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FENOMENA: Journal of Social Science
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq Jember
ISSN : 14125439     EISSN : 26567369     DOI : https://doi.org/10.35719/fenomena.v22i2
Core Subject : Social,
Social Sciences
Aims, Focus And Scope A. Aims: FENOMENA is a leading peer-reviewed and open-access journal, which publishes scholarly works of researchers and scholars from around the world and specializes in the Social Sciences. The journal also has a strong interest in the scientific development of theory that is of global significance. B. Focus: This journal focuses on publishing the highest quality scientific articles emphasizing contemporary Asian issues with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches. C. Scope: This journal seeks to publish articles that deal with educational development, politics, law, humanities and cultural studies, and economic issues in Asia. Its scope consists of: 1. Education (Curriculums, Teaching, and Learning, Islamic Education, Educational Technology); 2. Politics (Structure and Agency in Social Dynamics, the Role of Government and Non-Governmental Organizations, Concepts and Practical Sociology, Islamic Politics, Government and Public Administration); 3. Law (Human Rights, Social Justice, Islamic Law, Criminal Law, International Relations, Civil Law, Constitutional Law, Customary Law); 4. Humanities and Cultural Studies (Cultural Studies as a Constitutive field, Religion Studies, Islamic Studies, Philosophy, Ethics, Consciousness, Cross-cultural studies, Theology, Psychology, Spirituality, Human Geography, Anthropology, Local Wisdom); 5. Economics (Business and Entrepreneurship, Management, Accounting, Public Finance, Economic Development, and Islamic Economics).
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Sosial (Lain-Lain)
Articles 576 Documents
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Alih Kode dalam Komunikasi Lisan antara Dosen dan Mahasiswa di STAIN Jember: Code-Switching in Oral Communication between Lecturers and Students at the State Islamic College (STAIN) Jember St. Mislikhah
Fenomena Vol 5 No 1 (2006): FENOMENA: Journal Penelitian STAIN Jember
Publisher : LP2M Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/fenomena.v5i1.387

Abstract

In bilingual or multilingual academic settings, code-switching is a natural yet often overlooked phenomenon that shapes classroom and informal communication between lecturers and students. Grounded in the sociolinguistic framework of code-switching, this study addresses the gap in understanding its patterns, causes, and purposes within Indonesian higher education. The research aims to describe code-switching patterns, identify the factors that influence them, and explain the communicative goals behind code-switching in oral interactions at STAIN Jember. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed, involving observations, interviews, and documentation of ten speech events between lecturers and students, both inside and outside the classroom. The findings reveal that code-switching occurs in the forms of language switching (Javanese-Indonesian and Madurese-Indonesian) and variety switching (formal to informal, complete to concise). The main factors include the speaker, interlocutor, and topic of discussion. The study concludes that code-switching serves six key purposes: emphasizing material, generating humor, building rapport, expressing surprise, showing annoyance, and demonstrating respect. Recommendations include integrating code-switching awareness into lecturer training and communication curricula. Dalam lingkungan akademik bilingual atau multilingual, alih kode merupakan fenomena alami namun sering diabaikan yang membentuk komunikasi lisan antara dosen dan mahasiswa. Penelitian ini berlandaskan kerangka sosiolinguistik tentang alih kode dan bertujuan mendeskripsikan pola, faktor penyebab, serta tujuan alih kode dalam komunikasi lisan di STAIN Jember. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi pada sepuluh peristiwa tutur antara dosen dan mahasiswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alih kode terjadi dalam wujud alih bahasa (Jawa-Indonesia dan Madura-Indonesia) serta alih ragam (formal ke nonformal, lengkap ke ringkas). Faktor penyebabnya meliputi pembicara, mitra bicara, dan topik pembicaraan. Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa alih kode memiliki enam tujuan utama: memberikan penegasan materi, membangkitkan humor, membina keakraban, mengungkapkan keterkejutan, menunjukkan kejengkelan, dan mengekspresikan rasa hormat. Rekomendasi penelitian ini adalah perlunya peningkatan kesadaran tentang alih kode dalam pelatihan dosen dan kurikulum komunikasi.
Pola Operasional Koperasi Syariah: Studi Kasus Koperasi Baitul Mal wat Tamwil Al-Ikhlash Lumajang: Operational Model of Sharia Cooperative: A Case Study of Baitul Mal wat Tamwil Al-Ikhlash Cooperative, Lumajang Abdul Rakhim
Fenomena Vol 5 No 2 (2006): FENOMENA: Journal Penelitian STAIN Jember
Publisher : LP2M Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/fenomena.v5i2.388

Abstract

The critical issue underlying this research is the assumption that Islamic financial institutions, including Islamic cooperatives, are fundamentally no different from conventional interest-based financial institutions. This study aims to reveal the operational patterns, products offered, and their compliance with Sharia principles at the Baitul Mal Wattamwil al-Ikhlash Cooperative in Lumajang. Using a descriptive qualitative approach through observation, interviews, and documentation, the study found that the cooperative operates three main patterns: al-wadi’ah (custody) combined with al-mudlarabah; al-syarikah (profit-sharing) in mudlarabah and musyarakah financing; and al-bai’ (sale-purchase) in murabahah financing. Additionally, the cooperative provides qardul hasan financing for charitable purposes. In conclusion, the operational patterns implemented are in accordance with Islamic financial institution principles, although the volume of profit-sharing financing remains small due to the difficulty of finding honest customers and weak financial record-keeping among small businesses. It is recommended that accounting training for customers be improved and supervisory systems be strengthened. Fenomena krusial yang mendasari penelitian ini adalah asumsi bahwa lembaga keuangan syariah, termasuk koperasi syariah, tidak berbeda secara fundamental dengan lembaga keuangan konvensional berbasis bunga. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkap pola operasional, produk-produk yang ditawarkan, serta kesesuaiannya dengan prinsip syariah pada Koperasi Baitul Mal Wattamwil al-Ikhlash Lumajang. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa koperasi tersebut mengoperasikan tiga pola utama yaitu al-wadi’ah (titipan) yang dikombinasikan dengan al-mudlarabah, al-syarikah (bagi hasil) pada pembiayaan mudlarabah dan musyarakah, serta al-bai’ (jual beli) pada pembiayaan murabahah. Selain itu, koperasi juga merealisasikan pembiayaan qardul hasan yang bersifat kebajikan. Kesimpulannya, pola operasional yang diterapkan telah sesuai dengan kaidah lembaga keuangan syariah meskipun volume pembiayaan bagi hasil masih kecil karena sulitnya menemukan nasabah yang jujur dan lemahnya pencatatan keuangan usaha kecil. Direkomendasikan peningkatan pelatihan akuntansi bagi nasabah dan penguatan sistem pengawasan.
Risiko dan Perilaku terhadap Risiko Usaha Tembakau di Kabupaten Magelang: Risks and Risk-Related Behaviors in the Tobacco Business in Magelang Regency Ihsannudin Ihsannudin
Fenomena Vol 5 No 2 (2006): FENOMENA: Journal Penelitian STAIN Jember
Publisher : LP2M Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/fenomena.v5i2.389

Abstract

Tobacco is a high-value economic commodity but carries substantial risks related to costs, production, prices, and income, particularly in tropical countries like Indonesia, where climate and price fluctuations are prevalent. This study aimed to measure the risk levels of tobacco farming in Temanggung and Muntilan and to analyze farmers' risk behavior. A survey was conducted using proportional random sampling of 50 farmers (20 from Temanggung, 30 from Muntilan) in Magelang Regency during the 2005 growing season. Risk was analyzed using the coefficient of variation, while farmers' risk behavior was assessed using a quadratic utility function model based on the Certainty Equivalent approach. The results showed that cost, production, price, and income risks were higher for Temanggung tobacco than for Muntilan tobacco, with coefficients of variation of 0.75, 0.90, 1.90, and -2.05 for Temanggung, and 0.40, 0.48, 0.30, and -0.55 for Muntilan, respectively. Despite all farmers incurring losses due to adverse weather, the majority exhibited risk-loving behavior (65% for Temanggung, 66.67% for Muntilan), followed by neutral and risk-averse attitudes. It is concluded that higher risks are not fully matched by proactive risk management. Recommendations include government intervention for price stabilization, risk guarantees, adequate capital readiness, and market information dissemination to prevent oversupply. Tembakau merupakan komoditas bernilai ekonomi tinggi namun memiliki risiko besar pada biaya, produksi, harga, dan pendapatan, terutama di daerah tropis seperti Indonesia yang rentan terhadap fluktuasi iklim dan harga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur tingkat risiko pada usaha tani tembakau jenis Temanggung dan Muntilan serta menganalisis perilaku petani dalam menghadapi risiko tersebut. Metode survei dilakukan dengan sampel proporsional random sebanyak 50 petani (20 Temanggung, 30 Muntilan) di Kabupaten Magelang pada musim tanam 2005. Analisis risiko menggunakan koefisien variasi, sementara perilaku petani terhadap risiko dianalisis dengan model fungsi utilitas kuadratik berdasarkan pendekatan Certainty Equivalent. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa risiko biaya, produksi, harga, dan pendapatan pada tembakau Temanggung lebih tinggi dibandingkan Muntilan, dengan koefisien variasi masing-masing 0,75; 0,90; 1,90; dan -2,05 untuk Temanggung, serta 0,40; 0,48; 0,30; dan -0,55 untuk Muntilan. Meskipun seluruh petani mengalami kerugian akibat cuaca buruk, mayoritas petani bersikap berani terhadap risiko (65% Temanggung, 66,67% Muntilan), diikuti netral dan menolak risiko. Disimpulkan bahwa risiko yang lebih tinggi tidak sepenuhnya diimbangi oleh perilaku berani petani. Disarankan adanya intervensi pemerintah dalam stabilisasi harga, jaminan risiko, peningkatan modal, serta informasi kebutuhan pasar untuk menghindari kelebihan pasokan.
Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Motivasi Mahasiswa dalam Mengikuti Perkuliahan Pendidikan Agama Islam pada Perguruan Tinggi Umum di Kabupaten Jember Tahun 2005: Factors Influencing Students’ Motivation to Attend Islamic Religious Education Lectures at Public Universities in Jember Regency in 2005 Kasman Kasman
Fenomena Vol 5 No 2 (2006): FENOMENA: Journal Penelitian STAIN Jember
Publisher : LP2M Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/fenomena.v5i2.390

Abstract

Low student motivation to attend Islamic Religious Education (PAI) lectures at public universities is a critical issue that may hinder the achievement of national education goals in shaping faithful and pious personalities. Drawing on learning motivation theory, factors influencing motivation stem from three sources: students themselves, the environment, and lecturers' pedagogical engineering. This study aims to identify significant factors affecting student motivation and to develop a predictive model of that motivation. The study employed an analytical survey with 100 students from Jember State University and Muhammadiyah University of Jember, and the data were analyzed using multiple regression. The results showed that, collectively, all three factors significantly influence motivation, but individually only the pedagogical engineering factor was significant, with the regression model Y = -2.68 + 0.143X. Furthermore, the sub-factors of using rewards and punishments and organizing the classroom to activate students proved to be the most dominant. In conclusion, lecturers are advised to enhance motivation by providing rewards and implementing active learning strategies in the classroom. Rendahnya motivasi mahasiswa dalam mengikuti perkuliahan Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) di perguruan tinggi umum menjadi fenomena krusial yang berpotensi menghambat pencapaian tujuan pendidikan nasional dalam membentuk kepribadian beriman dan bertakwa. Berdasarkan teori motivasi belajar, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi motivasi berasal dari tiga aspek: diri mahasiswa, lingkungan, dan rekayasa pedagogis dosen. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor signifikan yang mempengaruhi motivasi mahasiswa serta menemukan model prediksi motivasi tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan survei analitis dengan sampel 100 mahasiswa dari Universitas Negeri Jember dan Universitas Muhammadiyah Jember, dianalisis menggunakan regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara bersama-sama ketiga faktor berpengaruh signifikan, namun secara individual hanya faktor rekayasa pedagogis dosen yang signifikan dengan model regresi Y = -2,68 + 0,143X. Lebih lanjut, sub-faktor pemberian hadiah dan hukuman serta pengorganisasian kelas untuk mengaktifkan mahasiswa terbukti paling dominan. Kesimpulannya, dosen disarankan meningkatkan motivasi melalui pemberian penghargaan dan strategi pembelajaran aktif di kelas.
Bentuk dan Kendala Penerapan Pembelajaran Partisipatif di Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri (STAIN) Jember: Forms and Challenges in Implementing Participatory Learning at the State Islamic College (STAIN) Jember Mundir Mundir
Fenomena Vol 5 No 2 (2006): FENOMENA: Journal Penelitian STAIN Jember
Publisher : LP2M Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/fenomena.v5i2.391

Abstract

The shift toward competency-based curricula in Indonesian higher education necessitates participative learning approaches, yet their implementation often faces multidimensional obstacles. This study aims to describe the forms and constraints of participative learning implementation at STAIN Jember. Using a qualitative descriptive approach with an emic perspective, data were collected through observation, questionnaires, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and documentation from lecturers and students. The findings reveal that participative learning is implemented through stages of rapport building, needs identification, objective formulation, program planning, and active learning strategies such as group discussions, presentations, jigsaw, and card sort, with limited student involvement in assessment. Key constraints include human factors (unprepared classrooms, passive participation), unclear learning objectives, limited reference materials, unfavorable class schedules, and inadequate facilities such as OHP and electricity. However, active and varied strategies, supported by internet access, can mitigate these constraints. The study concludes that participative learning is viable but requires institutional support to address logistical and attitudinal barriers, and recommends enhanced training and facility provision. Pergeseran menuju kurikulum berbasis kompetensi di pendidikan tinggi Indonesia menuntut pendekatan pembelajaran partisipatif, namun implementasinya sering menghadapi kendala multidimensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan bentuk dan kendala penerapan pembelajaran partisipatif di STAIN Jember. Dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif perspektif emik, data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, angket, diskusi kelompok terfokus, wawancara mendalam, dan dokumentasi dari dosen dan mahasiswa. Temuan menunjukkan pembelajaran partisipatif diterapkan melalui tahap pembinaan keakraban, identifikasi kebutuhan, perumusan tujuan, penyusunan program, strategi aktif seperti diskusi kelompok, presentasi, jigsaw, dan card sort, serta keterlibatan mahasiswa yang terbatas dalam penilaian. Kendala utama meliputi faktor manusia (kelas tidak siap, partisipasi semu), tujuan tidak jelas, terbatasnya bahan ajar, jadwal tidak ideal, dan fasilitas seperti OHP dan listrik. Namun, strategi aktif dan variatif serta dukungan internet dapat mengurangi kendala tersebut. Penelitian menyimpulkan pembelajaran partisipatif layak diterapkan dengan dukungan kelembagaan untuk mengatasi hambatan logistik dan sikap, serta merekomendasikan peningkatan pelatihan dan fasilitas.
Dampak Pemberian Kompensasi terhadap Kepuasan Kerja, Komitmen, dan Prestasi Karyawan pada Organisasi: Studi Kasus di Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) Cabang Jember: The Impact of Compensation on Employee Job Satisfaction, Commitment, and Performance in Organizations: A Case Study at Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) Jember Branch Munif Widodo
Fenomena Vol 5 No 2 (2006): FENOMENA: Journal Penelitian STAIN Jember
Publisher : LP2M Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/fenomena.v5i2.392

Abstract

Employee dissatisfaction with compensation is a critical issue that leads to low organizational commitment and job performance, particularly in the banking industry, which demands high productivity. Grounded in compensation theory, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment, this study examines how satisfaction with material, social, and activity compensation affects organizational commitment and employee performance. The study involved 40 randomly selected respondents from a population of 68 employees at PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia Jember Branch and was analyzed using multiple linear regression at a significance level of α=0.05. The findings reveal that satisfaction with material and social compensation significantly influences employee loyalty, willingness to work hard, and pride in the organization, which in turn positively affects job performance. However, activity compensation was not found to have a significant partial effect. In conclusion, companies should prioritize improving material and social compensation to strengthen commitment and performance and recommend a reevaluation of activity compensation implementation. Ketidakpuasan karyawan terhadap kompensasi menjadi fenomena krusial yang berdampak pada rendahnya komitmen organisasional dan prestasi kerja, terutama dalam industri perbankan yang menuntut produktivitas tinggi. Berlandaskan teori kompensasi, kepuasan kerja, dan komitmen organisasional, penelitian ini bertujuan menguji pengaruh kepuasan terhadap kompensasi material, sosial, dan aktivitas terhadap komitmen organisasional serta prestasi kerja karyawan. Penelitian dilakukan pada 40 responden dari total populasi 68 karyawan PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia Cabang Jember yang dipilih secara acak, dengan analisis menggunakan regresi linier berganda pada taraf signifikansi α=0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kepuasan terhadap kompensasi material dan sosial secara signifikan mempengaruhi kesetiaan, kemauan bekerja keras, dan kebanggaan terhadap organisasi, yang pada akhirnya berdampak positif terhadap prestasi kerja karyawan. Namun, kompensasi aktivitas tidak terbukti memiliki pengaruh signifikan secara parsial. Kesimpulannya, perusahaan perlu memprioritaskan peningkatan kompensasi material dan sosial untuk memperkuat komitmen dan prestasi kerja karyawan, serta merekomendasikan evaluasi ulang terhadap implementasi kompensasi aktivitas.
Peran Tokoh Informal dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Pendidikan Umat di PP. An-Nuriyah Kaliwining Rambipuji Jember: The Role of Informal Leaders in Enhancing the Quality of Community Education at An-Nuriyah Islamic Boarding School, Kaliwining, Rambipuji, Jember Sarwan Sarwan
Fenomena Vol 5 No 2 (2006): FENOMENA: Journal Penelitian STAIN Jember
Publisher : LP2M Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/fenomena.v5i2.393

Abstract

The low level of support and the limited participatory roles of informal leaders in educational development constitute a critical issue in Jember Regency. This research examines the strategic role of informal leaders as agents of social change to improve the quality of community education. The study aims to analyze the roles, strategies, and constraints of informal leaders at Annuriyah Islamic Boarding School in Kaliwining. A qualitative approach was employed, using observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis. The findings reveal that informal leaders are directly involved in strengthening moral character, improving teacher quality, developing the curriculum, and building academic traditions within the pesantren. Externally, they contribute to community service, parent guidance, and economic empowerment. In conclusion, informal leaders significantly enhance educational quality through effective pesantren management and university partnerships. The study recommends local government policies that support pesantren education and increased community participation. Rendahnya dukungan dan peran partisipatif tokoh informal dalam pembangunan pendidikan menjadi isu krusial di Kabupaten Jember. Penelitian ini bertolak dari peran strategis tokoh informal sebagai agen perubahan sosial dalam meningkatkan mutu pendidikan umat. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis peran, strategi, serta hambatan tokoh informal di Pondok Pesantren Annuriyah Kaliwining. Pendekatan kualitatif digunakan dengan teknik observasi, wawancara mendalam, dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tokoh informal terlibat langsung dalam penguatan akhlakul karimah, peningkatan kualitas sumber daya guru, pengembangan kurikulum, serta membangun tradisi akademik pesantren. Secara eksternal, mereka berperan dalam pengabdian masyarakat, pembinaan wali santri, dan pemberdayaan ekonomi. Kesimpulannya, tokoh informal berkontribusi signifikan melalui manajemen pesantren yang efektif dan kemitraan dengan perguruan tinggi. Rekomendasi penelitian ini adalah perlunya kebijakan pemerintah daerah yang berpihak pada pendidikan pesantren serta peningkatan partisipasi masyarakat.
Peran BMT Mentari Sekawan dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Pedagang Kecil: Studi Kasus di Pasar Yosowilangun: The Role of Baitul Maal wat Tamwil (BMT) Mentari Sekawan in Improving the Welfare of Small Traders: A Case Study at Yosowilangun Market Sri Lumatus Sa'adah
Fenomena Vol 5 No 2 (2006): FENOMENA: Journal Penelitian STAIN Jember
Publisher : LP2M Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/fenomena.v5i2.394

Abstract

The presence of Baitul Mal wa Tamwil (BMT) in Indonesia carries a strategic mission to empower small and medium enterprises and improve community welfare. This study aims to describe the role of BMT Mentari Sekawan in enhancing the welfare of small traders at Yosowilangun Market. A qualitative case study approach was employed. The findings reveal that: first, the efforts undertaken by BMT Mentari Sekawan include providing financing and capital, developing productive businesses, offering mentoring, and encouraging savings behavior; second, the fund management system is based on shari’ah principles and uses a profit-and-loss-sharing mechanism through mudharabah, murabahah, musyarakah, and qardhul hasan products; third, the benefits for small traders are material, namely easier business development due to additional capital, and psychological, namely inner satisfaction due to shari’ah legal assurance. This study recommends improving BMT performance, strengthening partnerships with traders, and government regulatory support for the development of micro shari’ah financial institutions. Kehadiran Baitul Mal wa Tamwil (BMT) di Indonesia memiliki misi strategis dalam pemberdayaan usaha kecil dan menengah serta peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan peran BMT Mentari Sekawan dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan pedagang kecil di Pasar Yosowilangun. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan jenis studi kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: pertama, upaya yang dilakukan BMT Mentari Sekawan meliputi penyediaan sumber pembiayaan dan permodalan, pengembangan usaha produktif, pendampingan, serta motivasi menabung; kedua, sistem pengelolaan dana BMT berdasarkan prinsip syari’ah dengan mekanisme bagi hasil (profit and loss sharing) melalui produk mudharabah, murabahah, musyarakah, dan qardhul hasan; ketiga, manfaat yang diperoleh pedagang kecil bersifat material, yaitu kemudahan mengembangkan usaha karena tambahan modal, dan psikologis, yaitu kepuasan batin karena adanya jaminan hukum syari’ah. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan peningkatan kinerja BMT, penguatan kemitraan dengan pedagang, serta dukungan regulasi pemerintah bagi pengembangan lembaga keuangan syari’ah mikro.
Pandangan Al-Ghazali terhadap Ittihad dan Hulul: Al-Ghazali’s View on Ittihad and Hulul Muniron Muniron
Fenomena Vol 5 No 2 (2006): FENOMENA: Journal Penelitian STAIN Jember
Publisher : LP2M Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/yv70hf45

Abstract

The debate over the mystical union between the Sufi and God, particularly the concepts of ittihad and hulul, has long been controversial in Islamic thought and has often been accused of contradicting monotheism. This study aims to examine and describe Al-Ghazali’s position on both doctrines within Sufism. Using a qualitative library research approach, data were collected from Al-Ghazali’s primary works, including Al-Munqidz min ad-Dlalal and Misykat al-Anwar, and analyzed using a hermeneutic method. The findings reveal that Al-Ghazali categorically rejects real (hakiki) ittihad and hulul as impossible, both rationally and theologically, because they violate the fundamental principle of tawhid by blurring the distinction between Creator and creature. However, he accepts and appreciates metaphorical (majazi) ittihad and hulul, considering them a higher form of tawhid, as exemplified by the utterances of Abu Yazid al-Bustami and Mansur al-Hallaj. The study concludes that Al-Ghazali’s seemingly ambiguous stance is resolved by distinguishing between literal and metaphorical union. It is recommended that future research explore the socio-political contexts influencing Sufi doctrinal formulations. Perdebatan tentang penyatuan mistis antara sufi dengan Tuhan, khususnya konsep ittihad dan hulul, telah lama menjadi isu kontroversial dalam pemikiran Islam dan sering dituduh bertentangan dengan monoteisme. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan mendeskripsikan pandangan Al-Ghazali terhadap kedua doktrin tersebut dalam tasawuf. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kepustakaan kualitatif, data dikumpulkan dari karya-karya primer Al-Ghazali, seperti Al-Munqidz min ad-Dlalal dan Misykat al-Anwar, serta dianalisis dengan metode hermeneutika. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Al-Ghazali secara tegas menolak ittihad dan hulul hakiki sebagai hal yang mustahil secara rasional dan teologis, karena melanggar prinsip dasar tauhid dengan mengaburkan batasan antara Pencipta dan makhluk. Sebaliknya, ia menerima dan mengapresiasi ittihad dan hulul majazi sebagai bentuk tauhid yang lebih tinggi, sebagaimana dicontohkan oleh ungkapan Abu Yazid al-Bustami dan Mansur al-Hallaj. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa ambiguitas tampak dalam pandangan Al-Ghazali terselesaikan dengan membedakan penyatuan literal dan metaforis. Disarankan agar penelitian selanjutnya mengeksplorasi konteks sosio-politik yang mempengaruhi formulasi doktrin sufi.
Radikalisme Gerakan Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimun Mesir 1928–1948: Radicalism of the Muslim Brotherhood Movement in Egypt, 1928–1948 Safruddin Edi Wibowo
Fenomena Vol 5 No 2 (2006): FENOMENA: Journal Penelitian STAIN Jember
Publisher : LP2M Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/fenomena.v5i2.396

Abstract

The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimun), founded in 1928 as a peaceful educational and da'wah movement, increasingly engaged in political violence and terrorism between 1928 and 1948. This study examines the socio-political, ideological, and educational roots of this radical shift. Using a historical method with chronological and thematic analyses of primary documents (Ikhwan's official publications) and secondary sources, the research finds that state repression, British imperialism, and political exclusion fueled the Brotherhood's turn to violence. Ideologically, the group’s belief in Islam’s holistic, indivisible nature led to an exclusionary worldview that delegitimized secular authorities and justified jihad as armed struggle. Education and indoctrination through the usrah (family) system and the secret apparatus (al-jihaz al-sirri) militarized members, promoting martyrdom and violent confrontation. The study concludes that radicalism was not inherent but emerged from specific political pressures and ideological absolutism, and recommends that non-violent cultural and educational approaches are more effective for Islamic reform than political violence. Gerakan Ikhwanul Muslimin Mesir yang didirikan pada 1928 sebagai gerakan pendidikan dan dakwah yang damai, justru semakin terlibat dalam kekerasan politik dan terorisme antara tahun 1928 hingga 1948. Penelitian ini mengkaji akar sosial-politik, ideologis, dan pendidikan dari pergeseran radikal tersebut. Dengan metode sejarah dan analisis kronologis-tematis terhadap dokumen primer dan sekunder, temuan menunjukkan bahwa represi negara, imperialisme Inggris, dan pengecualian politik mendorong Ikhwan pada kekerasan. Secara ideologis, keyakinan akan keutuhan Islam melahirkan pandangan eksklusif yang menolak otoritas sekuler dan membenarkan jihad sebagai perang bersenjata. Pendidikan dan indoktrinasi melalui sistem usrah dan aparat rahasia memiliterisasi anggota, mempromosikan mati syahid. Kesimpulannya, radikalisme Ikhwan bukan bawaan, tetapi muncul dari tekanan politik dan absolutisme ideologis. Rekomendasinya, pendekatan kultural dan pendidikan non-kekerasan lebih efektif untuk reformasi Islam.

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