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Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry
Published by Universitas Mulawarman
ISSN : 20877099     EISSN : 24076090     DOI : 10.25026/jtpc
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology
Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry is a Six monthly (June and December), international, open access, journal dedicated to various disciplines of pharmaceutical and allied sciences. Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry publishes manuscripts (Original research Article, review articles, Mini-reviews, and Short communication) on original work, either experimental or theoretical in the following areas: Pharmaceutics & Biopharmaceutics, Novel &Targeted Drug Delivery, Nanotechnology & Nanomedicine, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacognosy & Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & Microbiology, Pharmacy practice & Hospital Pharmacy, Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacovigilance, Natural Product Research, Drug Regulatory Affairs, Case Study & Full clinical trials, Biomaterials & Bioactive polymers, Analytical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Physical Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Ilmu Farmasi
Articles 292 Documents
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Aktivitas Imunoglobulin M (IgM) Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) terhadap Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Vita Olivia Siregar; Rolan Rusli; Arsyik Ibrahim
Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry Vol. 2 No. 5 (2014): J. Trop. Pharm. Chem.
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia, 75117, Gedung Administrasi Fakultas Farmasi Jl. Penajam, Kampus UNMUL Gunung Kelua, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jtpc.v2i5.74

Abstract

The research of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) activity of Theobroma cacao peel extract has been done to 20 rats. The parameter is agglutination between serum of rats and antigen. Rats were grouped to 4 group, which are group of negative control and 3 groups as experiment groups those given by extract in 250, 500 and 700 mg doses of rats. On the first day was given SDMK 2% by Intraperitonial and after 5 day the serum taken and tested. The data of agglutination then analyzed by Anova. The experiment showed that Theobroma cacao peel extract has activity as immunostimulant in 500 mg doses of rats effective dose. Keywords: Theobroma cacao peel extract, agglutination, immunostimulant, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) ABSTRAK Penelitian Aktivitas Imunoglobulin M (IgM) Ekstrak Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) telah dilakukan terhadap 20 ekor tikus uji. Parameter yang diamati adalah terjadinya aglutinasi antara serum tikus yang telah diberi perlakuan dengan antigen. Tikus putih dikelompokkan menjadi 4 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol negatif diberi Na CMC 0,5%, serta 3 kelompok uji yang diberikan ekstrak dengan konsentrasi 250, 500 dan 700 mg/200 g BB Tikus. Perlakuan secara per oral diberikan selama 5 hari. Pada hari ke-1 diinjeksikan Sel Darah Merah Kambing (SDMK) 2% secara intraperitonial dan setelah perlakuan, yaitu hari ke-7 serum diambil dan dilakukan pengujian dengan metode titer antibodi. Data hasil pengamatan aglutinasi di analisis menggunakan Anova. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kulit buah Kakao memiliki aktivitas sebagai imunostimulan dengan dosis terbaik 500 mg/200 g BB tikus. Kata kunci: Ekstrak Kulit Buah Kakao, Theobroma cacao L., IgM tikus putih, Hemaglutinasi, Imunostimulan
Aktivitas Antihiperurisemia Ekstrak Etanol Daun Lada (Piper nigrum L.) pada Mencit (Mus musculus L.) Hardian Hardian; Riski Sulistiarini; Laode Rijai
Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry Vol. 2 No. 5 (2014): J. Trop. Pharm. Chem.
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia, 75117, Gedung Administrasi Fakultas Farmasi Jl. Penajam, Kampus UNMUL Gunung Kelua, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jtpc.v2i5.75

Abstract

A study of pepper leaves (Piper nigrum L.) ethanol extract anti-hyperuricemia activity in mice has been done. The aim of this study was to know the effect of administration, to look for the best dose and to know the potency of pepper leaves ethanol extract in decreasing uric acid level of mice (Mus musculus L,). The method was in vivo anti-hyperuricemia activity using potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice. The mice were divided into 5 groups, i.e negative control, positive control, extract dose of 12.5 mg/kg BW, extract dose of 25 mg/kg BW and extract dose of 50 mg/kg BW. Each group consisted of 3 mice. The test substances were given orally at 0.75 hours after the induction of potassium oxonate then uric acid levels were measured at 1; 1.5; 2; 2.5 and 3 hours after induction. Uric acid levels of mice were measured using a test-strip uric acid. The results were analyzed visually by an average of the measured data and graphs. The results showed that the pepper leaves ethanol extract dose of 12.5 mg/kg BW, 25 mg/kg BW and 50 mg/kg BW capable to inhibit the increase of uric acid levels. The best dose was 25 mg/kg BW, but based on observation, it was not better than the positive control allopurinol. Keywords: Pepper leaves (Piper nigrum L.), anti-hyperuricemia, uric acid, potassium oxonate ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai aktivitas antihiperurisemia ekstrak etanol daun lada (Piper nigrum L.). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol daun lada (Piper nigrum L.), mencari dosis terbaik dan mengetahui potensinya dalam menurunkan kadar asam urat pada mencit (Mus musculus L,). Metode yang digunakan adalah secara in vivo dengan menggunakan hewan uji mencit yang diinduksi kalium oksonat. Mencit dibagi ke dalam 5 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, ekstrak dosis 12,5 mg/kgBB, ekstrak dosis 25 mg/kgBB dan ekstrak dosis 50 mg/kgBB. Setiap kelompok terdiri dari 3 mencit. Pemberian bahan uji dilakukan 0,75 jam setelah induksi kalium oksonat lalu kadar asam urat diukur 1 jam; 1,5 jam; 2 jam; 2,5 jam dan 3 jam setelah induksi. Kadar asam urat mencit diukur dengan menggunakan alat test-strip asam urat. Hasil yang didapat dianalisis secara visual berdasarkan rata-rata data hasil pengukuran dan grafik. Hasil yang diperoleh menujukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun lada dosis 12,5 mg/kgBB, 25 mg/kgBB dan 50 mg/kgBB dapat menghambat kenaikan kadar asam urat. Dosis terbaiknya adalah 25 mg/kgBB, namun berdasarkan pengamatan tidak lebih baik dibanding kontrol positif alopurinol. Kata kunci: Daun lada (Piper nigrum L.), antihiperurisemia, asam urat, kalium oksonat
Optimasi Sabun Cair Ekstrak Etanol Rimpang Zingiber officinale Rosc. var.rubrum dengan Variasi Minyak Jarak dan Kalium Hidroksida Nanda Paramita; Andhi Fahrurroji; Bambang Wijianto
Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry Vol. 2 No. 5 (2014): J. Trop. Pharm. Chem.
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia, 75117, Gedung Administrasi Fakultas Farmasi Jl. Penajam, Kampus UNMUL Gunung Kelua, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jtpc.v2i5.76

Abstract

One of the causes of skin diseases are bacterial infections, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Based on previous studies of red ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc var.rubrum) have antibacterial activity. The aimed of this research was to find the optimum concentration of castor oil and potassium hydroxide (KOH) with good physicochemical properties with Simplex Lattice Design method, and determine the effectiveness of liquid soap against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis with disc diffusion test. Extraction of red ginger with shoxletation and 96% ethanol. The optimization liquid soap design was using Simplex Lattice Design. The basic liquid soap composition was used to predict the optimum formula contain castor oil and KOH for comparasion (0: 100), (25:75), (50:50), (75:25), (100: 0). The research showed optimum consentration value of red ginger ethanol extract is 5%. The optimum formulas contained of 40,035 g of castor oil and 10,875 g KOH. The optimum liquid soap’s colour was brown, charateristic smell of ginger, stiff, with a pH value of 9,4, viscosity of 1233 cP, 1,14% free fatty acids and alkali-free 0%. The independent T test result by using the R-2.14.1 program was p values > 0.05 against S. epidermidis and p <0.05 against S. aureus. As conclusion, the Simplex Lattice Design can produce optimum liquid soap formulas and give antibacterial effectiveness.Keywords: Castor Oil, KOH, Simplex Lattice Design, Red GingerABSTRAKPenyebab terjadinya infeksi penyakit kulit adalah bakteri, seperti Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) dan Staphylococcus epidermidis (S.epidermidis). Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya jahe merah (zingiber officinale Rosc var.rubrum) memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui konsentrasi optimum minyak jarak dan kalium hidroksida (KOH) dengan memiliki sifat fisikokimia yang baik dengan metode Simplex Lattice Design, serta mengetahui efektivitas sabun cair terhadap S. aureus dan S.epidermidis dengan metode disc diffusion. Simplisia diekstraksi menggunakan sokletasi dengan pelarut etanol 96%. Perancangan formula optimum sabun cair menggunakan metode Simplex Lattice Design. Rancangan formula awal untuk memprediksi formula optimum terdiri dari 5 formula dengan perbandingan minyak jarak dan KOH (0:100), (25:75), (50:50), (75:25), (100:0). Berdasarkan pengujian aktivitas zat aktif diperoleh konsentrasi optimum yaitu 5%. Rancangan formula sabun cair optimum terdiri dari 40,035 g minyak jarak dan 10,875 g KOH. Sabun cair optimum berwarna coklat, bau khas jahe, cairan kental, dengan nilai pH 9,4, viskositas 1233 cP, asam lemak bebas 1,14% dan alkali bebas 0%. Uji T independent dengan program R-2141 menghasilkan nilai p>0,05 terhadap S. epidermidis dan p<0,05 terhadap S.aureus. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa metode Simplex Lattice Design dapat menghasilkan formula sabun cair yang optimum dan memiliki efektivitas sebagai antibakteri. Kata kunci: Minyak Jarak, KOH, Simplex Lattice Design, Rimpang Jahe Merah
Karakteristik dan Pengobatan Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Di Rumah Sakit Panglima Sebaya Paser Ade Purnama Septiani; Rolan Rusli; Laode Rijai
Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry Vol. 2 No. 5 (2014): J. Trop. Pharm. Chem.
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia, 75117, Gedung Administrasi Fakultas Farmasi Jl. Penajam, Kampus UNMUL Gunung Kelua, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jtpc.v2i5.77

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the major health problems, every year the number of patients keep increase. DM can cause chronic complications, will degrade the quality of human resources. Drug interactions occur when the effect of a medication change because other drugs, food, or beverages. The best therapeutic treatment concerning the selection and administration of drugs is very beneficial for the patient. This study aims to determine the type and prevalence of DM, characteristics, and use of medications, and potential drug interactions in the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. Observational study was conducted using retrospective data DM medical records of all patients in Panglima sebaya Paser’s hospital. Then the data are taken randomly 30 patients for further analysis. The Most type of Diabetes Mellitus is NIDDM ( Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Melitus) as much 1.148 patients, the most characteristic is patients aged 45-59 years (76.66%), female (66.64%), primary school education (34.6%), and not work (86.9%), and has a family history of diabetes (55.6%). The most used drug in the treatment of diabetes is metformin (32.5%) of the biguanide class. Drug interactions are the most common is Insulin with captopril (46%). Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, patient characteristics, drug use, drug interactions ABSTRAK Diabetes mellitus (DM) merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang besar, setiap tahunnya jumlah pasiennya terus meningkat. DM dapat menyebabkan komplikasi kronik, akan menurunkan kualitas sumber daya manusia. Interaksi obat terjadi jika efek suatu obat berubah akibat adanya obat lain, makanan, atau minuman. Terapi pengobatan yang baik dan benar terkait pemilihan dan pemberian obat sangat menguntungkan bagi pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tipe dan prevalensi penyakit DM, karakteristik, dan penggunaan obat, serta potensi interaksi obat pada terapi penyakit DM. Penelitian dilakukan secara observasional menggunakan data retrospektif rekam medik seluruh pasien DM di Rumah Sakit Panglima Sebaya Paser tahun 2013. Kemudian diambil secara acak data 30 pasien untuk dianalisis lebih lanjut. Tipe DM yang terbanyak adalah DM tipe 2 sebanyak 1.148 pasien, dengan karakteristik terbanyak adalah pasien berusia ≥45 tahun (76,66%), berjenis kelamin wanita (66,64%), berpendidikan Sekolah Dasar (34,6%), dan tidak bekerja (86,9%), serta memiliki sejarah keluarga pengidap DM (55,6%). Obat yang paling banyak digunakan pada terapi DM adalah Metformin (32,5%) dari golongan biguanid. Interaksi obat yang paling banyak terjadi yaitu Insulin dengan captopril (46%). Kata kunci: Diabetes mellitus, karakteristik pasien, penggunaan obat, interaksi obat
Karakteristik Pasien dan Pengobatan Penderita Skizofrenia Di RSJD Atma Husada Mahakam Samarinda Aulia Nisa; Victoria Yulita Fitriani; Arsyik Ibrahim
Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry Vol. 2 No. 5 (2014): J. Trop. Pharm. Chem.
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia, 75117, Gedung Administrasi Fakultas Farmasi Jl. Penajam, Kampus UNMUL Gunung Kelua, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jtpc.v2i5.78

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a combination of psychotic symptoms with personality disorders typical distortion. The frequency of schizophrenia in Indonesia is 1-3 people per 1000 people , and in developed countries is 1 in every 100 people with schizophrenia. The research Patient Characteristics and Treatment of Patients with Schizophrenia in Mental Health Hospital Atma Husada Mahakam Samarinda was done by analyzing the data obtained from the medical records unit. Analysis method used is descriptive qualitative method. The results are 62,05% male patients and 37,95% female patients, 96,97% patients in productive age and 76,51% does not have job. The causes of schizophrenia are 19,28% genetic and 80,72% non genetic. The selection of medication given to patients consists of antipsychotics, hypnotics and sedatives, antiparkinson, antihistamines, antiepileptic, and antidepressants. Keyword: Schizophrenia, Patient Characteristics, Medication. Abstrak Skizofrenia merupakan serangkaian gejala psikotik dengan gangguan kepribadian distorsi khas pada proses pikir. Frekuensi skizofrenia di Indonesia adalah 1-3 orang setiap 1000 orang, dan pada negara maju terdapat 1 orang skizofrenia pada setiap 100 orang. Penelitian Karakteristik Pasien dan Pengobatan Penderita Skizofrenia di RSJD Atma Husada Mahakam Samarinda telah dilakukan dengan menganalisa data yang diperoleh dari unit rekam medik. Metode analisa yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasilnya adalah pasien pria 62,05% dan pasien wanita 37,95%, pasien rentang usia produktif 96,97% dan tidak memiliki pekerjaan 76,51%. Penyebab skizofrenia 19,28% genetik dan 80,72% non genetik. Pemilihan obat yang diberikan kepada pasien penderita skizofrenia terdiri dari antipsikotik, hipnotik dan sedatif, antiparkinson, antihistamin, antiepilepsi, dan antidepresan. Kata Kunci: Skizofrenia, Karakteristik Pasien, Pengobatan.
Pengaruh Ketepatan Terapi dan Kepatuhan terhadap Hasil Terapi Hipertensi Di Poliklinik Penyakit dalam RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta Adam M. Ramadhan
Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry Vol. 2 No. 5 (2014): J. Trop. Pharm. Chem.
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia, 75117, Gedung Administrasi Fakultas Farmasi Jl. Penajam, Kampus UNMUL Gunung Kelua, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jtpc.v2i5.79

Abstract

Hipertensi merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian. Komplikasi pembuluh darah yang disebabkan hipertensi dapat menyebabkan kematian jantung koroner, infark jantung, stroke, dan gagal ginjal. Pemberian obat antihipertensi tunggal maupun kombinasi sangatlah penting bagi pasien tergantung pada tekanan darah dan ada tidaknya komplikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat gambaran penggunaan obat antihipertensi di poliklinik penyakit dalam instalasi rawat jalan RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta, ketepatan terapi dan hasil terapi serta pengaruh kepatuhan dalam menurunkan tekanan darah. Penelitian dilakukan dengan rancangan studi observasional dengan pengambilan data secara prospektif, kemudian dilakukan analisis terhadap data yang diperoleh untuk melihat ketepatan terapi dan kepatuhan pasien hipertensi. Penilaian keberhasilan terapi The Seventh Report of Joint National Committee (JNC VII) on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure tahun 2003, sedangkan penilaian kepatuhan menggunakan kuisoner new 8-item self report Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS). Berdasarkan penelitian, obat antihipertensi yang digunakan adalah terapi tunggal dan kombinasi. Penggunaan terapi tunggal sebesar (20%) yang terbanyak adalah golongan CCB (8%) sedangkan penggunaan terapi kombinasi sebesar (80%) yang paling banyak adalah golongan ARB dengan CCB sebesar (55%). Dari 100 pasien rawat jalan yang termasuk kriteria inklusi ada (93%) mendapatkan tepat terapi antihipertensi, dan (7%) mendapatkan tidak tepat terapi antihipertensi, sedangkan (91%) mendapatkan tepat dosis antihipertensi, dan 9% mendapatkan tidak tepat dosis antihipertensi. Penilaian tekanan darah pasien yang mendapatkan (tepat obat dan dosis) dan tekanan darahnya mencapai target terapi masing-masing sebesar (68%) dan (68%). Pasien yang mendapatkan (tepat obat dan dosis) tetapi tekanan darah tidak tercapai masing-masing sebesar (25%) dan (23%). Sedangkan pasien yang mendapatkan (tidak tepat obat dan dosis) tetapi tekanan darahnya tercapai masing-masing sebesar (6%) dan (6%). Pasien yang mendapatkan (tidak tepat obat dan dosis) dan tekanan darah tidak mencapai target terapi masing-masing sebesar (1%) dan (3%). Berdasarkan kepatuhan pasien dalam mengkonsumsi obat antihipertensi (50%) dengan tingkat kepatuhan tinggi, (41%) tingkat kepatuhan sedang dan (9%) tingkat kepatuhan rendah. Dari uji analisis chi-square angka signifikansi 0,002 (p<0,05) didapatkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan antara kepatuhan dengan hasil penurunan tekanan darah sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa kepatuhan yang tinggi dapat menurunkan tekanan darah. Kata Kunci : Hipertensi, Ketepatan Terapi, Kepatuhan Abstract Hypertension is considered as one of the leading causes of death. Complication in blood tissue that is caused by hypertension and that is becoming the leading cause of death might include several diseases such as coronary artery disease (CAD), hearth attack, and stroke and kidney failure. The therapy of antihypertensive drug either in monotherapy or in combination therapy plays a very essential role for patients in which the therapy in this case must be given in consideration of the blood pressure and possibility of complication. This research is aimed to observe a description of antihypertensive drug treatment in policlinic of internal disease of RSUP Dr, Sardjito Yogyakarta, accurate treatment and treatment result and effect of medication adherence in decreasing blood pressure. This research is performed using a design of observational study supported by data prospectively taken in order to observe the accurate treatment and medication adherence of the hypertensive patient. The assessment for the therapy achievement was performed using The Seventh Report of Joint National Committee (JNC VII) on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in 2003, meanwhile, the assessment for medication adherence was done by using questionnaire of new 8-item self report Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS). Based on the research, it is found that the antihypertensive drug could be in monotherapy and in combination therapy. The use of monotherapy was at (20%) in which it was mostly dominated by CCB category at (8%), while the use of combination therapy was at (80%) mostly dominated by the category of ARB and CCB, namely at (55%). Of 100 out-patients including the inclusion criteria, it was (93%) of them that had the accurate treatment of antihypertension and (7%) of them that did not get the accurate treatment of antihypertension. Again, it was at (91%) that had the accurate dosage of antihypertension and (9%) had no the accurate dosage of antihypertension. In the assessment of blood pressure, the number of the patients obtaining (the accurate medicine and dosage) with the blood pressure that could achieve the target of therapy was at (68%) and (68%). On the other hand, the number of the patients obtaining (the accurate medicine and dosage) but with the blood pressure not achieving the target of therapy was at (25%) and (23%). Furthermore, those obtaining (inaccurate medication and dosage) with the achievement of the blood pressure to the target of the therapy was at (6%) and (6%). It was only (1%) and (3%) for the patients not obtaining (inaccurate medication and dosage), not achieving the target of the therapy. Based on the medication adherence of patients in taking antihypertensive drug was at (50%) with a high level of adherence, (41%) with medium level and (9%) with low level. From the test of chi-square analysis and from the significant level of 0,002 (p<0,05) it is found a significant difference between adherence and the result of the decrease of blood pressure. Thus, it can be concluded that a high adherence can decrease the blood pressure. Key words : Hypertension, Accurate Treatment, Adherence
Skrining Bakteri Simbion pada Lalat Buah (Drosophilla melanogaster) sebagai Kandidat Penghasil Senyawa Antibiotika Armini Syamsidi; Arni Fitriyanti
Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry Vol. 2 No. 5 (2014): J. Trop. Pharm. Chem.
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia, 75117, Gedung Administrasi Fakultas Farmasi Jl. Penajam, Kampus UNMUL Gunung Kelua, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jtpc.v2i5.80

Abstract

Now the emergence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a national and global issues that have a significant impact on public health. We report the screening of bacterial symbionts in fruit flies (Drosophilla melanogaster) as a producer of new antibiotic compounds. This study aims to get antibiotic-producing bacterial symbionts in fruit flies (Drosophilla melanogaster). In this study used methods of isolation, purification and antibacterial testing using four test bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella thyposa). Isolation of fruit flies (Drosophilla melanogaster) that uses peptone solution prepared dilutions to 10-9 and then purification is done by scraping the bacteria on NA medium by repeatedly to obtain pure isolates and subsequently antibacterial test. The results showed that the bacterial isolation 10-8 and 10-9 dilutions allegedly produce antibiotic-producing compound while the antibacterial test using test bacteria showed that the compound obtained from the insulation in the fruit fly (Drosophilla melanogaster) showed the compound to inhibit the growth of bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Keywords: fruit flies, Drosophilla melanogaster, antibiotics ABSTRAK Munculnya resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotika saat ini merupakan masalah nasional dan global yang memiliki dampak signifikan bagi kesehatan masyarakat. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai skrining bakteri simbion pada lalat buah (Drosophilla melanogaster) sebagai penghasil senyawa antibiotika baru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan bakteri simbion penghasil antibiotika pada lalat buah (Drosophilla melanogaster). Pada penelitian ini digunakan metode isolasi, pemurnian dan pengujian antibakteri dengan menggunakan 4 bakteri uji (Escherchia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, dan Salmonella thyposa). Isolasi lalat buah (Drosophilla melanogaster) yang menggunakan larutan pepton yang dibuat pengenceran sampai 10-9 kemudian pemurnian yang dilakukan dengan menggoreskan bakteri pada medium NA dengan berulang kali sampai mendapatkan isolat murni dan selanjutnya dilakukan uji antibakteri. Hasil isolasi bakteri memperlihatkan bahwa pada pengenceran 10-8 dan 10-9 diduga menghasilkan senyawa penghasil antibiotika sedangkan pada uji antibakteri dengan menggunakan bakteri uji memperlihatkan bahwa senyawa yang diperoleh dari hasil isolasi pada lalat buah (Drosophilla melanogaster) memperlihatkan senyawa tersebut dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Escherchia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Kata kunci: lalat buah, Drosophilla melanogaster, antibiotika
Quantitatif Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of a Carbazole Analog Compounds as Antibacterial using Electronical Descriptors Islamudin Ahmad
Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry Vol. 2 No. 5 (2014): J. Trop. Pharm. Chem.
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia, 75117, Gedung Administrasi Fakultas Farmasi Jl. Penajam, Kampus UNMUL Gunung Kelua, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jtpc.v2i5.81

Abstract

The Quantitatif Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) study has been established on 13 Carbazole analog compounds to their antibacterial activity using electronical descriptors. The development of computational chemistry, in particular quantum chemical calculation progression, has made the possibility of molecule modeling and pharmacochemistry exploration of molecule structures. This emerging semiempirical method can be implemented in QSAR using Hansch model. A research associated with QSAR antibacterial activity of Carbazole analog compounds which used semiempirical AM1 (Austin Model 1) method has been conducted. The geometrical optimation of 2D into 3D structures was done utilizing HyperChem program with the Polak – Ribiere algorithm. Results revealed that atom in the position C8, C9, C10 and C12 are necessary to predict biological activity of Carbazoleanalog. Keywords: QSAR, Atomic Net Charges, Cross Validation Methods
Sintesis 2,6-bis(2?-hidroksibenzilidin)sikloheksanon dari Hidroksibenzaldehid dan Sikloheksanon dengan Katalis Natrium Hidroksida Adam M. Ramadhan; Dwi Utami; Sardjiman Sardjiman
Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry Vol. 3 No. 1 (2015): J. Trop. Pharm. Chem.
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia, 75117, Gedung Administrasi Fakultas Farmasi Jl. Penajam, Kampus UNMUL Gunung Kelua, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jtpc.v3i1.82

Abstract

The synthesis of ciklovalon (HGV-0) analogue was done by substituent modification on aromatic ring. One of the ciklovalon analogues is 2,6-bis(2′-hydroxybenzylidene)cyclohexanone. The objective of this study was obtaining the amount of mol NaOH catalyst in order to find the highest rendement. The synthesis of 2,6-bis(2′-hydroxybenzylidene)cyclohexanone has been done using aldol condentation reaction from 2′-hydroxybenzaldehyde and cyclohexanone. The variation of mol catalyst NaOH used in this research were 0.2 mole; 0.4 mole and 0.8 mole. The synthesized product was purified by recrystalization with ethanol and cold water. The structure of the synthesized compound was determined by UV-Vis, IR, 1H-NMR, and GC-MS. The result showed that the average rendement the variation of mol catalyst NaOH 0.2 mole; 0.4 mol and 0.8 mole were (25.12±0.86)%, (11.23±0.40)% and (9.50±0.56)%. The highest rendement was obtained when the 0.2 mole NaOH used. Statistical analysis using tukey test resulted significant differences. The spectroscopic analysis using UV-Vis, IR spectrometry, 1H-NMR spectrometry, and GC-MS showed that synthesized compound was 2,6-bis(2′-hydroxybenzylidene)cyclohexanone. Keywords: 2,6-bis(2′-hydroxybenzylidene)cyclohexanone, synthesis, catalyst, rendement ABSTRAK Sintesis analog siklovalon (HGV-0) dilakukan melalui modifikasi substituen pada cincin aromatiknya. Salah satu analog siklovalon tersebut adalah 2,6-bis(2′-hidroksibenzilidin)sikloheksanon. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui jumlah mol katalis NaOH yang menghasilkan rendemen paling besar. Sintesis 2,6-bis(2′-hidroksibenzilidin)sikloheksanon dilakukan melalui reaksi kondensasi aldol dari 2-hidroksibenzaldehid dan sikloheksanon dengan menggunakan katalis natrium hidroksida. Variasi jumlah mol katalis NaOH yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 0,2 mol; 0,4 mol dan 0,8 mol. Pemurnian hasil sintesis dilakukan dengan rekristalisasi menggunakan etanol dan aquades dingin. Struktur senyawa hasil sintesis ditentukan dengan cara spektrofotometri UV-Vis, spektrometri Inframerah, spektrometri Resonansi Magnetik Inti (1H-RMI), dan GC-MS. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rerata rendemen dari variasi jumlah mol NaOH 0,2 mol; 0,4 mol dan 0,8 mol berturut-turut adalah (25,12±0,86)%, (11,23±0,40)% dan (9,50±0,56)%. Rendemen paling optimal diperoleh pada jumlah mol katalis NaOH 0,2 mol. Hasil uji Tukey menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan pada masing-masing kelompok. Berdasarkan data spektrofotometri UV-Vis, spektrometri Inframerah, spektrometri 1H-RMI, dan GC-MS menunjukkan bahwa senyawa yang dihasilkan adalah 2,6-bis(2′-hidroksibenzilidin) sikloheksanon. Kata kunci: 2,6-bis(2′-hydroxybenzylidene)cyclohexanone, sintesis, katalis, rendemen
Formulasi Krim dari Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) Berkhasiat Antioksidan Nur Mita
Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry Vol. 3 No. 1 (2015): J. Trop. Pharm. Chem.
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia, 75117, Gedung Administrasi Fakultas Farmasi Jl. Penajam, Kampus UNMUL Gunung Kelua, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jtpc.v3i1.83

Abstract

A research about the antioxidant cream formulation from cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) pod husk extract have been done. The research was aimed to formulate cream from extract of cocoa pod husk with high antioxidant activity and physically stable. Fresh cocoa pod husk was extracted with both of ethanol-water (7:3) and acetone-water (7:3), then both of extracts was tested their antioxidant activities by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl) method. The acetone-water (7:3) extract which have the higher antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0,08 mg/ml toward DPPH free radical) was formulated become cream preparation with variated emulsifying agents, i.e. anionic emulsifier (stearic-triethanolamine (TEA) with vary concentrations of TEA i.e. 1%, 2% and 3%) and nonionic emulsifier (Span 60-Tween 60 3%, 4% and 5%). The result of research indicated that antioxidant cream with Span 60-Tween 60 3% as emulsifying agent was the most physically stable cream. Keywords: cocoa pod husk, antioxidant, cream, physics stability, Span 60- Tween 60 ABSTRAK Penelitian tentang formulasi krim antioksidan dari ekstrak kulit buah kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasi krim dari ekstrak kulit buah kakao dengan aktivitas antioksidan tinggi dan stabil secara fisika. Kulit buah kakao segar diekstraksi dengan penyari etanol-air (7:3) dan penyari aseton-air (7:3) kemudian diuji aktivitas antioksidannya dengan metode DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil). Ekstrak aseton-air (7:3) yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi (IC50 = 0,08 mg/mL terhadap radikal bebas DPPH) diformulasi menjadi sediaan krim dengan bahan pengemulsi yang bervariasi yaitu emulgator anionik (trietanolamin (TEA)-stearat dengan variasi konsentrasi TEA 1%, 2% dan 3%) dan emulgator nonionik (Tween 60-Span 60 3%, 4% dan 5%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa krim dengan emulgator Tween 60-Span 60 3 % adalah krim yang paling stabil secara fisika. Kata kunci: kulit buah kakao, antioksidan, krim, stabilitas fisika, Tween 60-Span 60

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