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Academia Open
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo
ISSN : -     EISSN : 27147444     DOI : 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.12985
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
Academia Open is published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo published 2 (two) issues per year (June and December). This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This journal aims is to provide a place for academics and practitioners to publish original research and review articles. The articles basically contains any topics research or review. Academia Open is available in online version. Language used in this journal is Indonesia or English.
Arjuna Subject : Profesi Kesehatan - Profesi Kesehatan (Lain-Lain)
Articles 2,489 Documents
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Cost Service Tradeoffs in Power Utility Procurement Sutarto, Zulfikar Luthfi; Putera, Rizki Revianto
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.14026

Abstract

General Background: Reliable electricity distribution depends on the availability of Main Distribution Materials. Specific Background: Centralized procurement provides cost control but has longer lead time, while decentralized procurement offers faster responses with higher inventory costs. Knowledge Gap: The cost–service trade-off under uncertain demand has not been fully evaluated. Aims: This study compares centralized and decentralized periodic review policies using Monte Carlo simulation based on SAP ERP demand data from 2022–2024 over 300 weeks. Results: Centralized procurement is more cost-efficient in aggregate but has higher stockout risk and lower responsiveness, whereas decentralized procurement improves service level, shortens lead time, and reduces stockout frequency despite higher holding costs. Novelty: The study integrates validated normal demand distribution with Monte Carlo simulation to assess procurement policy performance. Implications: A hybrid policy is recommended, with centralized control for slow-moving materials and decentralized control for critical or fast-moving materials. Highlights: Centralized setting delivers aggregate financial advantage but shows longer lead time and weaker responsiveness. Decentralized setting records stronger service levels, faster response, and fewer shortages. Rising service targets raise safety stock and holding expenses across both settings. Keywords: Supply Chain, Centralized, Decentralized, Main Distribution Materials, Monte Carlo Simulation.
Waste Analysis in Herbal Oil Product Packaging Using the Lean Six Sigma Method: Analisis Pemborosan pada Pengemasan Produk Minyak Herbal Menggunakan Metode Lean Six Sigma Dama Yanti, Alviani; Rochmoeljati, Rochmoeljati
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.14053

Abstract

General Background: Production inefficiencies in pharmaceutical manufacturing are frequently associated with process waste and packaging defects that reduce operational performance and product quality. Specific Background: In herbal oil production, the outer packaging stage exhibited recurring defects, motion waste, and overprocessing activities that increased lead time and generated non-value-added activities. Knowledge Gap: Previous studies on Lean, Six Sigma, and Lean Six Sigma have predominantly focused on general manufacturing industries and rarely integrated Value Stream Mapping, VALSAT, Fishbone Diagram, and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis within a comprehensive DMAIC framework for pharmaceutical herbal packaging processes. Aims: This study aims to identify dominant waste types, analyze the root causes of packaging defects, and formulate improvement recommendations using an integrated Lean Six Sigma DMAIC approach. Results: The findings indicate that the dominant wastes were defect, motion, and overprocessing. The major packaging defects consisted of wrinkled labels, untidy individual bottle wrapping, and perforated group packaging, with untidy individual bottle wrapping showing the highest Risk Priority Number of 294. The proposed improvements eliminated non-value-added activities and reduced necessary non-value-added activities, decreasing production lead time from 7,497.4 minutes to 5,382.4 minutes while increasing Process Cycle Efficiency from 26.89% to 37.46%. The process achieved a sigma level of 3.59 with an average DPMO of 18,016. Novelty: This study integrates Lean Six Sigma DMAIC with VSM, VALSAT, PAM, Fishbone Diagram, and FMEA to provide a structured risk-based evaluation of waste and defects in herbal oil packaging operations. Implications: The results demonstrate that systematic waste reduction and defect mitigation support higher production efficiency and operational performance in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Highlights: Defect, motion, and overprocessing emerged as the dominant production waste categories. Risk evaluation identified untidy individual bottle wrapping as the highest-priority failure mode. Proposed process changes shortened manufacturing duration and raised Process Cycle Efficiency. Keywords: Lean Six Sigma, DMAIC, FMEA, Herbal Oil Packaging, Process Cycle Efficiency
The Indonesian Supreme Court’s Recognition of the Right to Customary Land in Indonesia: Pengakuan Mahkamah Agung Indonesia terhadap Hak Atas Tanah Adat di Indonesia Matara, Opa Jermias; Tjempaka, Tjempaka
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.14084

Abstract

General Background Customary land rights remain a central issue in Indonesian agrarian law because communal land ownership must be positioned within both national land regulation and living customary norms. Specific Background The dispute over Pusako Tinggi land in Supreme Court Decision Number 3569 K/Pdt/2024 reflects a legal conflict between clan-based inheritance claims and the authority of a customary council over communal customary land. Knowledge Gap The legal protection of indigenous peoples’ rights in this case required further clarification, particularly regarding how formal evidentiary standards interact with customary legitimacy in determining rights over Pusako Tinggi land. Aims This study analyzes the protection of indigenous peoples’ rights to Pusako Tinggi land and the legal consequences of Supreme Court Decision Number 3569 K/Pdt/2024 for customary land protection. Results The findings show that photocopied documents without verified authenticity and de auditu testimony had no evidentiary strength, while the customary council’s evidence established stronger legal and customary legitimacy. The decision recognized the customary council as the legitimate holder of customary land authority and rejected individual claims that were not supported by valid proof. Novelty This study demonstrates that judicial recognition of customary land rights depends not only on normative acknowledgment of indigenous rights but also on authentic evidence, collective authority, and customary legitimacy. Implications The decision supports legal certainty, protects communal land from individual transfer, preserves the social function of Pusako Tinggi land, and emphasizes the need for stronger customary land documentation. Highlights: Photocopied documents and indirect testimony failed to prove lawful ownership. Collective authority received stronger judicial acknowledgment than individual claims. Formal proof remains essential for protecting inherited communal property. Keywords: Protection, Indigenous Peoples, High Heritage Land, Customary Council of the Nagari.
Readiness for the Implementation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Controlling Construction Costs for Public Works Projects During a Crisis in Timor-Leste Lay, Denilson Pereira; Alrasyid, Harun; Nurhidayah, Nurhidayah
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.14086

Abstract

This study examines the readiness for implementing Building Information Modeling (BIM) in controlling construction costs for public works projects during a crisis in Timor-Leste. General Background: Public construction projects are complex and frequently face cost overruns and delays, particularly under crisis conditions such as economic instability and supply chain disruptions. Specific Background: BIM, particularly 5D BIM, offers integrated digital solutions for improving cost estimation, information transparency, and project coordination. Knowledge Gap: Limited research addresses BIM implementation readiness by considering structural, technical, and institutional dimensions simultaneously, especially in developing countries during crises. Aims: This study aims to analyze BIM implementation readiness, identify key challenges, and examine its role in construction cost control during crisis situations. Results: Findings indicate that BIM readiness remains at an early stage, characterized by low stakeholder understanding, limited human resources, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of policy support, while project practices are still dominated by fragmented and conventional systems. Novelty: The study introduces a systemic readiness perspective integrating structural, technical, and institutional factors within a crisis context. Implications: The results highlight the need for a comprehensive approach involving human resource development, digital infrastructure strengthening, and regulatory support to facilitate BIM adoption and improve cost control responsiveness in public construction projects. Highlights: Early-stage adoption is marked by limited expertise, infrastructure constraints, and minimal institutional backing. Project management practices remain fragmented with reliance on manual and non-integrated systems. Systemic alignment of structural, technical, and regulatory elements is required for digital transition. Keywords: Building Information Modeling (BIM), Cost Control, Public Construction Projects
Legal Implications of Indonesia’s Amended Armed Forces Law for National Defense Capacity: Implikasi Hukum dari Perubahan Undang-Undang Tentara Nasional Indonesia terhadap Kapasitas Pertahanan Nasional Erwin, Yanuar Putra; Silalahi, Wilma
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.14096

Abstract

General Background: National defense capacity is a core legal concern amid increasingly complex conventional and non-conventional threats. Specific Background: The study examines Law Number 3 of 2025, which amends Law Number 34 of 2004 on the National Armed Forces, including changes concerning non-war military operations, civilian offices, retirement age, and coordination with defense authorities. Knowledge Gap: Legal debate remains over whether the revised framework can strengthen defense readiness while remaining aligned with constitutional principles, civilian supremacy, the rule of law, and human rights protection. Aims: This study analyzes the legal implications of the amended Armed Forces Law for national defense capacity and explains how constitutional legitimacy is shaped through formal and substantive judicial review before the Constitutional Court. Results: The findings show that the amended statute reinforces defense capacity through clearer institutional coordination, expanded non-war operations including cyber defense and overseas citizen protection, regulated access to certain civilian positions, and adjusted retirement provisions. Constitutional Court decisions rejected or did not accept formal and substantive challenges, confirming that the statute does not contradict the 1945 Constitution. Novelty: The study offers an integrated constitutional law reading of defense reform by linking amended military governance norms with judicial review outcomes and national defense capacity. Implications: The statute can function as a valid legal instrument for defense strengthening, provided that implementation remains subject to strict oversight, checks and balances, civilian supremacy, legality, and human rights safeguards. Highlights: Judicial review outcomes preserved the revised TNI framework. Non-war operational scope includes cyber defense and overseas citizen protection. Application requires strict oversight, civilian supremacy, legality, and human rights safeguards. Keywords: National Defense Forces, TNI Act, Indonesian National Armed Forces.
Policy Formulation for Online Gambling Prevention in Campus Environments: A Case Study at Politeknik STIA LAN Bandung: Perumusan Kebijakan Pencegahan Perjudian Daring di Lingkungan Kampus: Studi Kasus di Politeknik STIA LAN Bandung Noval, Muhammad Attala; Pradesa, Hafid Aditya; Abdullah, Sait; Nurliawati, Nita
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.14105

Abstract

General Background Digital betting has become a serious threat to student welfare, academic integrity, and institutional reputation in higher education. Specific Background In the studied vocational higher education environment, online gambling escalated from a private student problem into an institutional concern, as shown by illegal loan debt collection appearing in official communication channels and a USG Matrix score of 202, the highest among assessed social issues. Knowledge Gap Existing studies mainly discuss mental health, risk factors, and socioeconomic consequences, while internal policy formulation from a strategic management perspective in vocational higher education remains underexplored. Aims This study aims to formulate a strategic prevention framework using Kingdon’s Policy Window, Bryson’s Strategic Planning, and Rothman’s Community Intervention. Results Findings show that the convergence of problem severity, available institutional resources, and leadership commitment has opened a policy window for intervention. The study identifies punitive sanctions as counterproductive because they create fear and discourage early reporting. Novelty The proposed House of Integrity framework integrates Smart Monitoring, tiered educational sanctions, mandatory counseling, limited amnesty, and Peer Educator involvement through student organizations. Implications The framework offers a humane, measurable, and collaborative student protection system that supports early detection, rehabilitation, financial literacy, and institutional integrity. Highlights • The USG Matrix ranked digital betting as the highest priority social issue with a score of 202.• Punitive sanctions created fear, silence, and barriers to early reporting.• Peer Educators, counseling, and technical surveillance formed an integrated prevention framework. Keywords Smart Monitoring; Student Protection; Digital Betting; Policy Formulation; Higher Education
Application Quality Dominates Gopay User Trust in Surabaya: Kualitas Aplikasi Menjadi Faktor Utama dalam Kepercayaan Pengguna Gopay di Surabaya Lendra, Ray
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.14119

Abstract

General Background: The rapid expansion of digital wallet services has increased the importance of user trust in sustaining digital payment adoption and usage. Specific Background: In Indonesia, competition among e-wallet platforms such as GoPay, OVO, DANA, and ShopeePay has intensified, positioning brand image, perceived security, and application quality as key determinants of user trust. Knowledge Gap: Previous studies have produced inconsistent findings and predominantly examined these variables separately, leaving limited understanding of their simultaneous and relative contributions to user trust in digital wallet services. Aims: This study analyzes the associations of brand image, perceived security, and application quality with user trust among active GoPay users in Surabaya and identifies the most dominant factor shaping trust. Results: Using a quantitative survey approach with 160 active GoPay users and multiple linear regression analysis, the findings reveal that brand image, perceived security, and application quality all show significant positive associations with user trust (p < 0.05). Among these variables, application quality demonstrates the strongest influence, indicated by the highest standardized regression coefficient (β = 0.418), followed by perceived security and brand image. The model also explains a substantial proportion of variance in user trust. Novelty: This study integrates brand image, perceived security, and application quality within a single analytical framework while demonstrating the dominant role of application quality in digital wallet trust formation. Implications: The findings indicate a shift from perception-based trust toward experience-based trust, suggesting that digital wallet providers should prioritize application reliability, usability, responsiveness, and system performance to sustain user trust and competitiveness in digital financial services. Highlights: System reliability and usability emerged as the strongest determinant of trust formation among GoPay users. Transaction safety and data protection remained significant considerations in digital payment adoption decisions. Direct interaction with fintech platforms became more central than symbolic reputation in evaluating service credibility. Keywords: User Trust, Brand Image, Perceived Security, Application Quality
Integration of Pluralism Values in Civics Learning to Form a Tolerant Attitude in Grade 4 Students of MI Ma'arif Nu Sunan Drajat Lamongan: Integrasi Nilai-Nilai Pluralisme Dalam Pembelajaran PKN Untuk Membentuk Sikap Toleransi Siswa Kelas 4 Mi Ma’arif Nu Sunan Drajat Lamongan Lestari, Puji; Habibah, Sulhatul; Munif, Moh. Vito Miftahul
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.14127

Abstract

General Background Civic education plays a strategic role in managing social diversity and developing tolerant character among elementary school students. Specific Background In PPKn learning, pluralism values are integrated to address the gap between students’ conceptual understanding of tolerance and their daily social practices, including sociolinguistic conflict and exclusive peer grouping. Knowledge Gap Previous studies have largely emphasized formal curriculum and teaching materials, while limited attention has been given to classroom management, hidden curriculum, social interaction, and inclusive school culture as contextual spaces for internalizing pluralism. Aims This study aims to analyze the strategic integration of pluralism values in PPKn learning and its implications for forming students’ tolerance. Results The findings show that pluralism values were integrated through contextual learning, heterogeneous group discussion, teacher role modelling, sociopedagogical mediation, inclusive school culture, and school family synergy. These strategies encouraged openness, respect for differences, reduced sociolinguistic conflict, and strengthened consistent tolerant behavior inside and outside school. Novelty This study positions students’ social experiences and hidden curriculum as central mechanisms for pluralism internalization, rather than treating tolerance education only as formal knowledge transfer. Implications The findings provide practical direction for teachers, schools, and parents in developing inclusive civic learning that supports democratic, respectful, and socially aware student character. Highlights • Pluralism values were practiced through contextual learning and heterogeneous interaction.• Teacher mediation reduced sociolinguistic conflict among elementary students.• School family synergy strengthened consistent tolerant behavior beyond classroom settings. Keywords Pluralism; Civic Education; Tolerance; Hidden Curriculum; Inclusive Learning
State Responsibility and the Environmental Protection Crisis from a Legal Philosophy Perspective: Tanggung Jawab Negara dan Krisis Perlindungan Lingkungan Hidup dalam Perspektif Filsafat Hukum Winata, Elisa; Nelson, Nelson; Zidane, Arqily Rafif; Harahap, Odi Alfazen; Ambarita, Dicki Candra
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.14133

Abstract

General Background Environmental protection constitutes a fundamental obligation of the state encompassing constitutional, moral, and philosophical dimensions, particularly in safeguarding human rights to a good and healthy environment. Specific Background In Indonesia, environmental governance is formally supported by comprehensive legal frameworks; however, recurring environmental degradation indicates persistent challenges in implementation. Knowledge Gap There remains a critical gap between established legal norms and their practical enforcement, reflected in normative failure and law enforcement dysfunction. Aims This study aims to analyze the concept of state responsibility in environmental protection from a legal philosophy perspective and to examine the causes of normative failure and enforcement dysfunction in Indonesia. Results The findings reveal that state responsibility extends beyond formal rule-making to ensuring ecological justice, sustainability, and intergenerational protection, yet is undermined by regulatory disharmony, vague provisions, legal loopholes, and reactive, inconsistent enforcement practices, as illustrated by the tin commodity governance case. Novelty This study integrates legal philosophy with normative legal analysis to demonstrate that environmental protection failures stem from systemic weaknesses in legal substance, policy coherence, and enforcement structures. Implications The study underscores the necessity of regulatory harmonization, sustainability-oriented policymaking, and strengthened enforcement mechanisms to ensure effective, just, and sustainable environmental protection. Highlights: State obligations include ecological justice and intergenerational sustainability beyond formal regulation. Legal system weaknesses arise from regulatory inconsistency, unclear provisions, and structural loopholes. Enforcement practices remain reactive and selective, limiting prevention of environmental violations. Keywords: State Responsibility, Environmental Protection, Legal Philosophy, Normative Failure, Law Enforcement.
Elementary Numeracy Patterns by Initial Mathematical Ability: Pola Numerasi Siswa Berdasarkan Kemampuan Awal Matematis Sundari, Sundari; R. Habibie, Zulqoidi; Subhanadri, Subhanadri
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.14143

Abstract

General Background Numeracy is a fundamental competence in elementary education because it enables students to interpret numbers, reason logically, and solve contextual mathematical problems. Specific Background Word problems require students not only to calculate but also to understand contexts, identify relevant information, select appropriate operations, and organize solution steps systematically. Knowledge Gap Previous studies have largely emphasized learning outcomes or instructional models, while limited attention has been given to how students’ numeracy profiles, thinking processes, and difficulties differ according to their initial mathematical ability. Aims This study analyzes elementary students’ numeracy ability in solving word problems based on initial mathematical ability and identifies the characteristics and difficulties found in high, moderate, and low ability categories. Results Students with high initial mathematical ability demonstrated integrated skills in reading problems, organizing information, selecting strategies, and presenting systematic solutions. Students with moderate ability showed adequate but inconsistent numeracy performance, particularly in processing complex information and presenting accurate answers. Students with low ability experienced fundamental difficulties in understanding problem contexts, choosing operations, and avoiding number grabbing strategies. Novelty This study provides a differentiated analysis of numeracy by examining final answers, solution processes, error patterns, and ability characteristics across initial mathematical ability levels. Implications Numeracy instruction should integrate reading literacy with basic mathematical concepts and apply differentiated contextual learning according to students’ initial ability profiles. Highlights • High-performing students showed systematic reasoning in interpreting word problems.• Moderate-performing students completed tasks adequately but lacked consistency.• Low-performing students struggled with context, operations, and structured reasoning. Keywords Numeracy; Word Problems; Mathematical Reasoning; Contextual Learning; Elementary Students

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