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Mohammad Rizki Fadhil Pratama
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Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya
ISSN : -     EISSN : 26214814     DOI : https://doi.org/10.33084/bjop
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy publishes various scientific articles covering Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences in the field but not limited to: Pharmacology-Toxicology, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapy, and toxicology. Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry, including pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, ethnobotany, and ethnopharmacology. Pharmaceuticals, including biopharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical technology, formulations, and biotechnology. Analytical Pharmacy-Medicinal Chemistry, including pharmaceutical chemistry, chemical analysis, medicinal chemistry, bioinformatics, pharmacy physics, pharmaceutical analysis, and method validation. Microbiology Pharmacy, including the antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity test. Natural Product Development, including testing the pharmacological activity of extracts, fractions, and plant isolates. Clinical-Community Pharmacy, including monitoring usage, side effects, counseling, and drug use evaluation. Management Pharmacy, including drug management, drug use profiles, pharmaceutical administration, and marketing.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 300 Documents
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In Silico Analysis of the Antigastritis Activity of Gedi (Abelmoschus manihot) Flower Flavonoids on H2 Receptor Adikila, Gregorius Giani; Hariyanto, Yuanita Amalia; Tallei, Trina Ekawati; Suoth, Elly Juliana; Sudewi, Sri; Fatimawali, Fatimawali
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v8i3.7586

Abstract

Gastritis remains a highly prevalent health concern in Indonesia, underscoring a continuous demand for innovative therapeutic interventions. The flower of Abelmoschus manihot, commonly known as Gedi, has garnered interest for its potential antigastritis properties, specifically as an H2 antagonist, attributed to its rich flavonoid content. This study aimed to rigorously evaluate the H2 antagonist potential of A. manihot flowers using an in silico approach. Our research methodology involved assessing the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles, alongside molecular docking simulations, of ten prominent flavonoid ligands identified in A. manihot flowers: quercetin, myricetin, myricetin-3-O-glucoside, myricetin-3'-O-glucoside, quercetin-3'-O-glucoside, hibifolin, isoquercetin, hyperoside, quercetin-3-O-robinobioside, and rutin. The analysis of physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties encompassed Lipinski's Rule of Five and comprehensive ADMET predictions. Molecular docking simulations focused on evaluating binding energies and interactions with crucial H2 receptor residues: Asp98, Asp186, Val99, and Phe254. Among the ligands being assessed, quercetin demonstrated the most favorable physicochemical-pharmacokinetic characteristics and exhibited superior binding affinities and interactions in the molecular docking analysis. These findings collectively suggest that A. manihot flower holds significant promise as a natural source for antigastritis agents, specifically through its potential H2 antagonist activity, with quercetin emerging as a key contributing compound.
Discovery of Novel Alkaloids from Magnolia Genus: A Literature Review from 2002-2024 Yuniarta, Tegar Achsendo; Handayani, Rosita
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v8i3.8563

Abstract

The genus Magnolia, encompassing hundreds of globally distributed species, has a long-standing history in traditional medicine for treating diverse ailments. These species are particularly renowned for their rich array of bioactive compounds, notably alkaloids. This study provides a comprehensive summary of novel alkaloid compounds identified in various Magnolia species within recent years. Through a targeted literature review utilizing Google Scholar and PubMed (2002–2024), we pinpointed nine novel alkaloids and one nitrogen-based compound isolated from four distinct Magnolia species. These newly discovered compounds exhibited promising bioactivities, including significant antiplatelet and anti-acetylcholinesterase effects. Structurally, the majority of these compounds belong to the aporphine and benzylisoquinoline classes, although some display unique configurations, such as glycosidic or N-oxide alkaloids. This review aims to bridge a critical gap in the existing scientific literature regarding the comprehensive documentation of novel alkaloid secondary metabolites found across the diverse Magnolia genus.
The Effect of Javanese Chili (Piper retrofractum) and Lemon (Citrus limon) Formula on Total Cholesterol Levels in Male White Rats Setiani, Lusi Agus; Herlina, Nina; Ramadhani, Friska Noerfitria
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v8i3.8688

Abstract

Hypercholesterolemia, defined as blood cholesterol levels exceeding 200 mg/dL, is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Traditional Indonesian medicinal plants, such as Javanese chili (Piper retrofractum) and lemon (Citrus limon), have long been recognized for their potential lipid-lowering properties. This study aimed to scientifically evaluate the hypocholesterolemic effect of a combined P. retrofractum and C. limon extract in a hypercholesterolemic rat model. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to seven groups: a normal control, a negative control (Na-CMC), a positive control (simvastatin 0.018 mg/200 g BW), a scientific herbal formula (0.18 g/200 g BW), and three treatment groups receiving P. retrofractum and C. limon in ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. Hypercholesterolemia was induced using a cholesterol-cholate-thiouracil (CCT) mixture alongside a high-fat diet. Total cholesterol levels were quantified using the Cholesterol Oxidase-Peroxidase Aminoantipyrine (CHOD-PAP) method. After 21 days of treatment, all P. retrofractum and C. limon-treated groups demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in total cholesterol compared to the negative control (p <0.05). Notably, the 1:1 and 1:2 ratios of P. retrofractum to C. limon yielded the most substantial cholesterol reductions (44% and 43%, respectively), comparable to the scientific herbal formula and superior to simvastatin (30%). In contrast, the 2:1 ratio showed a comparatively lower reduction (38%), suggesting a potential inhibitory effect of excessive P. retrofractum on C. limon's lipid-lowering properties. These findings collectively highlight the promising potential of optimized P. retrofractum and C. limon combinations, particularly at 1:1 and 1:2 ratios, as effective natural interventions for managing hypercholesterolemia.
Molecular Docking Study of Substituted Benzamide Derivatives as Analgesic Candidates Rahmawati, Rahmawati; Razak, Rais; Fawwaz, Muammar
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v8i3.8715

Abstract

Thiourea derivatives represent a diverse class of compounds exhibiting a range of pharmacological activities, including antitubercular, analgesic, antiviral, and anticancer effects. Of particular interest is N-allyl-N'-(benzoylcarbamothioyl)benzamide, which is hypothesized to possess analgesic properties. A comprehensive in silico molecular docking study was undertaken to evaluate this potential. In silico assays, leveraging computer simulations, are invaluable tools for predicting outcomes, generating hypotheses, and accelerating drug discovery. Molecular docking, a prominent in silico application, facilitates structure-based screening by computationally assessing the binding affinity of compounds to target proteins. This research specifically aimed to predict the analgesic activity of N-allyl-N'-(benzoylcarbamothioyl)benzamide derivatives. To achieve this, various substituents, including methyl, methoxy, tert-butyl, dimethylamino, and halogens, were strategically incorporated at the ortho, meta, and para positions of the benzoylcarbamothioyl ring, generating a library of novel analgesic drug candidates. Compound activity was primarily evaluated using the rerank score. Additionally, ProTox-3.0 and pkCSM were utilized to predict these synthesized compounds' toxicity and physicochemical properties. Initial findings were encouraging, with 18 derivatives of N-allyl-N'-(benzoylcarbamothioyl)benzamide demonstrating enhanced predicted analgesic activity. Among these, six compounds exhibited promising analgesic properties without predicted toxicity. In conclusion, these in silico results suggest that certain N-allyl-N'-(benzoylcarbamothioyl)benzamide derivatives hold significant promise as potential analgesic agents, warranting further validation through subsequent laboratory and in vivo investigations.
Comparison of Characteristics and Antibacterial Activity of Mandai Cempedak Vinegar with Variations in Fermentation Methods Utami, Indah Woro; Sapri, Sapri; Meray, Nishia Waya; Canrika, Rezia Elok
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v8i3.9140

Abstract

Mandai, a traditional fermented food product from East Kalimantan, is derived from the edible mesocarp of the cempedak (Artocarpus champeden) fruit. This ancestral fermentation technique, passed down through generations, is known to produce lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with potential probiotic properties. This study aimed to characterize LAB isolated from mandai vinegar and evaluate their antibacterial activity under two distinct fermentation conditions: a defined starter culture of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota and spontaneous fermentation in a 10% NaCl solution. The latter, referred to as salt fermentation, yielded three bacterial colonies, while the starter culture method produced four. All isolates from both methods shared similar morphological characteristics, including a rod shape, white coloration, entire margins, and convex surfaces. Further analysis confirmed they were Gram-positive, catalase-negative, and indole-negative, with the ability to ferment various carbohydrates. While all LAB isolates demonstrated generally low antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, isolate CML 1 exhibited the highest antibacterial potential. These findings highlight the potential of mandai vinegar as a source of functional LAB, warranting further investigation into its applications as a functional food ingredient.
Comparison of Chromatogram Profiles of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade) Rhizome Essential Oil Based on Differences in Growing Places Styawan, Anita Agustina; Mustofa, Helmi; Kusumadewi, Awal Prichatin
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v8i3.9311

Abstract

Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade) is a valuable raw material for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries, primarily due to its rich essential oil content. This study investigated how cultivation location influences the chromatographic profile of Z. officinale var. rubrum essential oil. Samples were sourced from two distinct regions in Java, Indonesia: Magelang and Pacitan Regencies. Essential oils were isolated using water distillation, and their chemical compositions were subsequently analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A notable difference in essential oil yield was observed, with Magelang producing 0.1% and Pacitan yielding 0.08%. GC-MS analysis of the Magelang sample identified 16 compounds, prominently featuring E-citral (20.30%), Z-citral (11.31%), geraniol (10.34%), and camphene (8.91%). Conversely, the Pacitan sample contained 15 compounds, with E-citral (24.06%), Z-citral (13.93%), camphene (14.86%), and 1,8-cineole (7.86%) as its major constituents. A Mann-Whitney U test confirmed a statistically significant difference (p-value = 0.025 < 0.05) in the essential oil profiles between the two locations. These variations are likely attributable to diverse environmental factors, including soil composition, altitude, ambient temperature, and rhizome maturity. This research underscores the critical role of cultivation location in shaping the chemical characteristics of Z. officinale var. rubrum essential oil, providing valuable insights for developing tailored essential oil-based products to meet specific industrial requirements.
Physicochemical Profile and Stability of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) SNEDDS as Potential Aphrodisiac Pratama, Edo; Aly, M. Ainun Najib; Istiqamah, Farida; Widyowati, Retno; Sukardiman, Sukardiman
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v8i3.9691

Abstract

This study investigated the stability of a Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) formulated with Zingiber officinale var. rubrum (red ginger) extract. SNEDDS formulations, composed of an oil phase, co-surfactant, and surfactant, are designed to create stable isotropic mixtures, critical for drug delivery systems. Prior to assessing long-term physical stability, the optimal Z. officinale var. rubrum SNEDDS preparation underwent comprehensive characterization, including evaluation of emulsification time, pH, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. Subsequent physical stability assessments involved rigorous centrifugation, hot-cold, and freeze-thaw cycles. The results demonstrated an emulsification time of ≤1 minute, a pH value of 5.04±0.05, and a particle size of 14.92±0.7 nm, indicative of a nanoscale dispersion. The PDI was 0.282, and the zeta potential was −18.57±1.30 mV, suggesting good colloidal stability. Crucially, throughout six cycles of centrifugation, hot-cold, and freeze-thaw stress tests, the Z. officinale var. rubrum extract SNEDDS exhibited no signs of phase separation, sedimentation, cracking, or creaming. These findings collectively confirm that the prepared Z. officinale var. rubrum extract SNEDDS meets critical physicochemical characteristics and demonstrates excellent physical stability, positioning it as a promising candidate for further development as a natural extract delivery system.
Molecular Docking Analysis of Flavonoids from Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels: Proapoptotic Potential as an Anticancer Mechanism Aini, Nur Sofiatul; Ansori, Arif Nur Muhammad; Widyananda, Muhammad Hermawan; Kharisma, Viol Dhea; Murtadlo, Ahmad Affan Ali; Herdiansyah, Mochammad Aqilah; Rebezov, Maksim; Burkov, Pavel; Gudz, Petr; Derkho, Marina; Bezhinar, Tatyana; Maksimiuk, Nikolai; Sazali, Munawir; Purnobasuki, Hery; Rollando, Rollando; Khairullah, Aswin Rafif; Sucipto, Teguh Hari
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v8i3.9843

Abstract

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) presents a significant global health challenge, with its prevalence and mortality rates rising steadily. In Indonesia, Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, known for its flavonoid richness, has a long history in traditional medicine. However, its specific mechanisms of action against cancer, particularly in inducing apoptosis in NSCLC, have not been fully elucidated. This study utilized an in silico approach to evaluate the pro-apoptotic potential of S. cumini flavonoids against NSCLC by targeting key proteins: Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3. We retrieved flavonoid structures from PubChem and protein data from the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB). The drug-likeness of these compounds was assessed using Swiss ADME, adhering to Lipinski's rule of five, while their anti-NSCLC probability was predicted using PASS Online. Molecular docking and screening were performed with PyRx, and the results were visualized using Discovery Studio. Our findings identified epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate and ellagic acid as the most promising anti-NSCLC candidates. Ellagic acid demonstrated the strongest binding affinity to Caspase-3, suggesting a potent pro-apoptotic effect. Epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate, on the other hand, exhibited the lowest binding energy across multiple target proteins, particularly Bcl-2 and Bax, indicating its broad pro-apoptotic potential. These results collectively suggest that flavonoids from S. cumini may hold significant promise as a source of novel anti-NSCLC agents, warranting further in vitro and in vivo investigations.
Balancing Need and Feasibility: Stakeholder Insights on Frequent Blood Glucose Monitoring in Indonesia Rinda, Agnes Christie; Athiyah, Umi; Hermansyah, Andi
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v8i3.9848

Abstract

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus require regular evaluation of the medication's effectiveness and safety through blood glucose and HbA1c testing. This continuous monitoring is one of the primary roles of pharmacists in collaboration with physicians and supported by health insurance to examine the fluctuation patterns of blood glucose levels in response to diabetes medications. This study aimed to identify the need and feasibility of frequent blood glucose monitoring from the perspective of physicians, pharmacists, national health insurance officials, and diabetes patients. A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was conducted in six Public Health Centers and seven pharmacies in Banjarmasin, Indonesia, from November 2022 to September 2023. A total of twenty-one respondents were included in this study. Data were tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and categorized using manual thematic content analysis. This study reveals that inappropriate patient conditions, irregular visits to Public Health Centers, patients' negative emotions, limitations in self-monitoring blood glucose, and lack of patients' knowledge create barriers to conducting monitoring of diabetes. On the other hand, the frequent blood glucose and HbA1c testing was supported by positive perceptions of the importance of testing, ease of access, and the active roles of physicians, pharmacists, and insurance officials. The barriers and facilitators of continuous diabetes medication monitoring are key factors that pharmacists, physicians, and insurance officials should consider to ensure that medication effectiveness and safety are monitored effectively.
Cover, Content, and Editorial Note from Borneo J Pharm Vol. 8 No. 3 August 2025: From Borneo's Bounty to Global Insights: Embracing Natural Products and Computational Innovation in Pharmacy Borneo J Pharm, Chief Editor of
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v8i3.11058

Abstract

Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb. Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘alamin. The newest edition of Borneo Journal of Pharmacy (Borneo J Pharm) was published in August 2025. This edition contains ten articles: Pharmacology-Toxicology, Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry, Analytical Pharmacy-Medicinal Chemistry, Microbiology Pharmacy, Natural Product Development, Clinical-Community Pharmacy, and Management Pharmacy. This edition includes writings from three countries: India, Indonesia, and Russia. The authors come from several institutions, including Universitas Pakuan, Universitas Surabaya, Universitas Airlangga, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Uttaranchal University, Virtual Research Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Universitas Brawijaya, Ural State Agrarian University, Gorbatov Research Center for Food Systems, South Ural State Agrarian University, Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram, Universitas Ma Chung, National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia, Universitas Mulia, Universitas Muhammadiyah Klaten, Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. Sardjito, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan ISFI Banjarmasin, Universitas Sari Mulia, and Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. This collection of articles powerfully showcases the journal's commitment to advancing pharmaceutical science across three vital frontiers: natural products research, cutting-edge computational analysis, and health system optimization. The research presented here not only taps into the rich biodiversity of Indonesia, particularly the Borneo region and its cultural connections, but also leverages modern technology to accelerate drug discovery and enhance patient care. Harnessing Nature's Pharmacopoeia A significant portion of this issue is dedicated to the scientific validation of traditional remedies, highlighting the pharmacological promise of flora from the region and beyond. In a compelling in vivo study, the effect of javanese chili (Piper retrofractum) and lemon (Citrus limon) formula on total cholesterol levels in male white rats demonstrates the potential of optimizing herbal combinations. The research found that the two extracts' specific ratios (1:1 and 1:2) yielded substantial hypocholesterolemic effects, even superior to the positive control simvastatin. This reinforces the necessity of dosage and ratio optimization in herbal formulation. Further contributing to the natural products sphere, comparison of characteristics and antibacterial activity of mandai cempedak vinegar with variations in fermentation methods explores a traditional fermented food product from East Kalimantan. This work characterizes the potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from Mandai vinegar, providing a valuable foundation for its future development as a functional food ingredient. Rounding out this theme, two studies focus on the ubiquitous red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum). Comparison of chromatogram profiles of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade) rhizome essential oil based on differences in growing places provides critical industrial insight, showing that geographic location significantly alters the vital oil composition—a finding crucial for standardization and quality control. Complementing this, the physicochemical profile and stability of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) SNEDDS as a potential aphrodisiac demonstrates that advanced delivery systems, specifically SNEDDS, can effectively enhance the stability of this valuable extract, paving the way for superior pharmaceutical products. Accelerating Drug Discovery with In Silico Power This issue strongly features the application of computational pharmacy, demonstrating how molecular docking and predictive modeling are revolutionizing the identification of new drug candidates: In silico analysis of the antigastritis activity of gedi (Abelmoschus manihot) flower flavonoids on H2 receptor identified quercetin as a key flavonoid in gedi flower with promising potential as an H2 antagonist for gastritis treatment; molecular docking analysis of flavonoids from Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels: proapoptotic potential as an anticancer mechanism points to epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate and ellagic acid as potent anti-Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) agents, targeting key apoptotic proteins; and molecular docking study of substituted benzamide derivatives as analgesic candidates employed computational screening to identify promising derivatives of N-allyl-N'-(benzoylcarbamothioyl)benzamide, generating a library of novel compounds that warrant further in vivo validation. These studies underscore the efficiency of in silico methods in prioritizing targets, saving resources, and guiding future laboratory investigations. They are further supported by discovery of novel alkaloids from Magnolia Genus: a literature review from 2002-2024. This comprehensive review consolidates the recent identification of novel bioactive alkaloids, providing a roadmap for natural product drug development. Advancing Clinical Pharmacy and Health Economics Beyond product development, the journal remains committed to applied research that improves healthcare delivery: balancing need and feasibility: stakeholder insights on frequent blood glucose monitoring in Indonesia provide a qualitative analysis of the barriers (e.g., irregular patient visits, negative emotions) and facilitators (e.g., active role of pharmacists, free NHI testing) to essential blood glucose and HbA1c monitoring. This research is crucial for developing targeted strategies to ensure medication effectiveness and patient safety in primary care settings, and finally, the cost analysis of inpatient stroke treatment at PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Hospital based on INA-CBG's tariff in 2023 delves into health economics, analyzing the financial feasibility of stroke management under the updated INA-CBG's reimbursement system. Such studies are vital for ensuring hospital sustainability and effective resource allocation within the national health insurance framework. Collectively, this issue presents a vibrant mosaic of pharmaceutical research—from traditional phytochemistry and modern nanodelivery to computational screening and health policy analysis. We hope this diverse findings will inspire further collaboration between academic research, industry, and clinical practice, ultimately translating knowledge into better health outcomes. Editorial boards are fully aware that there is still room for improvement in this edition; hence, with all humility, we are willing to accept constructive suggestions and feedback for improvements to the publication for the subsequent editions. The editorial board would like to thank all editors, reviewers, and contributors to the scientific articles who have provided the repertoire for this issue. We hope that all parties, especially the contributors, could re-participate in the publication in the next edition in November 2025. Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.

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