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Mohammad Rizki Fadhil Pratama
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Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya
ISSN : -     EISSN : 26214814     DOI : https://doi.org/10.33084/bjop
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy publishes various scientific articles covering Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences in the field but not limited to: Pharmacology-Toxicology, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapy, and toxicology. Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry, including pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, ethnobotany, and ethnopharmacology. Pharmaceuticals, including biopharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical technology, formulations, and biotechnology. Analytical Pharmacy-Medicinal Chemistry, including pharmaceutical chemistry, chemical analysis, medicinal chemistry, bioinformatics, pharmacy physics, pharmaceutical analysis, and method validation. Microbiology Pharmacy, including the antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity test. Natural Product Development, including testing the pharmacological activity of extracts, fractions, and plant isolates. Clinical-Community Pharmacy, including monitoring usage, side effects, counseling, and drug use evaluation. Management Pharmacy, including drug management, drug use profiles, pharmaceutical administration, and marketing.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 326 Documents
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Phytochemical Insights into Rhizophora stylosa: pH-Dependent Extraction, Antioxidant Activity, and Enzyme Inhibition Potential Dwi Bagus Pambudi; Muhtadi Muhtadi; Maryati Maryati
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i1.11158

Abstract

The solvent properties, including pH, highly influence the extraction efficiency of these bioactive compounds. This study investigated the effect of pH modulation in the ethanol solvent on the recovery of antioxidants from Rhizophora stylosa. Ethanolic extraction was performed on R. stylosa samples using solvents adjusted to varying pH levels (4, 8, 9, 10, and 12). The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the extracts were quantified using standard colorimetric assays. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay. The inhibitory activity against carbohydrate-digesting enzymes was assessed through α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays. Additionally, data mining of established natural product databases (KNApSAcK and IMPPAT) and literature was conducted to identify and catalog the known bioactive constituents of R. stylosa. The results demonstrated a significant correlation between the pH of the extraction solvent and the yields of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and the resulting antioxidant activity. Extract obtained at pH 10 yielded the highest TPC and exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, whereas the highest TFC was observed at pH 4. Furthermore, enzymatic inhibition assays revealed that the pH 10 extract displayed moderate α-amylase inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 76.7 µg/mL) but substantially weaker α-glucosidase inhibition (IC₅₀ = 190 µg/mL), demonstrating a selective inhibition profile though less potent than that of acarbose. These findings establish pH-modulated extraction as a targeted strategy to produce potent, phenolic-rich antioxidant extracts from R. stylosa, highlighting its potential for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.
Computation and Experimental Approaches to Uncover the Antidiabetic Potential of Insulin Leaf (Tithonia diversifolia) Extract Based on Flavonoid Constituents Masniah Masniah; Eko Suhartono; Fujiati Fujiati; Muhammad Ali Faisal; Budu Budu; Mohammad Bakhriansyah; Istiana Istiana; Dewi Indah Noviana Pratiwi
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i1.11515

Abstract

Insulin leaves (Tithonia diversifolia) are traditionally used by the community to lower blood sugar, although this has not been scientifically proven. Tithonia diversifolia is known to contain flavonoids, which are responsible for the antidiabetic activity of these leaves. Therefore, this research was conducted to investigate the antidiabetic effects of T. diversifolia, specifically through its flavonoid content. Tithonia diversifolia was extracted with 90% methanol and analyzed for flavonoid content by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). To investigate the antidiabetic activity, the sample extract was tested for its effect on the in vitro amylase enzyme and inhibition of glycated haemoglobin. Moreover, advanced techniques such as in silico analysis and molecular docking are used to elucidate the molecular mechanism behind the antidiabetic effects of T. diversifolia. The results of our study revealed that plant extracts, particularly those rich in flavonoids such as luteolin, genistein, and hispidulin, are potent inhibitors of the α-amylase enzyme and the formation of glycated haemoglobin. The Inhibition Concentration 50% (IC₅₀) values of flavonoids were lower than those of glibenclamide, suggesting their superior efficacy in stabilizing blood sugar levels. Docking analysis further confirmed the strong interactions between flavonoids and key enzyme residues and haemoglobin, while Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) predictions indicated favourable absorption and distribution profiles. Both experimental and computational approaches show the importance of flavonoids in the antidiabetic activity of T. diversifolia extracts, highlighting their contribution to its effectiveness.
Enhanced Antioxidant Gel Formulation with Papaya Leaf Extract and Virgin Coconut Oil: Optimization Approach Dyani Primasari Sukamdi; Sophia Farra Ileina; Rima Erviana; Vella Lailli Damarwati; Sabtanti Harimurti; Azura Amid
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i2.9317

Abstract

Redness, pigmentation, premature aging, xerosis, and even the risk of cancer can result from excessive exposure to free radicals in the form of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which can cause skin damage. Antioxidants, including β-carotene, α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and flavonoids, are present in papaya (Carica papaya) leaves and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). Therefore, these two components may mitigate skin imperfections caused by premature aging. This study aims to formulate and determine the antioxidant activity contained in C. papaya leaf extract gel and VCO. A laboratory-based experimental approach was implemented in this study. Using the infusion method, C. papaya leaves were extracted for 15 minutes to initiate the gel formation. The C. papaya leaf extract gel with VCO was divided into five formulations, with varying amounts of each ingredient. Organoleptic, homogeneity, viscosity, pH, spreadability, and antioxidant activity tests, conducted using the DPPH method, are included in the preparation testing process. The antioxidant activity test of C. papaya leaf extract gel with VCO in each formula yielded 91.32 ppm, 121.21 ppm, 80.19 ppm, 67.04 ppm, and 55.31 ppm. The results indicated that the quality of the gel preparation and the IC50 value of the C. papaya leaf extract gel were influenced by variations in VCO concentration.
In Silico Evaluation of Kaempferol, Gallic Acid, and Stigmasterol from Lagerstroemia speciosa as Multi-Target Antidiabetic Agents: Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulation Study Aditya Maulana Perdana Putra; Catherina Adeline Kurniawan; Anna Khumaira Sari; Nabila Hadiah Akbar; Khoirunnisa Muslimawati; Okta Muthia Sari; Dita Ayulia Dwi Sandi; Normaidah Normaidah; Putri Helena Junjung Buih; Ariranur Haniffadli
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i2.9720

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that leads to severe complications and continues to increase in prevalence worldwide. Although Lagerstroemia speciosa is a well-recognized antidiabetic medicinal plant, most in silico studies have focused exclusively on its major constituent, leaving the antidiabetic potential of its other phytochemicals largely unexplored. This study investigated the multi-target antidiabetic potential of phytochemicals derived from L. speciosa leaves using an in silico approach targeting three key enzymes: aldose reductase, glucokinase, and glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK3-β). A total of 62 compounds were screened by molecular docking with AutoDock Vina, followed by toxicity predictions using ProTox-II and ToxTree. The top ligand for each target, kaempferol (aldose reductase), gallic acid (glucokinase), and stigmasterol (GSK3-β), was selected for further evaluation through molecular dynamics simulations using GROMACS 2016.3 for 100 ns. Structural and interaction stability were assessed through RMSD, RMSF, SASA, radius of gyration (Rg), and radial distribution function (RDF) analyses. Binding free energies were calculated using the MM/PBSA method via g_mmpbsa. The results indicated that stigmasterol exhibited the most favorable MM/PBSA binding free energy (–133.377 kJ/mol), followed by kaempferol (–65.714 kJ/mol) and gallic acid (–45.629 kJ/mol). However, this favorable energy was dominated by nonspecific van der Waals contributions, consistent with the diffuse interaction patterns and low hydrogen-bond occupancy (4.24%) for stigmasterol. Kaempferol exhibited the highest hydrogen-bond occupancy (64.38%), indicating a stable, consistent interaction with its target enzyme. Rg and RDF analyses confirmed the compactness and specific atomic interactions of the kaempferol and gallic acid complexes.
Evaluation of Amikacin Regimens, Cmax/MIC Ratios, and Clinical Outcomes in a Hospital at Yogyakarta, Indonesia Firdhani Satia Primasari; Nidya Afriana Fitria Dewi; Fita Rahmawati; Arief Rahman Hakim
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i2.9782

Abstract

Amikacin is widely used to treat infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. Its narrow therapeutic range necessitates plasma concentration monitoring through Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM). However, limited infrastructure has restricted TDM implementation in many Indonesian healthcare settings. This study aims to evaluate amikacin dosing, estimate blood concentrations using pharmacokinetic equations, assess the PK/PD profile, and analyze clinical outcomes. This descriptive-analytic study employed a retrospective cross-sectional design. It was conducted at a hospital in Yogyakarta by collecting data on amikacin dosing regimens, patient clinical outcomes, serum creatinine levels, and antibiotic sensitivity test results. The study subjects were hospitalized patients with infections who received amikacin therapy. Descriptive analysis was performed on patient characteristics, while estimated blood drug levels and PK/PD profiles were calculated using pharmacokinetic formulas and analyzed descriptively. A total of 44 amikacin dosing regimens from 40 patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of these, 39 regimens were appropriate according to dosing guidelines, and 26 (66.7%) resulted in favorable clinical outcomes. In contrast, five inappropriate regimens were associated with poor clinical outcomes. Among the 39 appropriate regimens, only 18 (46.2%) achieved the target peak plasma concentration (Cmax). Furthermore, of these 18 regimens, only two (11.1%) achieved the target Cmax/MIC ratio, with one associated with a favorable clinical outcome and one without improvement. These findings suggest that, despite appropriate dosing, most amikacin regimens failed to achieve the optimal Cmax/MIC ratio required for effective clinical outcomes, highlighting the potential value of TDM and individualized dosing strategies to optimize amikacin therapy.
Studies of the Physicochemical Properties, Stability, Irritability, and Efficacy of Red Boroco (Celosia argentea) Leaf Extract Patch for Diabetic Wound Healing Siti Fatmawati Fatimah; Nurul Safira Basuki; Nuri Ari Efiana
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i2.9974

Abstract

Red Boroco (Celosia argentea) leaves contain flavonoids that act as wound healers by promoting skin tissue repair and fibroblast growth. The 15% w/w C. argentea leaves extract was formulated into a patch for diabetic wound healing. This study aims to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics, physical stability, irritability, and efficacy of the C. argentea leaves extract patch for diabetic wound healing. Celosia argentea leaves were macerated in 70% ethanol, the flavonoid content was measured, and the extract was formulated into a patch. Evaluation of the patch included measurements of organoleptic properties, pH, weight uniformity, folding resistance, patch thickness, moisture content, and moisture uptake. A stability study was conducted using a freeze-thaw cycle method. The Hen's Egg Test-Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) to confirm the irritability of the patch. The efficacy study was conducted by measuring the percentage of wound closure in male Wistar rats. The results showed that C. argentea leaves contained 1.101 ± 0.012 μg QE of flavonoids. The patch characteristics were as follows: pH 6.16 ± 0.01; weight uniformity 0.513 ± 0.038 g; folding resistance >300 folds; patch thickness 0.4 mm; moisture content 0.031 ± 0.028%; and moisture uptake 0.030 ± 0.009%. Statistical analysis (unpaired t-test) showed no significant changes in physical properties after the freeze–thaw cycle (p >0.05), indicating good stability. The one-way ANOVA test of wound closure showed no significant difference between the patch group and the positive control group (p = 0.948). Patch exhibited good physical stability, no irritation, and an 89.88% wound-healing rate in the test animal.
Public Knowledge, Trust, Attitude, and Behavioral Intention toward the Integration of Jamu into National Health Services Mohamad Kashuri; Taruna Ikrar
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i2.10019

Abstract

The integration of jamu into Indonesia's formal healthcare system remains an important policy issue, particularly in ensuring that regulatory development is matched by public acceptance and behavioral readiness. This study aimed to examine public perceptions of integrating jamu into national health services using a Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)-informed framework. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted among 300 webinar participants aged 18 years or older using purposive sampling. Data were collected through an anonymous online questionnaire comprising 12 items across four latent constructs: knowledge, trust, attitude, and behavioral intention. The relationships among constructs were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results showed that attitude was the strongest predictor of behavioral intention (β = 0.837, p <0.001), while knowledge significantly influenced trust (β = 0.651) and attitude (β = 0.248), and trust also significantly influenced attitude (β = 0.486). The model explained 70% of the variance in behavioral intention, indicating substantial explanatory power. These findings suggest a coherent behavioral pathway in which knowledge and trust strengthen attitude, which in turn drives public intention to support the integration of jamu into formal healthcare services. The study concludes that successful integration depends not only on regulatory readiness but also on strengthening public knowledge, trust, and attitudes toward traditional medicine. However, the findings should be interpreted cautiously because the sample was non-random and relatively digitally literate. Future studies should include more diverse populations and use longitudinal or mixed-method approaches to support evidence-based integration policies.
Comparative Toxicity and LC50 Determination of Phaleria macrocarpa Leaf Extracts from Sequential Maceration Sara Nurmala; Rahmat Dwi Alamsyah; Trirakhma Sofihidayati; Irfan Zamzani; Noverda Ayuchecaria; Sari Wulan Asih
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i2.10392

Abstract

Phaleria macrocarpa is a plant renowned for its bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins, which are believed to have various pharmacological properties. This study aimed to determine the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of P. macrocarpa leaf extracts obtained by sequential maceration in n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 70% ethanol. The toxicity of the extracts was evaluated using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) against Artemia salina leach larvae, a commonly used model organism in toxicity testing due to its sensitivity to various toxic substances. The results indicated that the 70% ethanol extract exhibited moderate toxicity with an LC50 of 126.981 ppm, the ethyl acetate extract was categorized as weakly toxic (LC50 of 691.730 ppm), and the n-hexane extract was classified as non-toxic (LC50 of 1416.537 ppm). These findings indicate that solvent polarity influences the extraction of bioactive compounds and their biological activity. This study highlights the novelty of sequential maceration as a selective extraction approach that enhances toxicity profiling and supports preliminary pharmacological screening for natural product-based drug development. Furthermore, the study underscores the importance of using selective extraction methods to isolate bioactive compounds based on their polarity. This study provides preliminary data on the toxicity profile of P. macrocarpa leaves and highlights the potential of its bioactive compounds for further pharmacological research, particularly in the development of natural-based therapeutic agents. Future studies should focus on isolating and identifying the active compounds responsible for the observed toxicity and on their potential for use in drug development.
The Effect of Thymoquinone on Progressive Brain Damage: An Experimental Study in a Wistar Rat Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Khamim Thohari; Asra Al Fauzi; Djoko Agus Purwanto
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i2.10849

Abstract

Background: ICH accounts for 20% of stroke cases, with a mortality rate of 40-50%. Despite available agents such as citicoline and piracetam, neuroprotective therapy for ICH remains unsatisfactory. TQ, the main active compound of Nigella sativa, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but its role in ICH has not been studied. Objective: To evaluate the effect of thymoquinone on inhibiting the progression of brain damage in a Wistar rat model of ICH and to explore potential mechanisms Methods: Male Wistar rats (n=55, 200–220 g) were randomly assigned to five groups: control (no treatment), ICH without thymoquinone (terminated immediately), ICH with corn oil (terminated after 7 days), and ICH with thymoquinone at doses of 150 and 250 mg/kg body weight orally for 7 days (terminated after 7 days). ICH was induced by autologous blood injection (0.12 ml) into the brain parenchyma. Brain and serum samples were analyzed for NLRP3, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MMP-9, SOD, MDA, and necrotic cells using ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and histology. Statistical analyses included univariate analysis, Shapiro–Wilk, Kruskal–Wallis, and Mann–Whitney U tests. Results: TQ administration significantly altered MMP-9 levels (p=0.000), which increased compared with untreated ICH. TQ was associated with reductions in NLRP3, TNF-α, and IL-1β, while increasing SOD activityMDA levels remained elevated. These effects were dose-dependent, with the most consistent changes observed at 250 mg/kg. Conclusion: TQ modulated inflammatory and oxidative pathways in ICH and unexpectedly upregulated MMP-9, suggesting a dual role in early injury and later tissue remodeling. These findings support TQ as a potential natural neuroprotective agent.
Traditional vs. Modern Medicine: Community Preferences and Health Anthropology in North Sulawesi Weny Indayany Wiyono; Widya Astuty Lolo; Paulina Veronika Yolanda Yamlean
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i2.11186

Abstract

This study explores community preferences and decision-making in the use of traditional and modern medicine in North Sulawesi from a health anthropology perspective. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 participants, and data were analyzed thematically to identify patterns of perception and factors influencing treatment choice. The results show that traditional medicine is preferred for mild illnesses due to perceptions of safety, affordability, and cultural familiarity, whereas modern medicine is favored for severe or chronic conditions because of its clinical validation, measurable outcomes, and professional supervision. However, a growing trend of complementary use, combining both traditional and modern treatments, was observed, motivated by safety concerns, family or peer advice, and information obtained through the internet, especially social media. The study concludes that decision-making in the use of traditional and modern medicine in North Sulawesi is influenced by illness severity, perceptions, social factors, and access to information. Traditional medicine is preferred for mild conditions, whereas modern medicine is used for severe or chronic illnesses. The combined use of both reflects a pragmatic approach within a pluralistic health system. These findings highlight the need for culturally grounded integration and improved health literacy.

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