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Factors Influencing Mortality Among HIV Patients Utami, Dian Margi; Pakki, Irfansyah Baharuddin; Azmiardi, Akhmad
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : The World Health Organization reported that global coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) reached 77% in 2024; however, mortality among people living with HIV remains relatively high. Various clinical, immunological, and social factors influence treatment success and patient survival outcomes. Objective : This study aims to narratively analyze the factors associated with mortality among HIV patients receiving ART. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This narrative review identified relevant literature published between January 2020 and June 2025 through four electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The search used combinations of keywords and Boolean operators (“AND,” “OR”): “HIV” OR “Human Immunodeficiency Virus” AND “mortality” OR “death” AND “antiretroviral therapy” OR “ART” AND “survival analysis” OR “Cox regression” OR “Kaplan–Meier” AND “cohort study.” Only peer-reviewed, full-text articles in English were included. Eligible studies employed prospective or retrospective cohort designs, involved adult HIV patients receiving ART, and reported mortality outcomes analyzed using Kaplan–Meier or Cox proportional hazards models. Review articles, case reports, and studies without relevant survival or mortality data were excluded. A total of 12 studies met the inclusion criteria, primarily conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America. Results : Mortality rates ranged from 4.2 to 11.7 per 100 person-years, with a 5-year survival rate of 81.7–88.5%. Approximately 60–70% of deaths occurred within the first year of therapy. The most consistent mortality risk factors included CD4 count <200 cells/μL (AHR 2.3–6.6), severe anemia or hemoglobin <10 g/dL (AHR 2.2–5.2), WHO clinical stage III/IV (AHR 4.3–15.0), poor functional status (bedridden/ambulatory) (AHR 3.0–9.5), tuberculosis co-infection (AHR 1.9–4.1), and poor ART adherence (AHR 3.3–9.6). Sociodemographic factors such as being unmarried, low education, and poverty also increased mortality risk (AHR 1.6–3.7). Conversely, good ART adherence, cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (CPT) use, adequate nutritional status (BMI ≥18.5 kg/m²), and CD4 ≥200 cells/μL were significant protective factors. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Mortality among adult HIV patients in developing countries remains high, particularly within the first year of ART and among individuals with low immunity, anemia, or tuberculosis co-infection. Strengthening anemia and TB screening, optimizing ART adherence, and early identification of patients with low CD4 counts should be prioritized to reduce mortality rates.

Job Safety Analysis of Forklift Loading and Unloading Activities at PTUnited Tractors Balikpapan Syahrir, Agung; Ramdan, Iwan Muhamad; Sultan, Muhammad
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Work in the industrial sector has a high potential for occupational accidents, especially in material handling activities using heavy equipment such as forklifts. Unsafe actions, unsafe conditions, and lack of operator competence can increase the risk of accidents. Therefore, identifying and controlling workplace hazards is essential to improve occupational safety performance Objective : This study aims to identify potential hazards and assess the level of risk during forklift loading and unloading operations at PT United Tractors Balikpapan using the Job Safety Analysis (JSA) method. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This is a descriptive qualitative study conducted through field observation, interviews with three informants (supervisor, forklift operator, and HSE officer), and documentation review. Data were analyzed using Job Safety Analysis (JSA) to determine potential hazards, probability, severity, and control measures. Results : The study identified 15 potential hazards in 8 work stages, including risks of electric shock, falling objects, pinching, and non-ergonomic posture injuries. The main contributing factors were human error, equipment condition, and work environment. Preventive measures include certified operator training, regular equipment maintenance, and consistent use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The application of Job Safety Analysis effectively helps identify workplace hazards and improves safety management in forklift operations. Continuous training, supervision, and hazard monitoring are recommended to minimize accident risks.

The Relationship Between Early Smoking Initiation and Drug UsePatterns Among Rehabilitation Clients : A Literature Review Hakim, Fadly Abdul; Rohmah, Nur; Nurrachmawati, Annisa
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : The age at which an individual first starts smoking plays a critical role in shaping risk behaviors associated with substance abuse. Adolescents who begin smoking at an early age are more likely to experiment with alcohol, cannabis, or synthetic drugs. Understanding the relationship between early smoking initiation and the tendency toward drug use is essential for designing effective prevention and rehabilitation strategies Objective : This study aims to review empirical evidence on the association between smoking initiation age and patterns of drug use among adolescents and rehabilitation clients in Samarinda, serving as a foundation for evidence-based prevention strategies. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : The review analyzed 21 reputable scientific articles (Scopus Q1–Q3 and SINTA), selected based on their relevance to early smoking age, substance abuse behavior, and adolescent or rehabilitation contexts. A thematic analysis was conducted across six key areas: smoking initiation age, psychosocial factors, smoking behavior patterns, transition to drug use, media and environmental influences, and health knowledge. Results : The findings indicate that smoking before the age of 15 significantly increases the likelihood of later drug abuse. Supporting factors include peer pressure, psychological stress, and permissive environments that normalize smoking and substance use behavior Conclusion/Lesson Learned : These results highlight the urgency of implementing early preventive interventions through health education, school-based programs, and social environment supervision to reduce drug abuse rates among adolescents and support rehabilitation efforts.

Analysis of Teamwork and Work–Life Balance in Enhancing the Motivation of Part-Time Working Students Sabilla, Arsy; Kinasih, Aulia Putri; Christy, Regina
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : In recent years, the number of part-time working students has increased significantly, resulting in the need to understand factors influencing their motivation. Balancing academic responsibilities with part-time work often leads to stress and decreased productivity. Therefore, teamwork and work–life balance are believed to play essential roles in enhancing motivation among these students. Objective : This study aims to analyze the influence of teamwork and work– life balance on the motivation levels of part-time working students. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This quantitative research employed a survey distributed to 100 part-time working students using a structured questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed through validity and reliability tests, followed by t-tests and F-tests to determine the effect and significance of each variable. Results : The results indicated that both teamwork and work–life balance have a positive and significant impact on student motivation. Teamwork improved collaborative learning and emotional support, while work–life balance reduced stress and increased focus on both work and academic goals. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The study concludes that teamwork and maintaining a healthy work life balance are key factors in enhancing motivation among part-time working students. Educational institutions and employers should develop supportive environments that encourage collaboration and flexible scheduling to sustain student motivation.

Community Satisfaction Index on Public Service Performance of UPTDLabkesda Samarinda Budi, Eko Prasetya; Adrianto, Ratno; Gunawan, Ike Anggraeni
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Public service satisfaction surveys are an essential instrument for evaluating the quality and performance of government institutions in delivering public services. The Regional Health Laboratory Unit (UPTD Labkesda) of Samarinda City periodically conducts Community Satisfaction Surveys (CSS) to assess public perceptions, identify strengths and weaknesses in service delivery, and ensure compliance with the service quality standards established under Ministerial Regulation of PANRB No. 14 of 2017 on Guidelines for Conducting Community Satisfaction Surveys. Objective : The study aims to measure the level of community satisfaction with the services provided by UPTD Labkesda Samarinda during the first semester of 2025 and to identify service elements that require improvement to enhance the overall quality and efficiency of public health laboratory services. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A descriptive quantitative approach was employed using a structured survey method. Respondents rated nine service elements using a four-point Likert scale, and the results were processed to obtain the Community Satisfaction Index (CSI) Results : The survey results show that the Community Satisfaction Index reached 87.28, categorized as “Satisfactory.” This indicates that most respondents perceive the services as effective, professional, and aligned with their expectations. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The findings reveal that UPTD Labkesda Samarinda has successfully maintained a high level of public satisfaction through consistent service quality, competent staff, and adequate facilities. Continuous efforts in staff development, process optimization, and community feedback mechanisms are essential to sustain and further improve service outcomes.

Accuracy of Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid for Cervical Lesions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Riswana, Faris Regi; Riswana, Faris Rega; Agustasari, Krisjentha Iffah; Azzahra, Nabila Khairunisa
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background: Cervical cancer is the most common cancer and a main cause of death among women in low- and middle-income country. A simple screening method using Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) has been recommended. However, the diagnostic accuracy of this test varies across populations and clinical contexts. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of VIA compared with the gold standard (histopathology) for detecting precancerous lesions in the cervix. Research Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect from 2015 to 2025 following the PRISMA guidelines. A total of 764 studies were identified and only 15 studies were included, with a total sample of 3,237. The risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2. Studies reporting diagnostic outcomes (TP, FP, TN, FN) were included in this review. The data were analysed using a bivariate random-effects model with HSROC curve. Results: The overall analysis showed a pooled sensitivity of 68% (95% CI: 55–80%) and a specificity of 79% (95% CI: 66–88%), indicating moderate diagnostic accuracy across studies. The HSROC curve was positioned toward the upper-left region, reflecting higher specificity and improved model stability. Subgroup analysis revealed that VIA in HIV-negative women demonstrated the best diagnostic performance sensitivity 78%, specificity 85%. When VIA was used as a primary test, it exhibited the most balanced accuracy sensitivity 75%, specificity 80% compared with VIA as a triage test. Conclusion: VIA test demonstrates moderate diagnostic accuracy for detecting cervical precancerous lesions, the best performing in HIV-negative populations, and when used as a primary test.

Diet, Knowledge and Hypertension : a Correlation Study for Elderly with Hypertension Husna, Gusti Nurul; Pakki, Irfan Baharuddin; Azmiardi, Akhmad
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Healthy dietary behavior is one of the key factors in maintaining nutritional status and preventing degenerative diseases, particularly among the elderly population. Hypertension is one of the most prevalent chronic health problems experienced by older adults. The prevalence of hypertension in the elderly tends to increase with age and is mostly associated with unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, especially dietary patterns that do not follow the principles of a hypertension diet. Objective : to analyze the correlation between knowledge and healthy lifestyle patterns in elderly people with hypertension Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This study employed a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 100 respondents aged 60–65 years selected using purposive sampling in the Bengkuring Public Health Center. Data were collected through questionnaires covering respondent characteristics, knowledge level, and dietary behavior. The data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test with a significance level of 0.05. Results : The results showed that out of the five dietary behavior components observed, only one component showed a significant correlation between knowledge and lifestyle behavior related to caffeine and smoking consumption, with a p-value of 0.011 (<0.05). Elderly individuals who possess better knowledge regarding the effects of caffeine and smoking on hypertension tend to be more cautious in consuming these substances. Cigarettes and caffeine are known to increase sympathetic nervous system activity and elevate blood pressure. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Knowledge have an important yet limited role in shaping healthy lifestyle behaviors among elderly individuals with hypertension.

Assessing Risk of Insomnia in Youth: Mental Health and Modifiable Lifestyle Factors Rahmahdia, Asti Alya; Ghanynafi, Abdullah; Astutik, Erni
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Insomnia is a pervasive global public health concern with significant implications for productivity and overall well-being, particularly among youth. Objective : This study aimed to assess the association between mental health factors (depression, anxiety, and stress) and selected modifiable lifestyle factors (physical activity and coffee consumption) with the incidence of insomnia in an urban Indonesian setting. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 111 youth in East Java, Indonesia. Data were collected using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Bivariate analysis using the Chi-Square test was performed. Results : The prevalence of insomnia in this study was 41.4% while depression, anxiety, and stress were reported at 12.6%, 23.4%, and 0.9% respectively. Anxiety was significantly associated with the incidence of insomnia. Youth classified with anxiety were associated with a twofold increase in the risk of insomnia (PR=1.916; 95%CI=1.276-2.879; p=0.009) compared to those without anxiety. No statistically significant association was observed between stress(p=0.414), depression (p=0.324), physical activity level (p=0.697), and coffee consumption status (p=0.389) with insomnia. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The study concludes that in this population, anxiety is the most critical and isolated mental health determinant of insomnia, while behavioral factors such as physical activity and coffee consumption did not emerge as significant risk factors. These findings emphasize the necessity for targeted public health strategies focusing on anxiety screening and early management to alleviate the burden of insomnia among youth in similar urban settings.

Exploration of Diarrhea Infection Sources Based on Fly Density andTotal Bacteria in Semarang Budiarti, Dwi Wilujeng
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Indonesia has faced recurring diarrhea outbreaks, with Central Java ranking third among provinces with the highest case numbers. In Semarang City, the incidence rate (IR) reached 26 per 1,000 population, while the Tlogosari Wetan Health Center recorded an IR of 20. Diarrhea is often caused by bacteria transmitted by flies, which breed in markets and surrounding residential areas such as the Pedurungan Semarang Market. Objective : This study aimed to analyze the relationship between fly density and the total number of bacteria on flies with diarrhea incidence and to identify environmental factors affecting fly density, including temperature, humidity, food, open garbage, and distance from the landfill. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : An observational analytic study with a cross sectional design was conducted in 171 population locations, with 40 selected as samples. Independent variables were fly density and environmental conditions, while the dependent variable was diarrhea incidence. Data were analyzed using Chi square and correlation tests. Results : Diarrhea incidence showed significant associations with fly density (p = 0.004) and the total number of bacteria on flies (p = 0.037). Fly density correlated with the presence of food (p = 0.006) and open garbage (p = 0.014). Temperature had a moderate negative correlation (p = 0.000; r = – 0.572), while humidity showed a weak positive correlation (p = 0.018; r = 0.373). Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Diarrhea is influenced by bacteria carried by flies. Fly density in markets and settlements is affected by temperature, humidity, and environmental hygiene.

Effectiveness of Instrumental Music Playback on Work Fatigue, WorkMorale, and Work Productivity Among Administrative Staff of PT. X Hamzairi, Fadly; Ramdan, Iwan muhammad; Sultan, Muhammad
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Work fatigue is a significant occupational health issue leading to decreased work capacity and an increased risk of workplace accidents, as evidenced by global and national data (ILO, BPJS Ketenagakerjaan). Administrative staff at PT. X experience demanding conditions, including monotonous tasks, long working hours (>10 hours), work overload, and deadline pressure, contributing to stress and fatigue. Creating a comfortable and pleasant work environment is one strategy to mitigate fatigue, with music intervention being a promising, non-invasive method. Previous studies suggest that music can reduce stress, improve mood, and enhance concentration. Objective : This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of instrumental music playback in reducing work fatigue and increasing work morale and work productivity among administrative staff at PT. X. Design: A quantitative quasi-experimental study with a Two-Group Pretest-Posttest design. 40 administrative staff members were divided into an experimental group (n=20) and a control group (n=20). The experimental group was exposed to instrumental music played via speakers for 7 consecutive working days. The control group continued working without music. Data on work fatigue, work morale, and work productivity were collected using standardized questionnaires (KAUPK2 for fatigue, plus specific questionnaires for morale and productivity) before (pretest) and after (posttest) the intervention. The paired sample t-test was used to analyze work productivity data, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for work fatigue and morale data, with a significance level of α = 0.05. Results : The study found statistically significant differences in the experimental group after the music intervention: Work Fatigue: A significant reduction was observed (p-value < 0.001). The percentage of staff in the "light fatigue" category decreased from 65% to 10%, while those in the "normal" category increased from 35% to 90%. Work Morale: A significant improvement was recorded (p-value < 0.001). Staff with "good" morale increased from 50% to 95%. Work Productivity: A significant increase was confirmed (p-value < 0.001). Staff with "good" productivity rose from 35% to 85%. In contrast, the control group showed no improvement or a slight decline in these metrics. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The study concludes that the playback of instrumental music is an effective intervention for significantly reducing work fatigue and enhancing both work morale and work productivity among administrative staff. It is recommended that companies consider implementing scheduled instrumental music sessions to create a more comfortable workenvironment, which can improve employees' mental well-being and overall organizationalperformance.

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Contact Name
MUHAMAD ZAKKI SAEFURROHIM

Contact Email
saefurrohim@fkm.unmul.ac.id

Phone
+6287710112314

Journal Mail Official
saefurrohim@fkm.unmul.ac.id

Editorial Address
Gedung IsDB FKM Jl. Sambaliung, Gn. Kelua, Kec. Samarinda Utara, Kota Samarinda, Kalimantan Timur 75119

Location
Kota samarinda,

Kalimantan timur

INDONESIA

Abstract

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Home Page

OAI Link

Editorial Team

Contact

Reviewer

Google Scholar

Contact Name MUHAMAD ZAKKI SAEFURROHIM

Contact Email saefurrohim@fkm.unmul.ac.id

Phone +6287710112314

Journal Mail Official saefurrohim@fkm.unmul.ac.id

Editorial Address Gedung IsDB FKM Jl. Sambaliung, Gn. Kelua, Kec. Samarinda Utara, Kota Samarinda, Kalimantan Timur 75119

Location Kota samarinda, Kalimantan timur INDONESIA

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

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Abstract

Abstract

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Contact Name
MUHAMAD ZAKKI SAEFURROHIM

Contact Email
saefurrohim@fkm.unmul.ac.id

Phone
+6287710112314

Journal Mail Official
saefurrohim@fkm.unmul.ac.id

Editorial Address
Gedung IsDB FKM Jl. Sambaliung, Gn. Kelua, Kec. Samarinda Utara, Kota Samarinda, Kalimantan Timur 75119

Location
Kota samarinda,

Kalimantan timur

INDONESIA