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BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
Published by Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology
ISSN : 02156334     EISSN : 1907770X     DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11598/btb
Core Subject : Health, Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Veterinary
BIOTROPIA, The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology, is a scientific publication of the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) – Southeast Asian Regional Center for Tropical Biology (BIOTROP). It publishes articles in the broad areas of tropical ecosystems and environmental impacts, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development and biotechnology.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Semua) - Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Lain-Lain)
Articles 545 Documents
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INTESTINAL HISTOLOGY OF THE GROUPER Epinephelus lanceolatus × fuscoguttatus ADMINISTERED WITH SIMPLICIA PAPAYA Rostika, Rita; Yustiati, Ayu; Rizal, Achmad; Rudyansyah, Mochammad; Dewanti, Lantun Paradhita
BIOTROPIA Vol. 26 No. 3 (2019): BIOTROPIA Vol. 26 No. 3 December 2019
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2019.26.3.1107

Abstract

The grouper (Epinephelus sp.) is a marine fish species that is widely cultivated commercially for hatchery and grow–out purposes and shows a promising production prospect. The structure and development of fish intestines are influenced by internal and external factors, such as water quality, feed quality, and feed quantity. However, even though the protein content in the diet is relatively high, the growth performance of Epinephelus lanceolatus × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus remains low. This study aimed to determine the effect of papaya simplicia supplementation on grouper growth, specifically absolute weight gain and protein efficiency ratio. The experiment used a Completely Randomized Design with five treatments and three replications (A: papaya simplicia 5%, B: 3.75%, C: 2.5%, D: 1.25%, and E: 0% as the control). Groupers were reared in floating net cages in Pangandaran Regency, Indonesia. Supplementation of papaya simplicia at 3.75% and 5% increased the number of necrotic cells (169 and 183 cells, respectively), as well as the number of goblet cells. The addition of papaya simplicia at 5%, 3.75%, and 2.5% increased the absolute weight gain to 161.36 g, 152.19 g, and 152.09 g, respectively. Supplementation at 5% and 3.75% also increased the protein efficiency ratio to 3.18% and 3.19%, respectively.
EFFECT OF POWDER AND LIQUID PREPARATIONS OF PROBIOTICS ON WHITE SHRIMP (Litopenaeus vannamei) GROWTH PERFORMANCE Safitri, Ratu; Andriani, Yuli; Sunendi, Sunendi; Iskandar, Iskandar; Buwono, Ibnu Dwi
BIOTROPIA Vol. 27 No. 3 (2020): BIOTROPIA Vol. 27 No. 3 December 2020
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.0.0.0.1124

Abstract

Indonesia is the second largest supplier of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone 1931) in the USA market. Hence, the need for its sustainable production and improved growth. Probiotics, among others, are known for their growth enhancing attributes. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effects of powder and liquid probiotics on the growth of white shrimps at the Minaloka Jaya shrimp ponds, Grabag District, Purwerojo Regency, Central Java. The shrimps were cultivated for 60 days and applied with three probiotic treatments, namely commercial liquid probiotics with dosage of 10 mL/kg feed, powder probiotics with dosage of 10 g/kg feed and liquid probiotic with dosage of 10 mL/kg feed. Each probiotic preparation was administered four times a day to over 150,000 vannamei shrimps which were cultured in a semi-intensive system. Probiotics in powder and liquid forms contain Lactobacillus fermentum, L acidophilus, L. plantarum, L, curvatus, Bacillus licheniformis, B. subtilis, and B. polimyxa. B. megaterium, B. coagulans, Pseudomonasputida, Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrobacter sp. Using the Randomized Block Design (RBD), the three treatments were replicated five times. The application of probiotics in both powder and liquid forms had increased the growth yield of the vannamei shrimp. However, the powder probiotic had shown better growth performance than the commercial liquid probiotics and liquid preparation of probiotics. Probiotic powder form provides a specific growth rate (SGR) of 8.18%, absolute body length of 9.68 cm, absolute biomass of 6.78 g, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.93.
GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF DIPTEROCARP SPECIES PLANTED ON ABANDONED MINING AREA IN SOUTHERN THAILAND Wongprom, Jetsada
BIOTROPIA Vol. 27 No. 2 (2020): BIOTROPIA Vol. 27 No. 2 August 2020
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2020.27.2.1173

Abstract

Dominant Dipterocarp trees hold a significant importance in the ecology and economics of the declining tropical forests of Asia. Of equal importance is the restoration of these Dipterocarp forest using the technique of matching species with silvicultural practices. The study aimed to investigate the effect of the Acacia mangium nurse trees on the survival and growth of six Dipterocarp species planted on abandoned mining areas in the Phangnga Forestry Research Station, Thailand, namely; Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb., Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume, Hopea odorata Roxb., Shorea gratissima (Wall. ex Kurz) Dyer, Shorea roxburghii G. Don, and Parashorea stellata Kurz. The approximately 1.5-year-old Dipterocarp seedlings were planted at a 6-year-old A. mangium plantation cover and at open plots. The survival rate, diameter at root collar (D0), total height (H) and the relative growth rate (RGR) of D0 and H of the seedlings were compared. Soil samples at the open and the A. mangium plots were collected and its physical and chemical properties were analyzed. The results indicated that the survival rates of the Dipterocarps planted at the A. mangium plot were higher than those at the open plots. The survival rates (75-100%) of the 1 to 3-year-old D. alatus, H. odorata, S. gratissima, S. roxburghii, and P. stellata were relatively high at the A. mangium plot, but not for D. gracilis. The D0 of S. roxburghii, D. alatus, H. odorata, and P. stellata were higher at the A. mangium plot. However, the D0 and H of S. roxburghii, D. alatus, and H. odorata at the open plot were high and similar to that of the A. mangium plot. RGRD0 and RGRH of S. roxburghii, D. alatus, and H. odorata were high both at the A. mangium and the open plots. Generally, the Dipterocarp seedlings were growing better under the A. mangium nurse trees, thus suggesting the possibility of their improved survival and growth in mined out areas. Moreover, the findings also suggest that S. roxburghii, D. alatus, and H. odorata can be planted at open areas with poor soil conditions and extreme environments. Lastly, thinning interventions are also needed to improve the growth of Dipterocarp trees.
SEA RANCHING OF Holothuria atra: STOCKING DENSITY AND TIME Hartati, Retno; Ambariyanto, Ambariyanto; Zainuri, Muhammad; Widianingsih, Widianingsih
BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 2 (2021): BIOTROPIA Vol.28 No.2, Agustus 2021
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.0.0.0.1180

Abstract

Strong market demand, uncontrolled exploitation, and inadequate fisheries resource management have caused the overexploitation of sea cucumbers. Hence, sea ranching has been suggested as an intervention to overcome, or at least minimize, this problem. Since stocking density is one of the most important considerations in sea cucumber rearing, this study aimed to determine the optimal stocking density for the ranching of Holothuria atra. Individuals of H. atra were collected from Panjang Island, Jepara waters, and reared in bottom cages in Teluk Awur waters, Jepara, at densities of 30, 20, or 10 individuals per cage measuring 2 × 2 × 1.8 m (with a bottom area of 4 m²). Stocking of H. atra was conducted three times: at the time of cage installation, during the second month, and during the third month after installation. Characteristics of the bottom sediment (i.e., chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, phaeophytin, and total carotene) in the sea cucumber habitat, as well as water quality parameters within the cages, were measured monthly. The results showed that the growth of H. atra fluctuated throughout the rearing period. Low stocking density resulted in higher individual weight gain compared to high stocking density. The highest weight gain was observed at a stocking density of 10 individuals per cage during the second stocking month. The highest survival rate (93%) was recorded at a stocking density of 30 individuals per cage during the third stocking month, considering that the sea cucumbers were reared for only three months. The highest mortality occurred at a stocking density of 20 individuals per cage. A low survival rate of 45% was observed during the first stocking period, or after the fifth month of rearing. Fission was observed among H. atra reared in the cages, resulting in smaller individuals. Among the measured parameters, sediment chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, phaeophytin, and carotene concentrations fluctuated with rearing duration due to feeding activity and bioturbation by sea cucumbers. Overall, the results of this study suggest that a low stocking density of H. atra during the second stocking month promotes higher growth rates.
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS ON THE REPRODUCTION OF NON-HUMAN PRIMATES ShikhMaidin, Mashitah Shikh
BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 2 (2021): BIOTROPIA Vol.28 No.2, Agustus 2021
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2021.28.2.1296

Abstract

This paper aims to review some highlights on the effects of environmental stress on the non-human primate population, particularly climate change and food limitation, which may have resulted in poor reproductive performance. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists more than a third of the world’s primates as critically endangered or vulnerable. Non-human primates, which are the closest biological relatives of humans, are threatened with extinction due to human activities and environmental stress. Deforestation is the main problem that intercalates with climate change. Either indirectly or directly, those extinction factors could interrupt the physiological basis of reproduction among non-human primates. Research on other species has shown that high ambient temperature causing heat stress has harmed reproductive performance by interfering with the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. Therefore, the survival, conservation, and sustainability of non-human primates growing in captivity and in the wild require more work and research to be done.
UNDERSTANDING NATURAL REGENERATION IN BURNED TROPICAL PEATLAND: A STRATEGY TO ACCELERATE THE FOREST RECOVERY PROCESS Lestari, Dwi Puji; Darusman, Taryono; Harsanto, Fransiskus; Arriyadi, Desra; Ginanjar, Ginanjar
BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 3 (2021): BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 3 December 2021
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2021.28.3.1330

Abstract

The 2015 massive forest fires across Central Icalimantan left large areas of burned peatlands that need to be restored, demanding substantial resources. To understand natural regeneration of burned peatland and how planting might accelerate its recovery process, the regrowth of burned peatlands was measured with different fire frequencies. Three transects were established. Each transect consisted of five 20 x 20 m plots with 30 m intervals. All woody species were recorded and classified into three categories as new regrowth, regrowth, and remnant trees that survive from the last fire. In addition, data from fifteen 2 x 2 m permanent natural regeneration plots and evaluation on survival rate of 2017 planting were also analyzed. Research results suggested that the absence of remnant trees due to frequent or severe fires does not always impede the emergence of new recruitments, although diversity of forest regrowth is likely to be affected by its proximity to forest remnants. The floristic composition also showed a domination of pioneer species, giving evidence that forest recovery is initiated. Our study indicated that the combination of fire frequency, fire intensity, and proximity to remnant forest will produce different degrees of forest recovery, and the result will be unique for each site. It is concluded that to support the recovery process through planting activity, the successional stage of the designated sites should be determined first. The common planting method on large areas with mixed climax-high valuable trees was not beneficial unless the restoration sites had reached the later stages of succession.
EFFECTIVENESS OF INDIGENOUS ENDOMYCORRHIZAL BIOFERTILIZER PROTOTYPE ON ORGANIC SALAK (Salacca zalacca) PLANTATIONS AND ITS EFFECT ON NUTRIENT AND CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT OF LEAVES Rai, I Nyoman; Suada, I Ketut; Wiraatmaja, I Wayan; Astiari, Ni Komang Alit
BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 3 (2021): BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 3 December 2021
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2021.28.3.1333

Abstract

Organically cultivated salak (Salacca zalacca) on dry land has limited production in Bali. Typically, fertilization is carried out using leaf litter or other organic fertilizers because soil fertility is low for salak plantations. The present study analyzed the effectiveness of an indigenous endomycorrhizal biofertilizer on the nutrient and total carbohydrate content of salak leaves and fruits. The study used a randomized block design with nine replicates. The treatment consisted of three levels, i.e., (1) fertilization with leaf litter only, as practiced by farmers and used as the control (C); (2) fertilization with an indigenous endomycorrhizal biofertilizer prototype (P); and (3) combined fertilization with leaf litter and an indigenous endomycorrhizal biofertilizer prototype (PM). Spores of indigenous endomycorrhizae from salak plantations were used to prepare the biofertilizer prototype. The results showed that the P and PM treatments provided beneficial results, such as: (1) significantly increasing chlorophyll content, relative water content of leaves, and the number and weight of fruits per tree; (2) improving fruit quality by increasing sweetness and weight per fruit; and (3) having a positive effect on water uptake and nutrient absorption, as indicated by high N and P contents in leaf tissue and high carbohydrate content in leaves.
OVEREXPRESSION OF Gα GENE INCREASES GROWTH AND HYPOSALINE TOLERANCE IN Kappaphycus alvarezii TRANSGENIC PLANTLETS Sulistiani, Erina
BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 3 (2021): BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 3 December 2021
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2021.28.3.1047

Abstract

G proteins are membrane proteins that play roles in signal transduction in living organisms. They consist of α, β and γ subunits. The G protein α subunit (Gα) plays a role in plant resistance toward biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. Transgenic plantlets of Kappaphycus alvarezii carrying the Gα gene (derived from soybean) have been successfully obtained through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The present study aimed to: 1. compare the growth of non-transgenic and transgenic plantlets of K. alvarezii in vitro using Provasoli enriched seawater (PES) medium with normal salinity and hyposalinity and 2. analyze the expression level of the Gα gene in transgenic plantlets using quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). The results showed that all transgenic plantlets (six clones) had significantly higher daily growth rate (DGR, % / d) than that of non-transgenic under the condition of  normal salinity (30 ppt) and hyposalinity (15 and 20 ppt) for 5 weeks of observation. At 15 ppt, transgenic plantlets were more tolerant than non-transgenic ones, as most thalli of transgenic plantlets remained brown in color, whereas most thalli of non-transgenic plantlets were bleached. The results of the qPCR analysis showed that the expression of the Gα gene in transgenic plantlets increased by 6.43 - 8.03 times compared with that of non-transgenic plantlets. The result of Pearson correlation analysis showed that relative expression of Gα gene had a strong correlation, both with DGRs in normal salinity and hyposalinity of transgenic plantlets (correlation coefficient > 0.7). The correlation was linearly positive, where increased expression of the Gα gene was strongly associated with an increase in DGRs.
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF ARABICA COFFEE BEANS FROM THREE PROCESSING METHODS AND TWO TYPES OF PACKAGING MATERIALS Dharmaputra, Okky S.; Ambarwati, Santi; Retnowati, Ina; Nurfadila, Nijma
BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 3 (2021): BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 3 December 2021
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2021.28.3.1325

Abstract

In Southeast Asia, Indonesia is the second highest-producing country of coffee beans after Vietnam. Consequently, Indonesia competes with other countries in producing good quality coffee beans. However, not many people have sufficient skills in tackling problems related to the postharvest handling of these coffee beans. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) beans in terms of moisture content, fungal infection (especially ochratoxin A or OTA producing fungi), OTA contamination, and the taste of the coffee during storage. The three processing methods used were dry, wet, and semi-wet methods. The beans were packed using two types of packaging materials, i.e. Kantong Semar high gas barrier and polypropylene bags (4 kg/bag). They were then stored under warehouse conditions during 4 months of storage. The moisture content of coffee beans processed using the three methods and packed using polypropylene bags was higher than that of coffee beans packed using Kantong Semar high gas barrier; however, it was still lower than the safe moisture content for coffee determined by the Indonesian National Standard (12.5%). Aspergillus niger was found in coffee processed using the three methods and packed using a Kantong Semar high gas barrier. Its population was relatively low (< 0.1 x 10 cfu/g wet basis). Aspergillus ochraceus was found in coffee processed using dry and wet methods at the beginning of storage. Its population was also relatively low (< 0.3 x 10 cfu/g w.b. OTA content was not detected in all coffee samples, because it was lower than the detection limit of the instrument used (< 1.85 ppb). At the beginning of the storage, all coffee samples were dominated by yeast with the population of 1.9 x 102 – 1.2 x 103 cfu/g w.b. The taste of coffee in various treatments during 4 months of storage was still above the total standard score for specialty grade ≥ 80. The highest total score (84) was found in coffee beans processed using a dry method and packed in Kantong Semar high gas barrier. The three processing methods and the two types of packaging materials can be used to maintain the quality of coffee beans during 4 months of storage.
DIVERSITY OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH FRUITS AND LEAVES OF TAMARIND (Tamarindusindica L.) BASED O N ITS RIBOSOMAL DNA SEQUENCES Mohd Zainudin, Nur Ain Izzati; Mohd Zaini, Nurul Asyiqin; Md Nizam, Nurul Huwaidah; Awg Zainal Abidin, Dayang Fatin Zafira; Mohd Nazri, Nor Izanis Azni
BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 3 (2021): BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 3 December 2021
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2021.28.3.1339

Abstract

Plant-associated microbes are among the important natural resources that abundantly exist in natural environment such as endophytic fungi. The studies on endophytic fungi in medicinal plants have allowed the discovery of numerous fungi species and their hidden potentials. Therefore, this study focused on the isolation and identification of endophytic fungi from several plant parts of tamarind such as leaves and fruits. A total of 69 fungal cultures were successfully isolated and identified into 33 distinct species from 14 genera based on morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis using a Maximum Likelihood method. There were six different species obtained from the genus Colletotrichum (C. aenigma, C. brevisporum, C. cobbittiense, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides and C. siamense), and Diaporthe (D. arecae, D. ceratozamiae, D. phaseolorum, D. pseudomangiferae, D. pseudooculi  and D. pseudophoenicicola), four species of Aspergillus (A. aculeatus, A. carbonarius, A. flavus and A. tubingensis), three species of Curvularia (C. aeria , C. geniculata and C. lunata) and Nigrospora (N. lacticolonia, N. oryzae and N. sphaerica), two species of Lasiodiplodia (L. pseudotheobromae and L. theobromae) and Penicillium (P. rolfsii and P. verruculosum). Other fungal species that were also identified are Botryosphaeria mamane, Fusarium solani, Perenniporia tephropora, Phyllosticta fallopiae, Sarcostroma bisetulatum, Trichoderma asperellum and Xylaria feejeensis. The isolates were grouped into different clades according to their class. In conclusion, endophytic fungi isolated from tamarind plant are diverse and provides an insight into species diversity of endophytic fungi in tamarind.

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