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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,269 Documents
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Designing antimicrobial active packaging films based on chitosan plus fungus comb ethyl acetate extract from Indo-Malayan termite mounds LUCIA DHIANTIKA WITASARI; DEBORAH PATRICIA LIZAR; OLIVIA MARTHA FLORENCIA; ARIF RAMADHAN; NUR AFNI OKTRI FIANA; SUPRIYADI SUPRIYADI; SYLVIA UTAMI TUNJUNG PRATIWI; DODI NANDIKA; LINA KARLINASARI; ARINANA ARINANA; IRMANIDA BATUBARA; DJOKO SANTOSO; I KETUT SUDIANA; DECSA MEDIKA HERTANTO; YANTI RACHMAYANTI; DIKHI FIRMANSYAH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 11 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d241113

Abstract

Abstract. Witasari LD, Lizar DP, Florencia OM, Ramadhan A, Fiana NAO, Supriyadi S, Pratiwi SUT, Nandika D, Karlinasari L, Arinana A, Batubara I, Santoso D, Rachmayanti Y, Firmansyah D, Sudiana IK, Hertanto DM, Rachmayanti Y, Firmansyah D. 2023. Designing antimicrobial active packaging films based on chitosan plus fungus comb ethyl acetate extract from Indo-Malayan termite mounds. Biodiversitas 24: 5947-5955. Antimicrobial active packaging systems incorporate antimicrobial compounds into polymer films, i.e., chitosan, thus suppress spoilage microorganism growth in foods. Chitosan films itself cannot prevent microbial growth, thus other antimicrobial agent must be added. Fungus comb extract from Indo-Malayan termite (Macrotermes gilvus (Hagen, 1858)) mounds is a potential active organic antimicrobial compound, which can be incorporated into chitosan films. The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize active packaging films based on chitosan plus an antimicrobial fungus comb ethyl acetate extract. Films contained 1% chitosan and fungus comb ethyl acetate extract (0.5, 1, 2, and 5% w/v). Notably, films containing 2 and 5% extracts inhibited Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), but not fungi. Films plus 2% extract showed a thickness, tensile strength, and strain of 0.13 mm, 2.15 MPa, and 32.55%, respectively. Films had a moisture content of 0.26%, water solubility of 2.68%, swelling property of 2.37%, and water vapor permeability (WPV) of 3.31×10?10 g.m?1s?1.Pa?1. They displayed smooth morphology but no new functional groups. Thus, chitosan plus 2% of fungus comb ethyl acetate extract can be used in antimicrobial active packaging films for food application. It could be applied as a green alternative to prolong the shelf-life of food products.
Ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants in the Don Pu Ta Forest by Kaloeng Ethnic Group, Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand SOMBAT APPAMARAKA; SURAPON SAENSOUK; PIYAPORN SAENSOUK; AUEMPORN JUNSONGDUANG; AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 8 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240844

Abstract

Abstract. Appamaraka S, Saensouk S, Saensouk P, Junsongduang A, Setyawan AD. 2023. Ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants in the Don Pu Ta Forest by Kaloeng Ethnic Group, Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand. Biodiversitas 24: 4617-4635. Don Pu Ta Forest (in Thailand) is a vital conservation area with significant natural resources that are intertwined with the way of life, traditions, beliefs, and culture of the local community. This ecosystem fosters interdependence among its components. The local healers rely on the medicinal plants found in the Don Pu Ta Forest to provide healthcare to the people in their community. This research aimed to investigate the plant diversity, ethnobotanical knowledge, and medicinal plant utilization in the Don Pu Ta Forest, specifically within the Kaloeng Ethnic Group of Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews involving three indigenous healers and 220 local residents between January 2016 and November 2017. The interviews focused on plant usage, local names, utilized plant parts, methods of use, and medicinal properties. We also conducted vegetation analysis to assess the diversity and composition of vegetation in the Don Pu Ta Forest. The findings revealed that the Don Pu Ta Forest of the Kaloeng Ethnic Group in Sakon Nakhon Province contained medicinal plants from 28 families and 44 species. The biodiversity index (H') was calculated as 3.34, the Evenness Index (E) as 0.88, and the highest importance value index (IVI) as 25.26. Interviews with folk medicine healers identified the use of medicinal plants for treating 29 different symptoms. Notably, Micromelum minutum (Forst.f.) Wright & Arn., Rhodamnia dumetorum (DC.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, Garcinia cowa Roxb., and Casearia grewiifolia var. grewiifolia exhibited the highest Fidelity Level (FL) at 100%. The results of this study imply that ancestral wisdom's role in shaping the Kaloeng group's medicinal traditions, advocating for their integration with contemporary healthcare. In summary, the study offers valuable insights into the diversity, importance, and ethnobotanical use of medicinal plants in Don Pu Ta Forest, emphasizing possibilities for conservation, sustainable practices, and further exploration of these resources for healthcare benefits.
Molecular screening of local Indonesian rice to identified resistant varieties against brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) attacks AGUNG NUGRROHO PUSPITO; NOOR ROZZITA; MELLFANI RHAMADINDA NENDRA TIGARA; SATRIA ISKANDAR DINATA PUTRA; SRI HARTATIK; IKA PURNAMASARI; MOHAMMAD UBAIDILLAH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 10 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d241032

Abstract

Abstract. Puspito AN, Tigara MRN, Putra SID, Rozzita N, Ubaidillah M. 2023. Molecular screening of local Indonesian rice to identified resistant varieties against brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) attacks. Biodiversitas 24: 5503-5512. Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) is a significant pest in rice (Oryza sativa L.), resulting in a yield loss of around 20-80%. Environmentally friendly control involves looking for potential resistance in local Indonesian rice, because it’s naturally resistant to pests and diseases and has several tolerant mechanisms for dealing with stress. However, the resistance potential of local rice has not been widely studied, so it is necessary to carry out screening to identify the resistance possessed by local Indonesian rice and continue with molecular analysis to validate the presence of brown planthopper resistance genes. This study aimed to determine the possible resistance level of 24 Indonesian local rice varieties to brown planthopper pests. The research was conducted at the Agrotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember. In June-November 2022. This research included screening using the third instar nymph brown planthopper, preference testing to analyze the preference level for each local rice variety and molecular analysis using six BPH markers (RM 247, RM 6869, RM 19291, g12140-2, RM 3331, and RM 5479) with the MAS technique. The results showed that in the preference test, Lahoten, Fatuk Masin, and Sukamandi had a higher preference value than other local Indonesian rice. In the screening, the average local rice with very resistant criteria is Leukat Medan, while those with moderately vulnerable criteria are Sukamandi. In the molecular analysis of local Indonesian rice, the Aek Sibundong variety had the most resistance, while the Kapuas and Sukamandi varieties had the least resistance.
Genetic similarity among Dendrobium species from Indonesia using RAPD markers SRI HARTATI; SAMANHUDI SAMANHUDI; ONGKO CAHYONO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 9 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240945

Abstract

Abstract. Hartati S, Samanhudi, Cahyono O. 2023. Genetic similarity among Dendrobium species from Indonesia using RAPD markers. Biodiversitas 24: 5015-5021. Dendrobium genus orchids are one of the most popular commodities in the world due to their diverse range of flower sizes, shapes, and colors. To enhance plant breeding programs and genetic resources, it is necessary to obtain information on genetic similarity between orchids of the Dendrobium genus through molecular analysis techniques. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the genetic similarity among five Dendrobium species using molecular markers, specifically RAPD. The plant material used was obtained from five species of the Dendrobium spp, namely (i) Dendrobium mirbelianum; (ii) Dendrobium lamellatum, (iii) Dendrobium secundum, (iv) Dendrobium bracteosum, and (v) Dendrobium purpureum. The analysis was carried out to determine the genetic diversity of the Dendrobium orchids using RAPD markers. A total of five RAPD primers were used for amplification, namely OPD 8, OPA 7, OPA 13, OPB 12, and OPB 18. The scoring data were analyzed using NTSYS-pc (Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System) version 2.02 which produced data in the form of cluster dendrograms. The dendrogram that was constructed by Unweighted Pair Group Method Using Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) classified the five Dendrobium species into two main clusters. The results showed that there were two clusters, namely Cluster A consisting of D. mirbelianum, D. lamellatum, and D. secundum while Cluster B consisted of D. bracteosum and D. purpureum. Furthermore, the polymorphism of the five RAPD primers was very high, ranging from 91.6 to 100%, measuring 250-1900 bp. The coefficient of genetic similarity analyzed using the five RAPD primers ranged from 0.24 to 0.77. The species D. mirbelianum and D. lamellatum had a high coefficient of genetic similarity. Which can be discovered through parental selection in breeding program.
The impact of nickel mining on vegetation index in Molawe Sub-district, North Konawe District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia MOHAMMAD AFDHAL ADIDHARMA; SUPRIATNA SUPRIATNA; NOVERITA DIAN TAKARINA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 8 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240840

Abstract

Abstract. Adidharma MA, Supriatna, Takarina ND. 2023. The impact of nickel mining on vegetation index in Molawe Sub-district, North Konawe District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4581-4588. Nickel mining activities in Molawe Sub-district, North Konawe District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia have modified the land cover structure over time due to increased mining exploitation zones. This study intends to assess changes in land cover in the Molawe Sub-district, particularly around mining regions. The NDVI index was applied to Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite imagery data in 2001 to identify land cover conditions before mining activities, then to Landsat 8 OLI imagery data in 2015 and 2020 to identify land cover after mining activities. These data are then used to compute annual changes in the extent of each land cover. The NDVI classification produces four land cover types: non-vegetation, open soil, sparse vegetation, and moderate vegetation. The study shows that non-vegetation and open ground cover types experienced a significant increase in area from 2001 to 2015 and from 2015 to 2020. Meanwhile, sparse vegetation forest cover experienced a reduction in area from 2001 to 2015 and 2015 to 2020. In contrast to sparse vegetation, the moderate vegetation cover is experiencing a minor increase in area. Based on these results, relevant policymakers need to formulate policies to mitigate environmental impacts that may arise in the future.
Anuran communities in the dry karst ecosystem of Central Java, Indonesia MARIO FEBRIYONO; IKE NURJUITA NAYASILANA; GALUH MASYITHOH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 12 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d241210

Abstract

Abstract. Febriyono M, Nayasilana IN, Masyithoh G. 2023. Anuran communities in the dry karst ecosystem of Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6484-6492. Dry physical conditions characterize karst ecosystems. This affects the distribution of the Anura-amphibian that depend on water sources. The presence of anurans in an ecosystem can be used as an environmental bioindicator. In this study, we used a visual encounter survey to document and provide information on the presence of anurans in Pucung village, Wonogiri District, Central Java, Indonesia, to provide information for the sustainable management of this karst ecosystem. The study was conducted from January to March 2023. Observations were made at two sites--Gundi Hamlet and Dunggudel Hamlet--and covered each of the different land covers found in the region. Then, anuran species diversity was analyzed using an index calculated using Barbour diversity analysis and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), species richness index, species dominance index, and species evenness index. Environmental parameters were investigated using canonical correspondence analysis. We found eight species belonging to five families. The Rice Field Frog (Fejervarya cancrivora) was the most abundant species, with 95 individuals. The least common species was Asian Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) with two individuals. The H' values ranged from 1.21 to 1.58. The highest diversity value was found in the community forest habitat. A comparison of the values for the environmental factors, including climate (air temperature and humidity) and water pH in the three habitat types studied, showed low significance, meaning that the three habitat types were suitable for the presence of anurans. Based on the observations and environmental factors, we determined that the karst ecosystem in Pucung village could support a diversity of anuran species.
Ethnomedicinal knowledge of traditional healers on medicinal plants in Sukoharjo District, Central Java, Indonesia RIRIN NUR FADHILAH; NILAM SARIRAMADHANI KOESDARYANTO; THAARIQ RIAN PRIBADY; REISHA AZZAHRA PUTRI RESTANTA; GILANG DWI NUGROHO; AHMAD YASA; PUGUH SUJARTA; AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 8 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240803

Abstract

Abstract. Fadhilah RN, Koesdaryanto NS, Pribady TR, Restanta RAP, Nugroho GD, Yasa A, Sujarta P, Setyawan AD. 2023. Ethnomedicinal knowledge of traditional healers on medicinal plants in Sukoharjo District, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4223-4234. Indonesia is blessed with the world's largest biological diversity, reflected in the tens of thousands of species of plants that occur in Indonesia. This privilege benefits the community by using it in everyday life, including in the health sector. Medicinal plants have various benefits, such as relieving cough, fever, wounds, and other body system problems. Sukoharjo District, Central Java, Indonesia, is known as a center of traditional herbal medicine (Jamu), and the people in this district have used medicinal plants in the traditional medicine practiced by various healers or shamans. However, this local wisdom has not been documented scientifically. This study aims to collect data on ethnomedicinal knowledge of traditional healers in Sukoharjo and relevant information regarding medicinal plants used by them, including the taste of the plant. The method used in this research was a combination of direct observation, field notes, and in-depth interviews with several traditional healers. The study documented that 75 species of medicinal plants belonged to 41 families dominated by the Zingiberaceae family. Most of the plant parts of the medicinal plants used are the leaf, mostly consumed by boiling, resulting in a bitter taste drink. Common diseases to cure with traditional medicinal plants include coughs, fever, flatulence, diarrhea, diabetes, menstrual pain, flu, toothache, and ulcers. The findings of this study highlight that even though modern medicine is available, people still trust traditional healers and utilize medicinal plants, which are important for preserving ethnomedicinal knowledge in a region.
The characteristics of PUFAs-rich virgin fish oil as affected by size of tuna eye WINI TRILAKSANI; BAMBANG RIYANTO; WAHYU RAMADHAN; FAHRI SINULINGGA; SILVA FAUZIAH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 12 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d241216

Abstract

Abstract. Trilaksani W, Riyanto B, Ramadhan W, Sinulingga F, Fauziah S. 2023. The characteristics of PUFAs-rich virgin fish oil as affected by size of tuna eye. Biodiversitas 24: 6545-6556. The food supplement market expects growth in demand for long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, particularly Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), which play crucial for brain development and can lower the chances of health issues like depression, Myocardial Infarction (MI), thromboembolism, and cardiac arrhythmias, and have anti-viral effects, boosting the immune system during the pandemic. Therefore, to meet this demand, exploring new sources is crucial. Tuna eyes have emerged as a potential source of DHA; however, quality and standardized sizes pose a challenge as they are by-products. The purpose of this research was to determine how the eye size of tuna affected the quality and yield of fish oil, which is a novel source of omega-3 fatty acids. This study determined the virgin oil profile of tuna eyes, which met the quality standards. The investigation covered morphology, chemical composition, heavy metal content, oil yield and quality, fatty acid composition, and related health lipid indices (Atherogenicity Index (AI) and Thrombogenicity Index (TI)). For the size specifications, tuna eyes were classified into three groups based on their diameter, namely 'small' (<6 cm), 'medium' (6-9 cm), and 'large' (>9 cm). The results showed that eye size directly influenced the weight, fat content, and oil yield, with negligible disparity in chemical composition except for the fat content; the larger the eyes, the higher the oil yield. Tuna eye oil had a safe composition for consumption with low or undetected heavy metals, the oil's oxidative level met CODEX standards, and the fatty acid profile revealed DHA as the most abundant fatty acid, reaching 36.95%. The predominance of n-3 series values in the fatty acid composition of tuna's eye was 9-12 times greater than that of n-6 fatty acid values. The values of AI and TI were 0.33 and 0.12; 0.47 and 0.20; 0.55 and 0.20 for large, small, and medium eyes, respectively. The study highlights tuna eyes' unique characteristics and potential applications in the food supplement industry.
DGAT1 gene polymorphism and their association with fat deposition and carcass quality in Pasundan cattle of Indonesia DUDI DUDI; NENA HILMIA; ISYANA KHAERUNNISA; ANDI MUSHAWWIR
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 7 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240765

Abstract

Abstract. Dudi D, Hilmia N, Khaerunnisa I, Mushawwir A. 2023. DGAT1 gene polymorphism and their association with fat deposition and carcass quality in Pasundan cattle of Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4202-4208. The bovineAcyl-CoA: Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) gene is crucial to milk and meat quality in cattle. The K232A DGAT1 mutation was broadly used as a milk and meat quality genetic marker. Pasundan cattle are Indonesian local cattle from West Java. These local cattle have adapted to the tropical environment, environmental factors are not obstructing their development. The DGAT1 gene polymorphism information and their contribution to fat deposition and carcass quality in Pasundan cattle is very limited. The objective of this study was to examine the genetic polymorphism of the K232A DGAT1 gene and its association with fat deposition and carcass quality in Pasundan cattle population. The gene polymorphisms were identified using PCR, and direct sequencing to discover a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). All sequencing results (ABI trace files) were analyzed in FinchTV, BioEdit, and Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis (MEGA) 6.0. Genotyping was performed on 80 Pasundan cattle. In comparison, Ongole-Grade (n=5), Bali (n=2), Simmental (n=2), Limousin (n=2), Madura (n=2), and Pesisir (n=2) were also used in this study. Their association with fat deposition and carcass quality was evaluated on seven heads of AK genotype and 23 heads of KK genotype. According to the sequencing result, two SNPs were found at g.201G>A and g.202C>A, respectively. The K232A DGAT1 locus was polymorphic in Pasundan cattle population with the K and A allele frequencies of 0.956 and 0.044, respectively. In addition, DGAT1 gene polymorphisms are not associated with back fat thickness, longissimus dorsi area, rump area, and intramuscular fat.
Deterministic assessment of the ecological vulnerability of coastal freshwater canals: A perspective on social awareness and conservation NAJMUS SAKIB KHAN; MD. SAIFUL ISLAM; JABER BIN ABDUL BARI; MAEEN UDDIN; IRINA MASHKOVA; ANASTASIYA KOSTRYUKOVA; VIKTOR TROFIMENKO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 9 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240962

Abstract

Abstract. Khan NS, Islam MS, Bari JBA, Uddin M, Mashkova I, Kostryukova A, Trofimenko V. 2023. Deterministic assessment of the ecological vulnerability of coastal freshwater canals: A perspective on social awareness and conservation. Biodiversitas 24: 5179-5188. Inland freshwater canals are formed by geomorphological evolutions or artificially for communal welfare. The freshwater canal ecology differs mainly from rivers, estuaries, and the ocean for salinity variables, nutrient concentrations, morphological structure, and unique flora and fauna distribution. These canals and their aquatic organisms are very sensitive to surface runoff and direct sewage pollution. Thus, these freshwater canals become threats to society in case of contamination. The current study focused on the water quality, microalgae, and zooplankton communities in two renowned canals: Basurhat (BH) canal and Dotterhat (DH) canal in coastal Noakhali, Bangladesh. The study attempted to demonstrate these canals' aquatic and ecological status by evaluating plankton distribution and some important water quality parameters. Furthermore, a classic Palmer's algal organic pollution Index and wetland zooplankton Index were applied to determine the water quality according to species assemblages of freshwater algae and zooplankton, respectively. The present study identified 27 phytoplankton genera from Bashurhat Canal and 21 from Datterhat Canal. At the same time, 16 genera of zooplankton were observed with 2,269.09±52.12 ind/L and 4,588.54±40.79 ind/L from Bashurhat Canal and Datterhat Canal, respectively. The water quality differed from Bashurhat Canal and Datterhat Canal, where the highest temperature was found at Bashurhat Canal at 23.55±0.15°C and the lowest was 22.6±0.1°C. Moreover, the highest and lowest temperature was found from Datterhat Canal as 29.8±0.9°C and 29.67±0.78°C respectively. The highest transparency (cm), Dissolve Oxygen (mg/L), alkalinity (mg/L), free carbon dioxide (mg/L), ammonia (mg/L) and TSS (mg/L) were found as 29±1.0, 1.25±0.25, 58.76±0.26, 59.25±0.66, 8.25±0.25, 2.25±0.05 and the lowest were found 20.5± 0.5, 0.75±0.25, 27.73±0.49, 11.28±0.69, 8.15±0.15, 2.2±0.1 in Bashurhat Canal. Additionally, the highest transparency (cm), Dissolve oxygen (mg/L), alkalinity (mg/L), free carbon dioxide (mg/L), ammonia (mg/L), and TSS (mg/L) were found as 15.75±0.25, 1.85±0.50, 53.96±0.5, 55.09±0.8, 8.1±0.1, 4.0±0.1 and the lowest were identified 14.5± 0.5, 1.25±0.25, 23.1±0.4, 49.23±0.38, 7.65±0.50, 2.54±0.75 in Datterhat Canal. The study results indicate the deterioration of water quality in urbanized canals and that aquatic ecosystems face many long-term anthropogenic pressures. The current canal state requires measures to restore them. In addition, there is a need for strict control over the discharge of waste and pollutants from residential areas, fish markets, and hospitals.

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