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BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
Published by Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology
ISSN : 02156334     EISSN : 1907770X     DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11598/btb
Core Subject : Health, Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Veterinary
BIOTROPIA, The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology, is a scientific publication of the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) – Southeast Asian Regional Center for Tropical Biology (BIOTROP). It publishes articles in the broad areas of tropical ecosystems and environmental impacts, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development and biotechnology.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Semua) - Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Lain-Lain)
Articles 520 Documents
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BIOECOLOGY OF DIORYCTRIA ABIETELLA DENIS AND SCHIFF. A PEST OF CONIFERS IN THE NORTH-WESTERN HIMALAYA VERMA, T.D
BIOTROPIA No. 7 (1994)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.1994.0.7.115

Abstract

Cones and seeds of conifers, such as Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana are seriously damaged by Dioryctria abietella Denis and Schiff. (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) in the North-Western Himalayan region of India. Bioecological studies carried out during 1991 - '92 revealed that the females laid whitish, elliptical eggs singly on the depressed surface of the young cones. The average egg size was 1.00 ± 0.11 x 0.60 ±0.08 mm and this stage lasted for 3 - 5 days. The larval stage passed through five instars. All the instars differed in appearance, size and duration and larvae became full-fed in an average of 24.8 ± 1.9 days. The full-fed larva spun a cocoon around itself, sealed it with white papery membrane and pupated inside the cone or any other outside protected place. The prepupal and pupal periods lasted for 7-8 and 10-14 days, respectively. The pupa was dark brown, 13.8 ± 0.07 mm in length. Total period from egg to adult varied from 46 to 59 days (52.7 ±4.8 days). Adults were dirty brown in appearance and were 13.59±0.115 mm long with an average wing expanse of 29.0 ± 1.00 mm. They lived for 4 to 5 days. Under laboratory conditions, the pest completed two generations per year and full-fed larvae of 3rd generation overwintered during September - October. Two larval parasites belonging to order Hymenoptera and Diptera, and a fungal pathogen (Fusarium sp.) were found associated with this pest. The detailed biology, nature and extent of damage, along with its distribution have been discussed and methods of control suggested. Key Words: Insect biology, Insect ecology, Dioryctria abietella, Coniferae, North-Western Himalaya, Forest pests
Diversity of Plasmodial Myxomycetes from Anda Island, Pangasinan, Philippines dela Cruz, Thomas Edison
BIOTROPIA Vol. 20 No. 1 (2013): BIOTROPIA Vol. 20 No. 1 June 2013
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2013.20.1.233

Abstract

The unique life cycle and fascinating fruiting bodies of myxomycetes make them ideal model organisms for the study of cellular differentiation. Our research study then focuses on the diversity and abundance of myxomycetes found in Anda Island, Pangasinan in Northern Philippines. A total of 180 moist chambers were prepared from ground leaf litter and twigs collected from a 15 m2 quadrat within the study site. Twenty four species of myxomycetes belonging to 11 genera were collected and identified from the moist chambers: Arcyria (2), Collaria (1), Comatricha (1), Craterium (2), Diachea (1), Diderma (2), Didymium (1), Elaeomyxa (1), Perichaena (1), Physarum (11), and Stemonitis (1). Of all moist chambers, 55% yielded myxomycetes. Ground leaf litter (29%) yielded more myxomycetes than twigs (26%). Among the collected species, one for each of the genera Arcyria, Craterium, Diderma, and Physarum were recorded to be abundant. Interestingly, three species of myxomycetes are new records for the Philippines: Craterium microcarpum, Physarum decipiens and Elaeomyxa miyazakiensis. This is the first report of myxomycetes in Anda Island, Pangasinan, Philippines.
Powder Formulation of Antagonists Yeasts, Cryptococcus albidus and Cryptococcus terreus as Biofungicides Wiyono, Suryo
BIOTROPIA Vol. 20 No. 1 (2013): BIOTROPIA Vol. 20 No. 1 June 2013
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2013.20.1.264

Abstract

The research has following objectives: 1) to investigate compatibility of yeasts antagonist  C. albidus and C. terreus, 2) to obtain suitable carrier  in powder formulation for those two yeasts,  3) to get appropriate formulation additives for those yeasts,  and 4) to obtain optimum powder formulation consisting yeasts, carrier materials and additives.  Compatibility of C. albidus and  C. terreus  was tested through bio-assay  against Lasiodiplodia theobromae on detached banana fruit  and Alternaria solani on detached tomato leaves.  Compatibility was indicated by no reduction of antagonistic activity.  Benomyl-resistant mutant of C. albidus  and cycloheximide-resistant mutant of  C. terreus were mixed with sterilized tapioca, talc and kaolin  to get initial yeasts density of  8.5 log cfu/g and water content of 15%,  then  packed by plastic bag and stored under room temperature. Survival of formulated yeasts was assessed monthly by plating on PDA medium containing 150 ppm cycloheximide for C. terreus, and 150 ppm benomyl for C. albidus.  Yeasts population was expressed in log cfu/g materials.  To determine effect of carrier materials on antagonistic activity, bio-assay of formulated yeasts against pathogens was conducted after 3 months storage. Tested additives i.e. CaCl2, pure chitin and crab shell powder were added into suspension of C. albidus and C. terreus to get concentration of 1.25%,  0.5 %  and 0. 1% (w/v). Sterilized aquadest and yeasts without additives was used as control. Then  the treatments was examined the antagonistic activity through  bio-asaay  on detached banana fruits and tomato leaves. Appropriate additive(s) was determined by its ability to increase antagonistic activity of yeasts. Storability and antagonistic activity of  C. albidus dan C. terreus  in the mixture of best carrier and additive were examined.  C. terreus  was compatible to C. albidus. The best carrier materials supporting highest survival of C. terreus was tapioca and talc, those supported survival for four months storage.  Talc was best carrier material for C. albidus formulation by maintaining its survival for five months storage. Additives which able to increase antagonistic activity of C. terreus were CaCl2  0.1 % , pure chitin  0.1 %  and crab shell powder  0.5%.  Additives providing best increase of antagonistic activity of C. albidus were CaCl2 0.5%, pure chitin  1.25 %  and crab shell 1.25%.  Supplementation of chitin and crab shell, both at the rate of 1.25% into talc-base powder formulation  increased  survival of both yeasts at one months storage, however no significant effect subsequently.Key words: formulation, yeasts antagonists, Cryptococcus terreus, Cryptococcus albidus,  carrier agent, talc, tapioca, kaolin, CaCl2, chitin, crab shell powder
Binary Vector Construction and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated Transformation of Lysozyme Gene in Seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii handayani, Tri; Alimuddin, Alimuddin; Widyastuti, Utut; Suryati, Emma; Parenrengi, Andi
BIOTROPIA Vol. 21 No. 2 (2014): BIOTROPIA Vol. 21 No. 2 December 2014
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2014.21.2.348

Abstract

Ice-ice disease is the biggest problem in the cultivation of seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii. The disease is caused by bacterial infection and induced by drastic changes of water quality. Lysozyme has the ability to break down bacterial cell wall. The purpose of this research was to construct of a binary vector pMSH1-Lys carrying chicken Lysozyme (Lis) gene and introduce pMSH1-Lis on K. alvarezii. The binary vector expression was transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 by triparental mating. Thallus was inoculated with A. tumefaciens carrying pMSH1-Lis and then the transformed thallus was selected by adding 20 mg/L hygromycin to the culture medium. PCR analysis showed that the construction of the binary plasmid pMSH1-Lys was established. Percentage of transformation of pMSH1-Lis on K. alvarezii was 23.56%, while the efficiency of regeneration was 11.32%. PCR analysis showed that three of the regenerated thallus contained Lysozyme gene. Thus, transgenic K. alvarezii was produced successfully and this can be useful for studying the mechanisms of seaweed defense against bacterial infection.
Molecular Characterization of Begomovirus Infecting Yard Long Bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis L.) in Java, Indonesia Nurulita, Sari; Hidayat, Sri Hendrastuti; Mutaqin, Kikin Hamzah; Thomas, John
BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 1 (2015): BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 1 June 2015
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2015.22.1.401

Abstract

Begomovirus has been identified as one of the causal agents associated with yellow mosaic disease in yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.)) in Java. Previous studies reported that Begomovirus has infected several Leguminosae species in South Asia, and several Begomoviruses have also been reported to infect important crops in Indonesia based on nucleotide sequence characterization. This study was conducted to identify and characterize Begomovirus isolated from yardlong bean samples in Java based on specific genomic features of the Common Region. Samples were collected from yardlong bean fields in Central Java (Tegal, Magelang, and Klaten), Yogyakarta (Sleman), and West Java (Bogor and Subang); viral detection was performed using I-ELISA, PCR, and sequencing; and molecular characterization was conducted using BioEdit v.7.0.5 and MEGA 6.06 software. Yellow mosaic disease was observed in nearly all surveyed fields, and infection of Potyvirus and Begomovirus was detected either as single or mixed infection. PCR results confirmed Begomovirus infection in samples from Tegal, Klaten, Magelang, Subang, and Bogor. Sequence analysis revealed that the virus infecting yardlong bean was Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus (MYMIV) and shared close genetic similarity with isolates from Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Nepal. Further analysis revealed conserved regions surrounding the Common Region, including the “TATA box” sequence, hairpin-loop structure, repetitive sequences, and the conserved nonanucleotide TAATATTAC. This study provides the first report of MYMIV infection in Indonesia.
Cellulase Production by Bacillus subtilis M1 Using Pretreated Groundnut Shell Based Liquid State Fermentation Vyas, Ashish Kr; Putatunda, Chayanika; Singh, Joginder; Vyas, Deepak
BIOTROPIA Vol. 23 No. 1 (2016): BIOTROPIA Vol. 23 No. 1 June 2016
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2016.23.1.472

Abstract

Groundnut shell, which is rich in natural cellulose, was assessed as a substrate for the production of cellulase enzyme by cellulolytic bacteria. In the present investigation, the bacterial isolate M1 was found to be capable of producing high amounts of endoglucanase and exoglucanase on alkali-treated groundnut shell. The effects of various nitrogen sources, amino acids, and Ca²⁺ ions in the medium containing pretreated groundnut shell were also evaluated. It was observed that a 2% substrate concentration and 1 mM calcium concentration were optimal for cellulase production. Among the nitrogen sources tested, ammonium nitrate was found to be the most effective. Asparagine, tryptophan, and methionine were found to stimulate cellulase activity.
Soil Seed Bank of An Exotic Acacia sp. Plantation and An Adjacent Tropical Heath Forest in Brunei Darussalam Suhaili, Adrian Lee Rahman; Tennakoon, Kushan; Sukri, Rahayu Sukmaria
BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015): BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 December 2015
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2015.22.2.487

Abstract

Acacias are among the most successful invasive plants in tropical regions, causing significant negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services of invaded habitats. Their invasiveness is partly attributed to their ability to accumulate large soil seed banks in areas they colonize. This study compared seedling emergence and soil seed bank composition under an Acacia mangium plantation and an adjacent tropical heath (kerangas) forest in the Andulau Forest Reserve, Brunei Darussalam. Soil samples were collected from ten 20 × 20 m plots established in three contrasting habitats: the plantation, the adjacent heath forest, and the transition zone between them. Soil samples were subjected to smoke and heat treatments, and seedling emergence was monitored daily over a 12-week period. In a parallel assessment, variations in species richness, seed density, and seed viability were examined across the ten plots. Seedling emergence was highest in the plantation and lowest in the heath forest plots. However, no significant differences among treatments and no significant treatment–habitat interactions were detected. Species richness, seed density, and seed viability in the plantation plots were significantly lower than those in the transition zone and intact heath forest plots. Acacia mangium seeds were not detected in the heath forest soil seed banks but were found in plantation and transition zone plots. The lower native plant species richness, seed density, and viability in the plantation may indicate a higher regeneration potential for the heath forest habitat should major disturbance occur within the reserve. Proper plantation management and continuous monitoring of soil seed banks are recommended to minimize the spread of invasive Acacia species into tropical heath forests of Borneo.
Genetic Diversity and Trait Association Analysis of Indonesian Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Germplasm Using SSR Markers Fatimah, Fatimah; Herlina, Lina; Silitonga, Tiur Sudiaty
BIOTROPIA Vol. 23 No. 2 (2016): BIOTROPIA Vol. 23 No. 2 December 2016
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2016.23.2.489

Abstract

Generating a new crop variety with certain desirable traits requires germplasm collection with wide genetic diversity to facilitate accelerated development of improved cultivars. This study was conducted to characterize genetic diversity of Indonesian rice accessions using SSR markers and their agro-morphological characters to allow the identification of Marker Trait Association (MTA). A survey of genetic diversity among 72 traditional landraces of 15 provinces in Indonesia and 24 improved varieties was conducted using four multiplex panels of 14 fluorescent-labeled SSR markers and 22 agro-morphological characters. A total of 140 alleles with an average of 10 alleles per locus and Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) values at 0.73. The population structure identified five subgroups. A total of 4 highly significant MTA were identified. One character with highly significant MTA was number of panicle associated with RM277. Based on SSR marker, RM105 had two MTAs for auricle color and ligule shape. After validation, these MTAs may be deployed to improve rice productivity.
Isolation and Characterization of a Molybdenum-Reducing and Phenolic- and Catechol-Degrading Enterobacter sp. Strain Saw-2 Sabullah, Mohd Khalizan; Rahman, Mohd Fadhil; Ahmad, Siti Aqlima; Sulaiman, Mohd Rosni; Shukor, Mohd Shukri; Gansau, Azlan Jualang; Shamaan, Nor Aripin; Shukor, Mohd Yunus
BIOTROPIA Vol. 24 No. 1 (2017): BIOTROPIA Vol. 24 No. 1 April 2017
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2017.24.1.550

Abstract

Molybdenum is an emerging pollutant worldwide. This study aimed to isolate a molybdenum-reducing bacterium capable of growing on phenolic compounds, specifically phenol and catechol. The screening process was conducted using a microplate assay. The bacterium reduced molybdenum in the form of sodium molybdate to molybdenum blue (Mo-blue). Optimal molybdate reduction occurred within a narrow pH range of 6.3–6.8 and at temperatures between 34–37 °C. Glucose was the most effective carbon source supporting molybdate reduction, while phenol and catechol did not support the reduction process. Additional requirements for molybdate reduction included sodium molybdate concentrations of 15–30 mM and phosphate at 5.0 mM. The Mo-blue produced exhibited an absorption spectrum characterized by a shoulder at 700 nm and a maximum peak near the infrared region at 865 nm. The Mo-reducing bacterium was partially identified as Enterobacter sp. strain Saw-2. The ability of this bacterium to grow on toxic phenolic compounds and detoxify molybdenum suggests strong potential for use in bioremediation applications.
Reproductive Biology of the Freshwater Clam Pokea (Batissa violacea var. celebensis, von Marten 1897) (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in the Pohara River, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia Bahtiar, Bahtiar; Anadi, La; Nurgayah, Wa; Hamzah, Muhaimin; Hernawan, Udhi Eko
BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 1 (2021): BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 1 April 2021
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.0.0.0.623

Abstract

The freshwater clam, locally known as Pokea (Batissa riolacea var. celebensis, von Martens 1897; Bivalvia: Corbulidae), is a popular and widely consumed food in Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi. Despite its popularity, basic information required for conservation management, such as reproductive biology, is lacking. Hence, this study aims to examine the reproductive biology of the clam obtained from the Pohara River, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Pokea samples were collected monthly from February 2012 to January 2013. Its reproductive biology, including sex ratio, stage of gonadal maturity, gonadosomatic index (GSI), fecundity, and size at first mature gonad for each sample, was recorded. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and linear regression in the software package SigmaPlot v.6.0. The Pokea population in the Pohara River was male-biased. The population spawns throughout the year, with the peak spawning season occurring in August–September. Mature gonads were found at small shell sizes, indicating early sexual maturity. This gonadal development in Pokea, which might have been influenced by food availability, provides very relevant baseline information for the conservation of the Pokea population in the Pohara River.

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