases. Under the principle of litis contestatio, the indictment serves as a fundamental limitation on the scope of judicial examination and adjudication. However, in practice, the Supreme Court Decision No. 6087 K/Pid.Sus/2024 demonstrates a legal anomaly in which the panel of cassation judges found the defendant guilty under Article 127 Paragraph (1) Letter a of Law No. 35 of 2009 on Narcotics, despite the fact that this provision was not included in the prosecutor’s indictment, which was structured as a hierarchical subsidiary indictment under Articles 114 and 112 of the Narcotics Law. This normative legal research employs both a statutory approach and a case approach. The analysis reveals that convictions rendered beyond the scope of the indictment are inconsistent with the principle of legal certainty as embodied in Article 191 Paragraph (1) of the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) (or Article 244 Paragraph (2) of the New Criminal Procedure Code), under which the complete failure to prove the charges must result in an acquittal (vrijspraak). The legal implications of such deviation include the dysfunction of the indictment as a procedural instrument, the violation of the defendant’s right to defense, the potential abuse of judicial authority (ultra vires), and the erosion of public trust in the criminal justice system. The judges’ reasoning, which relied solely on the facts established during trial, disregarded both the attributed authority of the judiciary and the normative limitations imposed by criminal procedural law.
Efficiency Of Natural Resources And Carbon Dioxide In Asean-6 Cacak Rinunate; Aliasuddin; Ernawati
International Journal of Economic, Technology and Social Sciences (Injects) Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): May 2026
Publisher : CERED Indonesia Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53695/injects.v7i1.1651

Abstract

This study analyzes the effect of natural resource efficiency, renewable energy, ICT, and economic growth on carbon dioxide (CO?) emissions in ASEAN-6 countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Singapore. This study uses panel data for the period 1990-2023 and is analyzed using the panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL method to estimate the short-term and long-term relationships between variables. The results show that in the long term, natural resource efficiency and renewable energy tend to play a role in reducing CO? emissions, while ICT and economic growth show varying relationships depending on the economic structure and level of development of each country. In the short term, carbon emission dynamics are influenced by changes in economic activity, energy utilization, and the intensity of digital technology use. These findings provide an understanding that efforts to reduce carbon emissions in ASEAN-6 cannot rely on a single factor, but require synergy between increasing resource efficiency, accelerating the renewable energy transition, utilizing environmentally friendly ICT, and managing sustainable economic growth. Therefore, this study recommends strengthening integrated low-carbon development policies to support climate change mitigation commitments without hampering regional economic growth.
Energy and Economic Growth In Northern Sumatra Giovanni Elvia Rahmah; Aliasuddin; Ernawati
International Journal of Economic, Technology and Social Sciences (Injects) Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): May 2026
Publisher : CERED Indonesia Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53695/injects.v7i1.1652

Abstract

This study analyzes the influence of energy, unemployment, infrastructure, government expenditure, and investment on economic growth in the Northern Sumatra region (SUMBAGUT), which includes Aceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Riau, and the Riau Islands. The study employs panel data from 2005 to 2024 and applies the Panel ARDL model to capture both short- and long-term relationships among variables. The estimation results indicate that, in the long run, energy, infrastructure, and government expenditure exert a suppressing effect on economic growth in the SUMBAGUT region. In the short term, energy, unemployment, infrastructure, government expenditure, and investment do not show statistically significant effects on economic growth. These findings suggest that economic growth in SUMBAGUT is strongly influenced by the quality of energy utilization, the effectiveness of infrastructure development, and the efficiency of government expenditure. The long-term suppressing effects of these variables reflect potential inefficiencies and resource misallocation. Moreover, the absence of significant short-term effects indicates that development policies require time to generate measurable impacts on economic activity. Therefore, more effective and efficient development policies are necessary to promote sustainable economic growth in the SUMBAGUT region.
The Legal Standing Of Public Accountant Audit Results As A Basis For Determining State Losses: An Analysis Of The Medan District Court Decision Number 58/Pid.Sus.TPK/2022/PN.Mdn. Herman Harahap; Surya Perdana; Andryan
International Journal of Economic, Technology and Social Sciences (Injects) Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): October 2025
Publisher : CERED Indonesia Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53695/injects.v6i2.1653

Abstract

The determination of state financial losses is a fundamental element in corruption law enforcement. Current judicial practice indicates a tendency among law enforcement officials to utilize public accountant audit results as the primary basis for establishing the element of state losses, which constitutionally falls within the domain of authority of the Audit Board of Indonesia (Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan - BPK). This study aims to dogmatically analyze the legal standing of public accountant audit results within the administrative law system and to examine the juridical implications of their use as an evidentiary instrument through an examination of the Medan District Court Decision Number 58/Pid.Sus.TPK/2022/PN.Mdn. This study employs a normative juridical method with a statutory approach (statute approach) and a case approach (case approach). The findings conclude that from an administrative law perspective, public accountants lack attribution, delegation, or mandate authority to issue state administrative decisions. Public accountant audit results are characterized by reasonable assurance, which is subject to a professional standards regime rather than constituting final legal truth. The utilization of public accountant opinions as the basis for determining state losses by the court in the a quo decision constitutes a category error that reduces the principles of legal governance to the supremacy of technical expertise. Furthermore, the analysis of trial facts and the Constitutional Court Decision Number 003/PUU-IV/2006 demonstrates a failure to disentangle the causality of criminal liability, which proportionately results in a distortion of the application of substantive criminal law against private legal subjects.
The Process of Joint Approval Between the Regional Head and the Regional Legislative Council in the Formulation of the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget Rizki Doli Mada Ritonga; Ida Nadirah; Andryan
International Journal of Economic, Technology and Social Sciences (Injects) Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): October 2025
Publisher : CERED Indonesia Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53695/injects.v6i2.1654

Abstract

The Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah - APBD) constitutes a legal instrument and a financial management guideline aimed at fulfilling public services in accordance with the principle of regional autonomy. This study examines the drafting process of the APBD, the legal standing of the Regional House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah - DPRD), and the mechanism for establishing joint approval between the Regional Head and the DPRD within the Government of Labuhanbatu Regency. This research is a normative legal study employing a statutory approach with a descriptive-analytical specification. Data collection was conducted through library research of primary and secondary legal materials, which were subsequently analyzed using a qualitative juridical method. The findings indicate that the formulation of the APBD constitutes a governmental legal act executed through progressive stages, commencing from the Regional Government Work Plan (Rencana Kerja Pemerintah Daerah - RKPD), the General Budget Policy and Temporary Budget Priority and Ceiling (Kebijakan Umum Anggaran dan Prioritas Plafon Anggaran Sementara - KUA-PPAS), to the Budget Work Plan (Rencana Kerja Anggaran - RKA). The legal standing of the DPRD is manifested through its function of channeling public aspirations, executing the budgetary function, and acting as a co-equal element alongside the Regional Head in regional administration. The enactment of joint approval in determining the APBD serves as a formal validity requirement for regional legal instruments, while simultaneously manifesting the division of authority. The implementation of the APBD in Labuhanbatu Regency necessitates more precise planning synchronization and the capacity strengthening of the DPRD’s budgetary function to prevent budget deficits and discrepancies within planning documents.
Restorative Justice In The Criminal Justice System: An Analysis of Sentencing Proportionality in the Crime of Embezzlement in Office Involving Minor Losses (An Analysis of the Stabat District Court Decision Number 214/Pid.Sus/2025/PN Stb) Muhammad Zakiri; Faisal; Tengku Erwinsyahbana
International Journal of Economic, Technology and Social Sciences (Injects) Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): October 2025
Publisher : CERED Indonesia Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53695/injects.v6i2.1655

Abstract

This study examines the application of restorative justice to the crime of embezzlement in office involving minor losses, through a case study of the Stabat District Court Decision Number 214/Pid.Sus/2025/PN Stb. The issues discussed encompass the qualification of criminal acts that meet the requirements for restorative resolution, the orientation of criminal law enforcement, and judicial considerations in sentencing. Employing a normative juridical method with statutory, case, and conceptual approaches, this study finds that embezzlement in office with a loss value below the threshold prescribed by Supreme Court Regulation Number 2 of 2012 qualifies as a minor offense and objectively meets the criteria for restorative justice. In the a quo decision, the judge imposed a 1 (one) year imprisonment sentence for a loss amounting to IDR 187,500.00. Resolution through restorative justice could not be implemented due to the absence of a settlement agreement from the victim. Nevertheless, the imposition of the custodial sentence is deemed to insufficiently reflect the principles of proportionality and legal utility. In this regard, the judge inherently possesses the authority to consider alternative sentencing options other than imprisonment, in alignment with the legal principle that positions imprisonment as an ultimum remedium.

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