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Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya
ISSN : -     EISSN : 26214814     DOI : https://doi.org/10.33084/bjop
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy publishes various scientific articles covering Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences in the field but not limited to: Pharmacology-Toxicology, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapy, and toxicology. Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry, including pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, ethnobotany, and ethnopharmacology. Pharmaceuticals, including biopharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical technology, formulations, and biotechnology. Analytical Pharmacy-Medicinal Chemistry, including pharmaceutical chemistry, chemical analysis, medicinal chemistry, bioinformatics, pharmacy physics, pharmaceutical analysis, and method validation. Microbiology Pharmacy, including the antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity test. Natural Product Development, including testing the pharmacological activity of extracts, fractions, and plant isolates. Clinical-Community Pharmacy, including monitoring usage, side effects, counseling, and drug use evaluation. Management Pharmacy, including drug management, drug use profiles, pharmaceutical administration, and marketing.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 340 Documents
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Traditional vs. Modern Medicine: Community Preferences and Health Anthropology in North Sulawesi Weny Indayany Wiyono; Widya Astuty Lolo; Paulina Veronika Yolanda Yamlean
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i2.11186

Abstract

This study explores community preferences and decision-making in the use of traditional and modern medicine in North Sulawesi from a health anthropology perspective. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 participants, and data were analyzed thematically to identify patterns of perception and factors influencing treatment choice. The results show that traditional medicine is preferred for mild illnesses due to perceptions of safety, affordability, and cultural familiarity, whereas modern medicine is favored for severe or chronic conditions because of its clinical validation, measurable outcomes, and professional supervision. However, a growing trend of complementary use, combining both traditional and modern treatments, was observed, motivated by safety concerns, family or peer advice, and information obtained through the internet, especially social media. The study concludes that decision-making in the use of traditional and modern medicine in North Sulawesi is influenced by illness severity, perceptions, social factors, and access to information. Traditional medicine is preferred for mild conditions, whereas modern medicine is used for severe or chronic illnesses. The combined use of both reflects a pragmatic approach within a pluralistic health system. These findings highlight the need for culturally grounded integration and improved health literacy.
Evaluation of Clove Volatile Extract Vaporizer Mats for Mosquito Control Against Aedes aegypti: Bioassay and Computational Analysis Mochammad Aqilah Herdiansyah; Rifaid Nur Arsad; Rosalia Nuril Qolbi; Inge Permatasari; Etik Ainun Rohmah; Sri Subekti; Siti Fatimatuz Zahra; Kris Cahyo Mulyatno; Intan Ayu Pratiwi; Zubaidah Ya’cob; Win Darmanto
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i2.11189

Abstract

Syzygium aromaticum contains bioactive compounds that may serve as natural alternatives to synthetic mosquito control agents. This study aimed to evaluate the mosquitocidal activity of stem, leaf, and bud extracts of S. aromaticum, formulated as vaporizer mats, against Aedes aegypti and to identify potential molecular targets of the major compounds in these extracts through computational analysis. Volatile extracts from stems, leaves, and buds were prepared by ethanol maceration and formulated into vaporizer mats at concentrations of 0.5% and 1%. A total of 525 adult A. aegypti (F330 strain) were exposed under controlled laboratory conditions in accordance with WHO guidelines. Mortality, LT50, and LT90 values were recorded after exposure. Molecular docking was performed against odorant-binding protein AaegOBP1 and pyruvate kinase (PK1), followed by molecular dynamics simulation. Among all treatments, bud extract at 1% produced the highest mortality (33%), compared with 2% in the negative control. LT50 and LT90 values for this treatment were 1.468 minutes and 50.543 minutes, respectively, indicating prolonged biological activity. Docking analysis showed that β-caryophyllene had the strongest affinity toward AaegOBP1 (-8.4 kcal/mol), while chavicol showed the strongest interaction with PK1 (-6.5 kcal/mol). Molecular dynamics simulation confirmed stable ligand-receptor interactions with RMSF values below 3 Å. These findings indicate that S. aromaticum bud extract has moderate mosquitocidal potential in vaporizer mat formulation and may act through olfactory disruption and metabolic interference in A. aegypti.
Integration of Chitosan and Ageratum conyzoides Extract in Hydrogel Patches for Enhanced Wound Closure Kinetics under the TIME Framework Malinda Prihantini; Yance Anas; Junvidya Heroweti; Dewi Andini Kunti Mulangsri; Wahyudin Bin Jamaludin; Luthfia Mufaridhotun Nahla; Reyhan Raka Mahadika; Fazdilatul Hawa; Nayla Azkya; Rifka Sephia Fassadila
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i2.11198

Abstract

Chronic wounds pose a significant healthcare challenge in Southeast Asia, with prevalence rates reaching 50.8%. Conventional systemic therapies often fail due to persistent inflammation and bacterial biofilm formation. This study presents a novel approach that combines chitosan, a hydrophilic scaffold that maintains optimal moisture and prevents microbial contamination, with Ageratum conyzoides, which is rich in flavonoids with anti-inflammatory and pro-proliferative properties. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of chitosan combined with A. conyzoides in a hydrogel patch formulation on wound healing as a comprehensive approach to the TIME (Tissue, Inflammation, Moisture, Epithelization) concept. The standardized plant material was formulated into patches by a solvent‐casting method using three extract‐to‐chitosan ratios: F1 (2:0), F2 (1:1), and F3 (2:1). Evaluation encompassed physical characterization, acute dermal irritation, and wound‐healing activity assessment. Plant material met the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopeia standards, yielding 9.96 ± 0.10% total flavonoid content, with phytochemical screening confirming flavonoids, phenolics, and quinones. All formulations demonstrated favorable physical characteristics: thickness of 0.08–0.11 mm, folding endurance of 64–479 folds, and moisture absorption of 6.12–9.39%, with no acute dermal irritation observed in rabbits. In a 14-day linear incision wound model using male Wistar rats, F3 achieved superior healing efficacy (97% closure, rate constant 0.2972 day⁻¹), reaching 90% closure by day 7.75, significantly outperforming the positive control (Bioplacenton®, 89%) and negative control (79%). These results highlight F3's synergistic effects via anti-inflammatory and proliferative mechanisms, following first-order kinetics and comprehensively addressing the TIME framework to enhance wound healing.
Analysis of Antibiotic Use in Outpatient Pneumonia Patients at X Blitar Health Center using the Gyssens Method and the Defined Daily Dose Hesti Rima Hariyani; Rina Widiyawati; Fauna Herawati; Nurul Chusna
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i2.11327

Abstract

Pneumonia is a respiratory infection that remains a public health problem and requires appropriate antibiotic therapy. However, irrational use of antibiotics has the potential to increase resistance and worsen patient clinical outcomes. This study aims to analyze antibiotic use among outpatient patients with pneumonia at the X Blitar Health Center using the Defined Daily Dose (DDD) and Gyssens methods. This study employed a cross-sectional approach, utilizing secondary data from 109 medical records and prescriptions for pneumonia patients (ICD-10 codes J12-J18) from February 2024 to May 2025. Quantitative analysis was conducted using the DDD per 1,000 patients per day method, while qualitative analysis of prescriptions was performed using the Gyssens method. The results showed that Amoxicillin (J01CA04) was the most widely used antibiotic, namely 232.42 DDD/1,000 patients per day, followed by Cefadroxil (87.04 DDD/1,000 patients per day), Ciprofoxacin (18.35 DDD/1,000 patients per day), and Azithromycin (15.29 DDD/1,000 patients per day). Gyssens' analysis revealed that most prescriptions fell into categories IIA (33.94%), IVA (29.36%), and V (27.52%). Inaccurate dosage and suboptimal antibiotic selection were the leading causes of irrational antibiotic use. Additionally, 30 pneumonia patients were identified who did not receive antibiotics despite having clinical indications for them. The results of this study emphasize the need for rationalization training in therapy, prescription audits, and strengthening the implementation of clinical guidelines in primary care facilities.
Rapid and Controlled: Microflow Reactor-Assisted Synthesis of Cinnamaldehyde and Ethyl Cinnamate along with Their Cytotoxic Activity Against Several Cell Lines Nindita Fransiska Rahmawati; Muhtadi Muhtadi; Andi Suhendi; Ahmad Fauzi; Didin Mujahidin; Ahwan Ahwan; Agustono Wibowo
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i2.11781

Abstract

Cinnamaldehyde is a major aromatic compound utilized in the pharmaceutical industry due to its diverse biological activities, including anticancer potential. This study aims to develop a rapid and controlled synthesis method for cinnamaldehyde and ethyl cinnamate using microflow reactor technology, followed by structural elucidation and cytotoxic evaluation against HeLa, MCF-7, and T47D cancer cell lines. The synthesis of cinnamaldehyde was performed via aldol condensation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde (1.3:1 molar ratio) at 70°C, while ethyl cinnamate was synthesized through a two-step process involving Pinnick oxidation and Fischer esterification. The results demonstrated that microflow synthesis achieved a cinnamaldehyde yield of 52% with high purity (100% based on HPLC relative area), and ethyl cinnamate with 99% purity. In cytotoxic assays, synthesized cinnamaldehyde exhibited moderate activity, most notably against HeLa cells with an IC₅₀ of 95 µg/mL, whereas ethyl cinnamate showed lower potency (IC₅₀ > 200 µg/mL). Although the synthesized compounds were less potent than the standard cinnamaldehyde (IC₅₀ 1.56 µg/mL) and Doxorubicin control, this study confirms that microflow reactor technology is a highly effective and time-efficient method for producing high-purity cinnamate derivatives.
Cover, Content, and Editorial Note from Borneo J Pharm Vol. 9 No. 1 March 2026: Advancing Natural Heritage, Clinical Optimization, and In Silico Innovations Chief Editor of Borneo J Pharm
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i1.13262

Abstract

Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb. Alhamdulillahirabbil 'alamin. The next edition of Borneo Journal of Pharmacy (Borneo J Pharm) has been published in March 2026. This edition contains twelve articles spanning: Pharmacology-Toxicology, Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry, Pharmaceutics, Analytical Pharmacy-Medicinal Chemistry, Microbiology Pharmacy, Natural Product Development, Community Pharmacy, and Clinical Pharmacy Practice. This edition includes writings from three countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The authors come from several institutions, including Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Universitas Muhammadiyah Pekajangan Pekalongan, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Universitas Islam Bandung, Universitas Hasanuddin, Akademi Farmasi Yarsi Pontianak, Universitas Jember, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universitas Jenderal Ahmad Yani, Universitas Tanjungpura, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan ISFI Banjarmasin, Universitas Airlangga, Universitas Surabaya, Our Lady of Fatima University, De La Salle University, Universiti Teknologi MARA, and Universitas Mulawarman. This edition underscores the multifaceted nature of the pharmaceutical sciences in Southeast Asia, featuring research that seamlessly spans the "bench-to-bedside-to-silico" spectrum. The articles in this issue highlight the immense potential of local and marine biodiversity, advancements in drug delivery systems, critical evaluations of clinical outcomes, and the evolving regulatory and predictive frameworks guiding therapeutic development. Validating Bioactive Prospects and Chemodiversity in Regional Ecosystems A significant portion of this issue is dedicated to the scientific validation of Southeast Asia's rich terrestrial and marine heritage, particularly focusing on optimal compound recovery and therapeutic applications for chronic metabolic and non-communicable diseases: pH-Modulation and Marine Extraction: Research on Rhizophora stylosa (Mangrove) leaves demonstrates that altering solvent alkalinity influences metabolite solubility, showing that a pH 10 ethanolic system maximizes phenolic yields and radical-scavenging capacity while maintaining structural chromophore integrity. Complementing marine discovery, an evaluation of carrageenan extracts from nine edible seaweed species native to the Western Visayas catalogs distinct phytochemical fingerprints and free-radical-scavenging potential profiles via DPPH assays. Preclinical Validation of Antidiabetic and Anti-inflammatory Potency: Combining empirical profiling with computer models, a study on Tithonia diversifolia (Insulin leaf) identifies key therapeutic flavonoids (hispidulin, luteolin, and genistein) and demonstrates their superior ability to inhibit α-amylase and intercept glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) formation compared to standard glibenclamide. Additionally, the in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy of Syzygium polyanthum (Salam) leaf extract is validated in animal models, demonstrating consistent reductions in carrageenan-induced paw edema. Breakthroughs in Computational Chemistry and Bioinformatics Moving beyond laboratory assays, this issue highlights the growing role of advanced data mining, virtual screening, and structural mathematical simulations in accelerating drug discovery: High-Throughput Docking and QSAR Modeling: Research on Pluchea indica (Beluntas) uses an in silico library to screen 110 phytoconstituents, identifying competitive natural inhibitors of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) to treat hypertension. Similarly, structural molecular docking combined with Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) mathematical frameworks evaluates newly synthesized N-(ethylcarbamothioyl)benzamide derivatives as dual estrogen-α and progesterone receptor inhibitors for targeted breast cancer therapy. Pharmacokinetic and Genomic Simulations: A short communication maps the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) parameters of critical antiviral agents, such as Remdesivir and Favipiravir, and optimizes data on their active clearance and metabolite elimination profiles. Furthermore, an in silico bioinformatics pipeline analyzes deep genomic repositories (Ensembl, Haploreg, GTEx) to pinpoint specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and structural variants driving neuropathic pain pathways in diabetic neuropathy. Innovations in Chemical Synthesis and Topical Formulations Connecting raw starting blocks with targeted delivery systems, researchers in this issue present key structural and formulation optimizations: Reflux Kinetics in Chemical Synthesis: A study investigating the Knoevenagel-Doebner condensation reaction optimizes reflux timelines using malonic acid and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, defining the precise reaction durations needed to maximize the yield and analytical purity of synthesized 4-hydroxycinnamic acid. Polymer Base Optimization and Safety Screening: In pharmaceutics, an optimization matrix evaluates the combination of HAMINT™ and HPMC K100M polymers to enhance the physical stability and topical delivery of diclofenac sodium gel creams. Parallel to base optimization, the safety profile of facial cleansing gels containing ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions of Citrus amblycarpa peel is established using the in vivo Hen's Egg Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) vascular assay to assess potential systemic mucosal irritation. Advancing Clinical Pharmacy and Public Health Screening In the clinical and community practice sectors, this issue features structural validation matrices and proactive screening tools designed to directly improve patient outcomes: Osteoporosis Screening in Community Pharmacy: A cross-sectional pilot study in Malaysia utilizes the Malaysian Osteoporosis Screening Tool (MOST) within community pharmacies, effectively categorizing bone health risks in post-menopausal women while tracking the direct impacts of dietary intake and lifestyle choices. Medication Error Assessment in Geriatric Care: Transitioning to Institutional Patient Safety, research outlines the formal expert validation of a structured Medication Error Assessment Tool within the Integrated Medicine Management (IMM) model. Utilizing multi-disciplinary expert panels, this framework establishes a reliable tool to significantly reduce clinical medication errors in geriatric patients suffering from Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). The editorial board is fully aware that there is still room for improvement in this edition; hence, with all humility, we are willing to accept constructive suggestions and feedback to improve the publication in future editions. The editorial board would like to thank all editors, reviewers, and contributors of the scientific articles who have provided the repertoire in this issue. We hope that all parties, especially the contributors, will re-participate in the publication in the next edition, scheduled for June 2026. Wassalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb. Palangka Raya, March 2026 Editor-in-Chief
Cover, Content, and Editorial Note from Borneo J Pharm Vol. 9 No. 2 June 2026: Translating Bioactive Chemistry into Clinical Stewardship and Integrative Health Policy Mohammad Rizki Fadhil Pratama
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i2.13482

Abstract

Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb. Alhamdulillahirabbil 'alamin. The next edition of Borneo Journal of Pharmacy (Borneo J Pharm) has been published in June 2026. This edition contains twelve articles spanning: Pharmacology-Toxicology, Pharmaceutical, Analytical Pharmacy-Medicinal Chemistry, Natural Product Development, Clinical-Community Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Regulations. This edition includes writings from three countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, and South Korea. The authors come from several institutions, including Universitas Airlangga, Universiti Malaya, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Universitas Pakuan, Universitas Muhammadiyah Banjarmasin, Universitas Palangka Raya, Universitas Bina Bangsa, Universitas Ciputra, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, International Islamic University Malaysia, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Universitas Sahid Surakarta, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, University of Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Universitas Wahid Hasyim, Universitas Borneo Lestari, Universitas Surabaya, Universitas STRADA Indonesia, STIKES Dian Husada, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesian Food and Drug Authority, and Universitas Indonesia. The articles published in this issue underscore the multidisciplinary nature of contemporary pharmacy, spanning vector control, natural product chemistry, innovative drug delivery systems, advanced computational drug design, clinical pharmacology, rational antibiotic stewardship, and the sociocultural dynamics that shape health policy. Together, these contributions bridge basic laboratory discovery, advanced formulation engineering, clinical practice, and public health integration. Vector Control, Phytochemistry, and Cytotoxic Screenings Addressing vector-borne disease control through sustainable botanical alternatives, Herdiansyah et al. evaluated the mosquitocidal potential of Syzygium aromaticum volatile extracts formulated into electric vaporizer mats against Aedes aegypti. Their findings demonstrated that a 1% clove bud extract produced notable mortality with prolonged action (LT50 = 1.468 min; LT90 = 50.543 min). Complementary in silico docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that β-caryophyllene and chavicol form stable interactions with odorant-binding protein 1 (AaegOBP1) and pyruvate kinase (PK1), pointing to dual sensory disruption and metabolic interference as mechanisms of action. In the domain of natural product safety profiling, Nurmala et al. examined Phaleria macrocarpa leaf extracts obtained via sequential maceration and evaluated them using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (Artemia salina). Their comparative evaluation revealed a distinct polarity-dependent toxicity gradient: the 70% ethanol extract exhibited moderate toxicity (LC50 = 126.981 ppm), the ethyl acetate extract showed weak toxicity (LC50 = 691.730 ppm), and the n-hexane extract was non-toxic (LC50 = 1416.537 ppm). This highlights how selective multi-stage extraction enriches specific bioactive secondary metabolites for preliminary cytotoxic and pharmacological screenings. Using chemical synthesis and green chemistry approaches, Rahmawati et al. employed continuous microflow reactor technology to rapidly synthesize cinnamaldehyde and ethyl cinnamate. Microflow processing achieved high chromatographic purity (100% for cinnamaldehyde; 99% for ethyl cinnamate) within a short 10-minute residence time at 70°C. In cytotoxic assays against HeLa, MCF-7, and T47D cancer cell lines, synthesized cinnamaldehyde displayed selective antiproliferative activity, particularly against HeLa cells (IC50 = 95 µg/mL), emphasizing the key role of the conjugated aldehyde pharmacophore. Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterial Innovations Topical formulation development and wound management represent another key theme in this issue. Sukamdi et al. optimized a hydrogel formulation incorporating Carica papaya leaf extract and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). Increasing VCO concentration enhanced matrix viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion duration while lowering the IC50 in DPPH radical-scavenging assays. Formula 5 (containing 9% VCO and 20% extract) demonstrated very strong antioxidant capacity (IC50 = 31.50 µg/mL), establishing a synergistic vehicle for dermatological barrier protection. Focusing on chronic and diabetic wound healing, Fatimah et al. formulated a 15% Celosia argentea leaf extract hydrogel patch. The formulation exhibited stable physicochemical properties across accelerated freeze-thaw cycles, caused no microvascular irritation in the HET-CAM bioassay, and achieved an 85.60% wound closure rate in diabetic Wistar rats, comparable to that of the standard commercial silver sulfadiazine cream (88.40%). Concurrently, Prihantini et al. integrated low-molecular-weight chitosan with Ageratum conyzoides ethanolic extract in hydrogel patches designed around the TIME (Tissue, Inflammation, Moisture, Epithelization) clinical framework. Formulation F3 (2:1 extract-to-chitosan ratio) demonstrated high flavonoid content (9.96%), excellent folding endurance (>470 folds), and superior in vivo wound closure kinetics in rat models (97% closure by day 14; t90 = 7.75 days; rate constant k = 0.2972 day-1), following first-order kinetics without an initial lag phase. Computational Drug Discovery and Neuroprotection In computational drug discovery, Putra et al. performed an in silico evaluation of 62 phytochemicals from Lagerstroemia speciosa targeting three key antidiabetic enzymes: aldose reductase, glucokinase, and glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK3-β). Molecular docking, 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations, and MM/PBSA binding free energy calculations identified kaempferol as a stable, selective, and drug-like lead candidate for aldose reductase inhibition, supported by high hydrogen-bond occupancy (64.38%) and a balanced electrostatic profile. Investigating acute central nervous system pathology, Thohari et al. evaluated the neuroprotective effects of thymoquinone (TQ), the active constituent of Nigella sativa, in a Wistar rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Oral TQ administration significantly elevated matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression (p < 0.001) at day 7 post-insult while suppressing pro-inflammatory cascades (NLRP3, TNF-α, IL-1β) and modulating superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The authors highlight a potential phase-dependent dual role for MMP-9, shifting from acute tissue damage toward subacute neurovascular remodeling and extracellular matrix repair. Clinical Pharmacology and Antimicrobial Stewardship Transitioning from bench research to clinical application, Primasari et al. evaluated amikacin dosing regimens, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters (Cmax/MIC ratios), and clinical outcomes among 40 hospitalized patients receiving therapy for Gram-negative infections at a hospital in Yogyakarta. Although 39 of 44 regimens complied with standard dosing guidelines and yielded favorable clinical outcomes in 66.7% of appropriate cases, pharmacokinetic calculations revealed that only 46.2% achieved the target peak plasma concentration (Cmax), and only 11.1% achieved the target Cmax/MIC ratio. These findings emphasize that guideline-concordant empirical dosing often fails to meet optimal PK/PD targets, underscoring the need for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) and individualized dosing strategies in Indonesian healthcare settings. In primary care antibiotic stewardship, Hariyani et al. conducted a quantitative (Defined Daily Dose, DDD) and qualitative (Gyssens algorithm) analysis of antibiotic prescribing for outpatient pneumonia at a health center in Blitar. While total consumption was dominated by first-line amoxicillin (232.42 DDD/1,000 patients/day; 65.82%), qualitative auditing revealed that rational prescribing (Gyssens Category 0) reached only 6.42%. Major prescribing vulnerabilities included pediatric weight-based dosing inaccuracies (Category IIA; 33.94%), suboptimal empirical drug selection (Category IVA; 29.36%), and antibiotic prescribing in cases lacking valid bacterial indications (Category V; 27.52%), underscoring the urgent need for structured audit-and-feedback programs and clinical decision-support tools in primary care. Social Pharmacy, Health Anthropology, and Policy Integration Completing the spectrum from bench to bedside and community, two studies examined the integration of traditional medicine into national healthcare systems. Wiyono et al. used a qualitative health anthropology approach to examine community preferences regarding traditional and modern medicine in North Sulawesi. Their decision-making framework revealed that disease severity dictates therapeutic choices: traditional preparations (e.g., jamu, ginger, turmeric) are preferred for mild, self-limiting ailments due to perceived natural safety and cultural tradition, whereas modern biomedicine is prioritized for severe or chronic conditions due to diagnostic precision and clinical proof. Notably, 53.3% of participants practiced concurrent or complementary therapy, reflecting a pragmatic adaptation within a pluralistic health system. At the macro-policy level, Kashuri and Ikrar evaluated public knowledge, trust, attitudes, and behavioral intentions regarding the integration of Jamu into Indonesia's formal National Health Services (JKN). Utilizing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) among 300 survey participants, the study demonstrated that attitude is the primary direct driver of public behavioral intention (β = 0.837, p < 0.001), with knowledge significantly influencing trust (β = 0.651) and attitude (β = 0.248), and trust further strengthening attitude (β = 0.486). The structural model accounted for 70% of the variance in behavioral intention (R2 = 0.700), demonstrating that successful policy implementation depends not only on regulatory readiness but also on public health literacy and trust building. The editorial board is fully aware that there is still room for improvement in this edition; hence, with all humility, we are willing to accept constructive suggestions and feedback to improve the publication in future editions. The editorial board would like to thank all editors, reviewers, and contributors of the scientific articles who have provided the repertoire in this issue. We hope that all parties, especially the contributors, will participate again in the publication of the next edition, scheduled for September 2026. Wassalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb. Palangka Raya, June 2026 Editor-in-Chief
Potential Probiotic Food from Kalimantan: Haruan Pekasam (Channa striata) as a Resource of Lactic Acid Bacteria Andika Andika; Diah Safitri; Fitriah Fitriah; Nurul Fajeriyati; Siti Nashihah
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 3 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i3.9455

Abstract

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely used as probiotics, yet most recognized probiotic sources are derived from dairy and plant-based fermented foods, whereas fermented freshwater fish remains relatively underexplored. This study aimed to isolate and preliminarily screen LAB from Haruan pekasam (Channa striata), a traditional fermented fish product from Kalimantan, to evaluate its potential as a novel local probiotic source. The screening assessed LAB counts, Gram characteristics, lactic acid content, antagonistic activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella dysenteriae, and cell morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fermentation was evaluated on days 8, 10, 12, and 14, with samples analyzed before and after frying. The highest presumptive LAB count occurs on day 14 in the non-fried sample at 2.04 × 10⁶ CFU/mL, while the fried sample reaches 0.75 × 10⁶ CFU/mL. All isolates are Gram-positive and rod-shaped, and SEM reveals cell sizes ranging from 1.462 to 1.682 µm. Lactic acid content ranges from 0.45% to 0.90%. LAB isolates demonstrate in vitro inhibition against all three pathogenic bacteria, with mean inhibition zones of approximately 12.37–13.83 mm. These findings indicate that C. striata is a promising indigenous, non-dairy source of LAB with preliminary probiotic potential and could be developed as a functional fermented food and a local probiotic source from Kalimantan.
Effect of Red Ginger Extract Prepared Using a Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent on Body Weight and Obesity-Related Parameters in Rats Fed an Atherogenic Diet Yulianita Yulianita; Nina Herlina; Ragil Raihan Pamungkas; Aditiya Safitri; Novandi Masis Al Aziz; Marybet Tri Retno Handayani
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 3 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i3.9461

Abstract

This study evaluated the anti-obesity effects of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) extract prepared using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (RGE-NADES) in rats fed an atherogenic diet (AD). Zingiber officinale var. rubrum rhizomes were extracted via ultrasound-assisted extraction using a betaine-lactic acid NADES (1:2 ratio) at a 1:30 solid-to-solvent ratio. Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups (n = 4): normal control, negative control (AD), orlistat (2.16 mg/kg BW), RGE-NADES 25 mg/kg BW, and RGE-NADES 50 mg/kg BW. Treatments and diets were administered over 14 days, during which body weight, nasoanal length, and food intake were monitored. End-of-study assessments included the Lee obesity index, adiposity index, and relative organ indices. Compared with the negative control group, both RGE-NADES doses significantly reduced body weight and the Lee obesity index (p < 0.05), with decreases of 10.31% (25 mg/kg) and 8.68% (50 mg/kg), respectively. Food intake and adiposity index were also lower in the treatment groups, with a statistically significant reduction in adiposity index observed specifically at 25 mg/kg. Importantly, RGE-NADES administration did not produce significant differences in relative heart, liver, or kidney indices across groups (p > 0.05). Overall, RGE-NADES effectively mitigates body weight gain and obesity indicators in AD-fed rats over a 14-day period without adversely affecting major organ weights.
Effect of Temperature and Heating Duration on Physical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Gummy with Chrysanthemum Extract and Sacha Inchi Oil Zahra Salsabila; Wimala Hardyawati Putri Apsari; Ariel Immanuela; Muhammad Novrizal Abdi Sahid; Cici Darsih; Marlyn Dian Laksitorini
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 3 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i3.9696

Abstract

The chrysanthemum flower is known for its antioxidant activity and has recently been shown by many studies to exert neuroprotective effects. Sacha inchi oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which are important for brain development and cognitive function. As a result, some studies have explored the addition of omega-3-containing oil to gummy candy supplements. Incorporating oily materials into gummy candy potentially affects the gummy's physicochemical properties. This study aims to optimize the temperature and heating duration during the preparation of the gummy candy containing sacha inchi oil and Chrysanthemum indicum flower extract using a 22 factorial design. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of the starting material and the finished products were evaluated using the DPPH reduction assay. The physicochemical properties evaluated include organoleptic, pH, weight uniformity, water content, water activity, and texture. The study suggested that temperature and heating duration affect the color, water content, water activity, and texture of gummy candy. The IC₅₀ values of chrysanthemum flower extract, sacha inchi oil, and their combination before heating were 67.212, 318.838, and 233.602 µg/mL. Following the optimized heating process, the IC₅₀ values increased to 187.092, 408.753, and 541.529 µg/mL. It indicates that heat treatment significantly diminished the antioxidant capacity of the gummy candy formulations. The optimal condition for the final heating was achieved at 105°C for 7 minutes.

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