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Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya
ISSN : -     EISSN : 26214814     DOI : https://doi.org/10.33084/bjop
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy publishes various scientific articles covering Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences in the field but not limited to: Pharmacology-Toxicology, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapy, and toxicology. Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry, including pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, ethnobotany, and ethnopharmacology. Pharmaceuticals, including biopharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical technology, formulations, and biotechnology. Analytical Pharmacy-Medicinal Chemistry, including pharmaceutical chemistry, chemical analysis, medicinal chemistry, bioinformatics, pharmacy physics, pharmaceutical analysis, and method validation. Microbiology Pharmacy, including the antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity test. Natural Product Development, including testing the pharmacological activity of extracts, fractions, and plant isolates. Clinical-Community Pharmacy, including monitoring usage, side effects, counseling, and drug use evaluation. Management Pharmacy, including drug management, drug use profiles, pharmaceutical administration, and marketing.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 311 Documents
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Cover, Content, and Editorial Note from Borneo J Pharm Vol. 8 No. 4 November 2025: Bridging Natural Potential, Clinical Evidence, and Regulatory Frameworks Borneo J Pharm, Chief Editor of
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 8 No. 4 (2025): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v8i4.12031

Abstract

Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb. Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘alamin. The next edition of Borneo Journal of Pharmacy (Borneo J Pharm) has been published in November 2025. This edition contains ten articles: Pharmacology-Toxicology, Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry, Pharmaceutical, Analytical Pharmacy-Medicinal Chemistry, Microbiology Pharmacy, Natural Product Development, Management Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Regulations. This edition includes writings from three countries: Australia, Indonesia, and Thailand. The authors come from several institutions, including Universitas Halu Oleo, Thammasat University, Politeknik Bina Husada Kendari, Universitas Mulawarman, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Buleleng, Universitas Hasanuddin, Universitas Mandala Waluya, Universitas Hang Tuah, Akademi Farmasi Surabaya, Universitas Bakti Tunas Husada, Universitas Muhammadiyah Banjarmasin, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Monash University, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Universitas Airlangga, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang, Khon Kaen University, Universitas Indonesia, and Indonesian Food and Drug Authority. This edition underscores the multi-faceted nature of pharmaceutical sciences in Indonesia, featuring research that spans the "bench-to-bedside-to-policy" spectrum. The articles in this issue highlight the immense potential of local biodiversity, advancements in drug delivery systems, critical evaluations of clinical outcomes, and the evolving regulatory landscape governing traditional medicines. Unveiling the Pharmacological Potential of Natural Resources A significant portion of this issue is dedicated to the scientific validation of Indonesia's rich natural heritage. Several studies focus on the exploration of bioactive compounds for non-communicable and infectious diseases: Anticancer and Antioxidant Discovery: Research on Pogostemon cablin (Patchouli) from North Konawe reveals promising anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities against breast cancer cells, supported by mechanisms that stabilize membranes. Complementing this, an in silico study on Moringa oleifera (Kelor) utilizes molecular docking and dynamics to identify specific metabolites with high stability at estrogen receptors, offering potential pathways for breast cancer therapy. Furthermore, the underutilized leaves of Metroxylon sagu (Sago) are profiled for their phenolic and flavonoid content, demonstrating potent radical-scavenging activity that positions them as a viable natural antioxidant source. Combating Infectious Diseases: Addressing antimicrobial resistance, two studies investigate local flora. The n-hexane fraction of Stenochlaena palustris (Kelakai) demonstrates significant activity against MRSA biofilms, while ultrasound-assisted extraction of Isotoma longiflora (Kitolod) is optimized to target Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi, though further isolation of active compounds remains a priority. Gastroprotection and Systematic Reviews: The protective effects of Amorphophallus oncophyllus (Porang) are highlighted in an in vivo study, which demonstrates its ability to mitigate NSAID-induced duodenal mucosal injury. Additionally, a comprehensive review of Lumbricus rubellus (Red Earthworm) synthesizes a decade of preclinical and clinical data, confirming its diverse therapeutic roles, including fibrinolytic and hepatoprotective activities. Innovations in Pharmaceutical Formulation Moving beyond raw extracts to dosage form design, this issue features an innovative study on Scylla serrata (Mangrove Crab) shell waste. Researchers successfully developed a chitosan effervescent granule suspension, comparing wet and dry granulation methods to optimize physical characteristics, such as flowability and pH, thereby enhancing the potential of this biopolymer as a consumer-friendly supplement for cholesterol management. Clinical Outcomes and Healthcare Economics In the clinical sphere, an observational study at Dharmais Cancer Hospital provides a critical analysis of lung cancer management. By correlating treatment costs with survival rates across different cancer stages and interventions, this research highlights the economic burden of the disease and the complex relationship between high-cost interventions and survival time, offering data vital for healthcare planning. Strengthening the Regulatory Landscape Finally, to support the translation of traditional medicines into the market, this issue includes a strategic policy analysis. The study maps Indonesia’s regulatory reforms (2020–2024) regarding traditional medicines, health supplements, and cosmetics. It concludes that the Food and Drug Authority (BPOM) is successfully transitioning towards a governance model that strikes a balance between strict compliance and safety, while encouraging research and innovation, thereby aligning with ASEAN harmonization standards. Editorial boards are fully aware that there is still room for improvement in this edition; hence, with all humility, we are willing to accept constructive suggestions and feedback for improvements to the publication for the next editions. The editorial board would like to thank all editors and reviewers, and contributors of the scientific articles who have provided the repertoire in this issue. We hope that all parties, especially the contributors, will re-participate in the publication in the next edition, scheduled for March 2026. Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Identification of Gene Variations Associated with Diabetic Neuropathy Using Bioinformatics Approach Sultan, Siti Fatimah; Novriyanti, Adisti Putri; Rohmah, Siti; Irham, Lalu Muhammad; Sulistyani, Nanik; Ma'ruf, Muhammad
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i1.7148

Abstract

Diabetic neuropathy is the most common complication of diabetes, experienced by almost 90% of diabetic patients. Pain is one of the most common symptoms of diabetic neuropathy, but the pathophysiologic mechanism of pain is not clearly known. The hypothesis of hyperglycemia toxicity to the development of pain complications has been widely accepted worldwide, but there are still other hypotheses proposed. The basic concept in the management of painful diabetic neuropathy is to exclude other causes of peripheral neuropathic pain, improve glycemic control for prophylactic therapy, and use drugs to reduce pain. Diabetic neuropathy variation data can be obtained from the Ensembl Genome Browser. Here, genes associated with 26 variants were selected according to Haploreg version 4.2. In addition, protein expression of missense gene variants was examined using the GTEx portal to determine two variants: rs55703767, which encodes the COL4A3 gene, and rs141560952, which encodes the DIS3L2 gene. According to data obtained from the Ensembl Genome Browser, the two most prevalent populations for SNP rs55703767, which is linked to the COL4A3 gene, are in Africa, while SNP rs141560952, which is linked to the DIS3L2 gene, is most prevalent in Africa, the Americas, East Asia, Europe, and South Asia.
Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential and Phytochemical Composition of Carrageenan Extracts from Nine Edible Seaweed Species Ortega, Katrin Mae Mendoza; Punzalan, Eric Camilo Rubia; Lagman, Ma Carmen Ablan
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i1.8294

Abstract

Seaweeds have become a subject of interest due to their dual role, not only in providing functional attributes, such as gelling, thickening, and stabilizing in food products, but also for their potential antioxidant properties. Currently, a growing body of research supports the idea that supplementation with antioxidants is a valuable approach in preventing oxidative stress, which can lead to cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases, where free radicals are implicated. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition of carrageenan extracts from nine algae collected from the Western Visayas region. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by testing against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), and the analysis of phytochemical composition was conducted using thin-layer chromatography. It was found that eight of the nine algal extracts exhibited antioxidant activity. The most active extracts were observed in S. crassifolium (IC50 = 559 μg/mL), followed by S. moniliformis (IC50 = 573 μg/mL) and E. muricatum (IC50 = 629 μg/mL), with no significant difference from the positive control. The abundance of flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, essential oils, and phenolic compounds was observed in all the extracts, indicating significant antioxidant activity. These findings imply that the integration of natural antioxidants from algae as a dietary supplement could prove beneficial in mitigating oxidative stress, thus holding significance in a wide array of disease prevention strategies, such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders, all of which are intricately linked to the role of free radicals.
Optimization of ADMET Properties Prediction for Remdesivir, Favipiravir, and their Metabolites Elimination Profiles Purnamayanti, Anita; Suharjono, Suharjono; Rahmadi, Mahardian
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i1.8464

Abstract

In silico methods have become crucial for the rapid preliminary assessment of drug compound absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties, particularly for vital antivirals such as remdesivir and favipiravir, early in the drug development process. This study aimed to predict the pharmacokinetic profiles of remdesivir, favipiravir, and their respective metabolites, explicitly focusing on their interactions within the unique anatomy and physiology of human elimination organs. Compound summaries from PubChem were computationally analyzed using the pkCSM, ProTox-II, and ADMETLab 3.0 platforms. These predictions were then critically evaluated in the context of established hepatic and renal elimination mechanisms. Favipiravir and its metabolites generally exhibited a favorable ADMET profile, characterized by good oral absorption, wide distribution, efficient metabolism, and rapid excretion, albeit with a slight potential for blood-brain barrier penetration. In contrast, remdesivir, its nucleotide metabolite, and favipiravir showed the highest predicted likelihood of inducing hepatotoxicity. Concerning renal toxicity, remdesivir, remdesivir monophosphate, and the active triphosphate forms of both remdesivir and favipiravir presented a notable risk. This elevated renal risk was primarily attributed to their predicted low renal clearances, potentially resulting from insufficient penetration across the negatively charged glomerular filtration barrier. In conclusion, favipiravir and its metabolites demonstrated a more desirable ADMET profile than remdesivir. These preliminary findings suggest a differential safety and pharmacokinetic landscape between the two antiviral agents. Future research should prioritize leveraging advanced AI-based ADMET platforms to simulate complex human organ functions more accurately, refining these predictive models, and guiding subsequent in vivo investigations.
Formulation and The Hen's Egg Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) Test to Predict Irritation Potential of FCEE and FCEA Facial Cleansing Gel Sari, Dina Yuspita; Eriani, Evi; Afif, Ibnu; Ferdian, Erick; Rahman, Ika Ristia
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i1.8887

Abstract

Limau citrus (Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk.) Ochse) peel contains vitamin C, vitamin A, flavonoids, essential oils, coumarin, and rosmarinic acid derivatives. Due to its antioxidant and antibacterial properties, it can be used as an active ingredient in facial cleansers. This study examined the quality of FCEE and FCEA formulas for C. amblycarpa peels and their irritation potential. Citrus amblycarpa peel was macerated with 96% ethanol and partitioned successively with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The facial cleansing gel formula used ethanol fraction (FCEE) and ethyl acetate fraction (FCEA), with concentrations of 0.20%, 0.35%, and 0.50%, respectively. The HET-CAM method was used to determine the potential irritation. The evaluation of the FCEE and FCEA formulas showed a greenish-brownish yellow color, a distinctive aroma of C. amblycarpa, and a soft texture. The pH values ranged from 5.66 to 6.27. All formulas were homogeneous, and the viscosity values were recorded in the range of 65.33 to 91.67 dPa.s. The foam stabilities ranged from 65.94 to 69.40%, and the formulas demonstrated effective cleaning ability. The results of the HET-CAM irritation test show that the irritation score of the positive control (SLS 30%) was 12.6 (strong irritation category), that of the negative control (water for injection), and that of all FCEE and FCEA facial cleansing gel formulas, which have an irritation score of 0 (no irritation category). The study presents quantitative and qualitative data in evaluating facial skin cleansers. These results demonstrate safe formulation.
Synthesis of 4-Hydroxycinnamic Acid from Malonic Acid and 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde as Starting Materials with the Variation of the Reflux Time Narwanti, Iin; Abdillah, Fahmi Humaidi
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i1.9356

Abstract

Cinnamic acid derivatives, naturally occurring compounds found in plants and also synthetically produced, exhibit diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, antiplasmodial, tyrosinase-inhibitory, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and anticancer properties, with 4-hydroxycinnamic acid representing a particularly valuable derivative for pharmaceutical development. However, the successful synthesis of these compounds requires careful optimization of reaction conditions, particularly the reflux time, which must balance complete reactant conversion against product degradation that may occur with excessive heating to achieve maximum yield and purity. This study aimed to optimize the reaction yield in the synthesis of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid by varying the reflux time. 4-Hydroxycinnamic acid was synthesized via a reaction between malonic acid and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde using pyridine-piperidine as a catalyst. The reflux time was varied at 3, 5, and 7 hours. The mixture was refluxed at 70–80°C with constant stirring at 900 rpm. After the reaction, the crude product was recrystallized and dried, and the yield was calculated. TLC was employed to compare the product's Rf value with that of the starting material using various eluents. Furthermore, the synthesized product was characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy to elucidate its structure. The results revealed that the average yields at reflux times of 3, 5, and 7 hours were 58.6, 66.78, and 63.87%, respectively, with the optimal yield achieved at 5 hours. Physicochemical and spectral data confirmed that the obtained product was 4-hydroxycinnamic acid. Purity analysis showed that the synthesized compound had a purity level of 95%.
Molecular Docking and In Silico Evaluation of Beluntas (Pluchea indica) Phytochemicals as Potential Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors for Hypertension Treatment Rasjava, Achmad Ramadhanna’il; Akbar, Nabila Hadiah; Arfan, Aulia Rhamdani; Wardani, Dyah Ayu Pramoda; Putra, Aditya Maulana Perdana; Muslimawati, Khoirunnisa; Buih, Putri Helena Junjung; Fakih, Taufik Muhammad
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i1.9706

Abstract

Hypertension remains a major global health concern due to its high prevalence and strong association with cardiovascular diseases and kidney failure. A key component of blood pressure regulation is the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE), which catalyzes the conversion of Angiotensin I into the vasoconstrictor Angiotensin II, making it a primary target for antihypertensive drugs. Although synthetic ACE inhibitors such as ramiprilat are effective, their use is often associated with adverse effects, highlighting the need for safer alternatives. This study employs molecular docking and in silico analysis to evaluate the potential of phytochemicals from beluntas (Pluchea indica) as natural ACE inhibitors. A total of 110 phytoconstituents were screened for pharmacokinetic properties using ADMET analysis, leading to the selection of 20 ligands for docking simulations. Among these, 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid exhibited the highest binding affinity (-9.409 kcal/mol), followed by di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (-8.984 kcal/mol) and quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (-8.372 kcal/mol). These compounds demonstrated stronger binding affinities than the ACE natural substrate, Angiotensin I (-7.133 kcal/mol), and the ACE inhibitor, ramiprilat (-8.717 kcal/mol), suggesting their potential as competitive ACE inhibitors. The binding interactions of these compounds were characterized by hydrogen bonding with key catalytic residues (HIS368, GLU368), electrostatic stabilization, and hydrophobic interactions within the enzyme active site. Notably, caffeoylquinic acid derivatives closely mimicked the binding mode of ramiprilat, whereas quercetin glycosides exhibited a distinct interaction pattern, indicating a possible alternative inhibitory mechanism. These findings provide evidence supporting the potential of P. indica phytochemicals as natural ACE inhibitors and warrant further investigation into their therapeutic applications in hypertension management.
Optimization of Gel Cream Containing HAMIN™ and HPMC K100M as Bases for Topical Delivery of Diclofenac Sodium Winarti, Lina; Gazzali, Amirah Mohd; Mufidah, Fania Mufti; Faramayuda, Fahrauk; Ulfa, Evi Umayah; Nurahmanto, Dwi; Afthoni, Muhammad Hilmi; Pratiwi, Liza; Wijianto, Bambang
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i1.10417

Abstract

Diclofenac sodium, a widely used NSAID, has limited skin permeability, which reduces its topical efficacy; therefore, a gel-cream formulation combining the rapid absorption of gels with the emollient properties of creams is proposed to enhance drug penetration and patient comfort. To further improve delivery, HAMIN™, a novel natural palm oil–based base with excellent biocompatibility and lipid-enhancing properties, will be combined with HPMC K100M. This thickener stabilises viscosity and prolongs skin contact time, supporting better absorption. This study aimed to develop and optimise a topical gel cream for diclofenac sodium using HAMIN™ and HPMC K100M to achieve ideal physical properties and improved skin penetration. The formulation was statistically optimised using a Simplex Lattice Design (SLD), with HAMIN™ (X₁) and HPMC K100M (X₂) as independent variables, and pH (Y₁), spreadability (Y₂), viscosity (Y₃), extrudability (Y₄), release flux (Y₅), and permeation flux (Y₆) as dependent responses. Optimisation with Design Expert version 13 yielded the ideal composition of 16.84% HAMIN™ and 1.16% HPMC K100M, resulting in predicted values of pH 5.07, spreadability 7 cm, viscosity 4502.25 mPas, extrudability 78.98 N/s, release flux 70.61 µg/cm²√min, and permeation flux 0.4868 µg/cm²/min, with a desirability score of 0.829. Despite a slightly lower release flux, the optimised HAMIN™ and HPMC K100M-based gel cream demonstrated superior skin permeation compared to a commercial emulgel for up to 300 minutes. The incorporation of HAMIN™, a natural palm oil base, offers a novel and effective strategy to enhance the topical delivery of diclofenac sodium via a statistically optimised gel cream formulation.
Expert Validation of a Medication Error Assessment Tool in the Integrated Medicine Management Model for Geriatric Patients with CHF Ayu, Welinda Dyah; Athiyah, Umi; Zairina, Elida
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i1.10465

Abstract

Geriatric patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) face an elevated risk of medication errors due to physiological changes, polypharmacy, and comorbidities. Integrated Medicine Management (IMM) is a multidisciplinary model designed to minimize drug-related problems through structured interventions during admission, hospitalization, and discharge. This study aimed to validate a medication error checklist developed for the IMM model, specifically for hospitalized older adults with CHF. A descriptive, quantitative design was applied, with expert-based content validation. A purposive sample of eight healthcare professionals, including physicians, clinical pharmacists, and senior nurses, was recruited. Each checklist item was assessed for relevance using a 4-point Likert scale. Content validity was evaluated using the Item-Level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and the Scale-Level CVI (S-CVI/Ave). All nine items obtained I-CVI values of ≥0.875, with seven items achieving a full consensus (I-CVI = 1.00). The overall S-CVI/Ave was 0.97, indicating excellent content validity. The checklist integrates global safety frameworks, including the STOPP/START criteria, the WHO Medication Without Harm initiative, ISMP's high-alert medication guidance, and The Joint Commission's reconciliation protocols. Core components address reconciliation, therapy duplication, high-risk drugs, and discharge education. The validated checklist demonstrates strong content validity and clinical relevance for detecting medication-related problems in hospitalized geriatric CHF patients. Integration into digital platforms such as MINE (Medicine IN gEriatric) may enhance interprofessional collaboration, reduce preventable errors, and promote safer pharmacotherapy across care transitions.
Determination of Osteoporosis Risk in Post-Menopausal Women Using the Malaysian Osteoporosis Screening Tool: A Pilot Study in a Community Pharmacy Latif, Athirah Ahmad; Othman, Nursyuhadah; Azlan, Saliha; Rocky, Nik Ateerah Rasheeda Mohd; Kushairi, Siti Sarah Syahirah; Shapri, Nik Aisyah Najwa Nik Mustaffa; Wahab, Mohd Shahezwan Abd
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i1.10798

Abstract

Osteoporosis detection remains suboptimal in Malaysia. This study aimed to evaluate the Malaysian Osteoporosis Screening Tool (MOST) and supplementation behaviours in a community pharmacy. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a private pharmacy in Temerloh, Pahang (May–August 2025). Postmenopausal women (n = 126) completed questionnaires and underwent anthropometric assessment (BMI, hip circumference). MOST scores were calculated, and group differences were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests (p < 0.05). All participants were classified as "at risk" (MOST ≥ 4); the median score was 42.0 (IQR 12.0–42.0). Scores were significantly higher among women aged ≥60 years (p < 0.001), those with lower education (p = 0.005), and the unemployed (p = 0.005), but were unrelated to income, ethnicity, or residence. Hip circumference was ≥90 cm in 96.8% of cases, limiting its discriminatory value. Lifestyle and clinical factors, including family history, hormone therapy, steroid use, smoking, coffee intake, carbonated drinks, and calcium- and vitamin D-rich foods, were not associated with MOST scores. Supplement use included calcium (27.8%), vitamin D (35.7%), and combined calcium–vitamin D (26.2%). Calcium users had higher scores (p = 0.011); vitamin D or combined use showed no differences (p > 0.05). MOST concentrated nearly all postmenopausal women into the high-risk category, primarily reflecting age and menopausal duration. Findings support its feasibility in community pharmacies and highlight gaps in coordinated calcium–vitamin D supplementation.

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