cover
Contact Name
Mifta Khairina
Contact Email
khairinamifta@gmail.com
Phone
+6285297619696
Journal Mail Official
education_pgsd@unimed.ac.id
Editorial Address
Department of PPSD FIP UNIMED William Iskandar Street Pasar V Medan Estate. Kode Pos: No. 1589-Medan 20221 Phone: 08126341083 -085297619696 / Fax. 061-6614002 Email: education_pgsd@unimed.ac.id
Location
Kota medan,
Sumatera utara
INDONESIA
SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED
ISSN : 23551720     EISSN : 24074926     DOI : https://doi.org/10.24114/sejpgsd
Core Subject : Education,
The journal countains the result of education research, learning research, and service of the public at primary school, elementary school, senior high school and the university.
Arjuna Subject : Umum - Umum
Articles 1,105 Documents
INTEGRASI STEAM PROJECT BASED LEARNING UNTUK MENGEMBANGKAN KECAKAPAN KARAKTER MAHASISWA PADA PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA Andri Kristianto Sitanggang
SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24114/sejpgsd.v16i1.73717

Abstract

This study examines the integration of the STEAM-Project Based Learning (STEAM-PjBL) model to develop students' character qualities in mathematics education. The primary issue addressed is the tendency for mathematics learning to be overly theoretical and rigid, thereby failing to facilitate effective affective development. Through a literature analysis, it was found that the synergy between science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics in real-world projects effectively enhances students' creativity, independence, and collaborative character. The "Arts" component in STEAM plays a crucial role in humanizing mathematical formulas into creative design solutions. In conclusion, STEAM-PjBL not only improves academic competence but also serves as a strategic instrument in shaping resilient student characters capable of meeting 21st-century challenges
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN GROUP INVESTIGATION (GI) TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR IPAS PESERTA DIDIK KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR Nanda Ayu Setiawati; Putri Roka Ismail; Mutiara Lestari Aritonang
SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24114/sejpgsd.v16i1.73718

Abstract

This study aims to determine the effect of the Group Investigation (GI) learning model on the learning outcomes of fourth-grade students in the subject of Cultural Diversity in My Country at SDN 064985 Medan Helvetia in the 2024/2025 Academic Year. The type of research used is a quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group design. The study population was all fourth-grade students consisting of two classes with a total of 44 students. The research sample used a saturated sampling technique, namely class IV-A as the experimental class totaling 21 students and class IV-B as the control class totaling 23 students. The research instruments were multiple-choice tests, observation, and documentation. Data were analyzed using normality tests, homogeneity tests, and hypothesis tests. The results showed that the average pretest score of the experimental class was 57.62 and the control class was 50.65. After being given treatment using the Group Investigation model, the average posttest of the experimental class increased to 83.33, while the control class was 77.39. The results of the analysis show that the Group Investigation learning model has a significant effect on the science learning outcomes of grade IV students at SDN 064985 Medan Helvetia.
PENGARUH METODE SHOW AND TELL BERBANTUAN MEDIA KANTONG PERKALIAN TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR KONSEP PERKALIAN Anggun Swi Purba
SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24114/sejpgsd.v16i1.74081

Abstract

Third-grade students are generally expected to understand the basic concept of multiplication as repeated addition. However, conditions in the field indicate that many students still have difficulty understanding this concept properly. Therefore, this study applied the Show and Tell method, which is student-centered, assisted by a concrete learning medium called the Multiplication Pocket to improve students’ learning outcomes. This study used a quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group design. The research sample consisted of 50 students, including 24 students in the experimental class and 26 students in the control class. Data were collected through pretest and posttest instruments. The results showed that the average score of the experimental class increased from 11.17 to 15.04, while the control class increased from 11.88 to 12.69. The homogeneity test showed a significance value of 0.714 > 0.05, indicating that the data were homogeneous. Furthermore, the hypothesis test using an independent sample t-test obtained a significance value (2-tailed) of 0.043 ≤ 0.05, meaning that H₀ was rejected and Hₐ was accepted. The N-Gain score of the experimental class was 0.44 (moderate category), while the control class obtained 0.10 (low category). Therefore, the Show and Tell method assisted by the Multiplication Pocket medium significantly affected third-grade students’ learning outcomes in multiplication concepts at SDN 104202 Bandar Setia.
VALIDITAS MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN FLASHCARD BERBASIS AUGMENTED REALITY (AR) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS VI SEKOLAH DASAR Wanda Cahya Dwi Tanti; Sita Isna Malyuna; Wendri Wiratsiwi
SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 16 No. 2 (2026): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24114/73xm3j10

Abstract

Quality of education depends on student learning outcomes during the learning process, the purpose of the study is to measure the level validity of Augmented Reality (AR) based Flashcard media to improve the learning outcomes of sixth grade elementary school students in the problems faced during the science learning process, where student learning outcomes are the main focus of research that important to improve results. The Research and Development (R&D) method is research with the ADDIE approach. Data acquisition techniques in the study are observation, interviews, and expert validation. The results of the media expert validator reached a percentage of 85% which is categorized as "Very Valid", the material validator got results reaching 96% with the criteria of "Very Valid", while the language expert reached 82% including the category of "Very Valid". The validator test, it proves that Augmented Reality (AR) Flashcard media has validity, as digital learning media can improve student learning outcomes.
ANALISIS TINGKAT KEVALIDAN MEDIA KUIS INTERAKTIF BERBASIS KAHOOT UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA PEMBELAJARAN IPAS MATERI GAYA DI SEKITAR KITA KELAS IV SD Maryana Salsabila; Sumadi; Ina Agustin
SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 16 No. 2 (2026): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24114/6pz2j524

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the validity level of Kahoot-based interactive quiz media in science and social studies (IPAS) learning on the topic of forces in everyday life for fourth-grade elementary school students. The study was motivated by low student engagement and learning outcomes caused by less interactive learning media. This research used the Research and Development (R&D) method with the ADDIE model, consisting of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages. The subjects included material experts, language experts, media experts, and fourth-grade students. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and validation questionnaires, then analyzed using descriptive quantitative techniques. The results showed validation percentages of 93% from material experts, 97% from language experts, and 96% from media experts, all categorized as very valid. These findings indicate that the developed media has met the aspects of material suitability, language, visual appearance, and learning interactivity. Therefore, the Kahoot-based interactive quiz media is appropriate for use in IPAS learning to support students learning outcomes.
ANALISIS TINGKAT VALIDITAS MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN INTERAKTIF BERBASIS MICROSOFT POWERPOINT PADA MATERI BANGUN DATAR KELAS IV SD Rima Lutfiyani; Sumadi; Ina Agustin
SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 16 No. 2 (2026): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24114/h338er21

Abstract

This study aims to create Microsoft PowerPoint-based interactive learning media and test its feasibility level for mathematics subjects, specifically geometry materials for fourth-grade elementary school students. The research method used is Research and Development (R&D) following the ADDIE development model, which consists of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation stages. Data collection instruments included validation sheets assessed by three expert validators: media experts, language experts, and material experts. The results of the data analysis showed that the validity level of the learning media from media experts reached 97%, categorized as "Very Valid". Validation from language experts obtained a percentage of 86%, categorized as "Very Valid" and validation from material experts also reached 94%, categorized as "Very Valid". Based on these assessment results, it can be concluded that the Microsoft PowerPoint-based interactive learning media for geometry material has met the feasibility criteria with a "Very Valid" predicate and is ready to be implemented as an innovative solution in the learning process for fourth-grade elementary school.
PENGEMBANGAN INSTRUMEN PENILAIAN BAHASA INDONESIA BERBANTUAN GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (GenAI) UNTUK MENGUKUR KREATIVITAS PESERTA DIDIK KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR Ana Afifatur Rakhmah; Deri Anggraini
SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 16 No. 2 (2026): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24114/sejpgsd.v16i2.73898

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI)-assisted Indonesian language creativity assessment instrument for fourth-grade elementary school students. The developed product consists of JurnalMembaca as a digital assessment platform for students and JurnalKreasi as a web-based assessment application for teachers. This study employed the Research and Development (R&D) method using the Four-D model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). The subjects were 46 fourth-grade students of SD Negeri Panggang, Bantul. Data were collected through expert validation, instrument testing, limited trials, and practicality questionnaires. Data were analyzed using percentage analysis, Pearson Product-Moment correlation, Cronbach's Alpha, item difficulty analysis, and discrimination index analysis. The results showed feasibility scores of 95.24% from the educational assessment expert and 92.71% from the subject matter expert, both categorized as highly feasible. Instrument testing indicated that 17 out of 20 items were valid, with a Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.954, categorized as very high. The practicality scores reached 87.50% from the teacher and 88.12% from the students, both categorized as highly practical. Therefore, the developed instrument was found to be feasible, valid, reliable, and practical for measuring elementary school students' creativity.
PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN KOLABORATIF BERBANTUAN WORDWALL TERHADAP KETERAMPILAN MEMBACA TEKS NARASI SISWA Maulana Adi Nugroho; Sari Yustiana
SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 16 No. 2 (2026): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24114/0pqp5392

Abstract

This study examines the effect of collaborative learning assisted by Wordwall on third grade students' narrative reading skills and reading comprehension. The research was conducted because preliminary classroom observations showed that students often struggled to read narrative texts fluently, identify important information, and explain the message of a story. A quantitative pre-experimental approach with a one group pre-test and post-test design was applied to 30 students at SD Negeri 1 Wonoagung. Data were collected through a reading performance rubric and a narrative comprehension test. The instruments were validated and then analyzed through descriptive statistics, normality testing, and paired sample t-test using SPSS. The results showed that the mean score increased from 39.40 in the pre-test to 74.75 in the post-test. The paired sample t-test produced p < .001, indicating a significant difference after treatment. These findings suggest that collaborative learning supported by Wordwall can create a more active, interactive, and meaningful reading class for elementary students.
PENGARUH PENDEKATAN DEEP LEARNING BERBANTUAN GEOGEBRA TERHADAP PEMAHAMAN KONSEP SISWA PADA MATERI BANGUN DATAR Gita Apriyanti; M. Maulana; Enjang Yusup Ali
SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 16 No. 2 (2026): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24114/nmfmn171

Abstract

This study aims to identify the effect of using a GeoGebra-supported deep learning approach compared to conventional learning, as well as to analyze differences in conceptual understanding between the two groups of students regarding the properties of two-dimensional shapes in fifth-grade elementary school. The research method used was a quantitative experiment with a nonequivalent control group design and purposive sampling. The effect of learning in the experimental class was tested using a paired t-test, while in the control class, the Wilcoxon test was used because the data were not normally distributed. The results showed that both learning approaches had a significant effect on students’ conceptual understanding, with an effect size of 33.87% in the experimental class and 47.61% in the control class. The difference in the improvement in understanding between the two groups was analyzed using an independent samples t-test, which showed a significant difference between the two groups. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the GeoGebra-assisted deep learning approach is more effective in improving students’ conceptual understanding compared to conventional learning.
PENGEMBANGAN INSTRUMEN EVALUASI BERBASIS GAMBAR SEBAGAI ALAT ASESMEN ALTERNATIF PADA PEMBELAJARAN IPAS SISWA KELAS III Sri Wenni; Eva Betty Simanjuntak; Nurmayani; Suyit Ratno
SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 16 No. 2 (2026): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24114/kgkry681

Abstract

This study develops image-based evaluation instruments as alternative assessments for Grade III IPAS learning on changes in the state of matter, using the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The study was conducted at SDN 101280 Gunungtua Tonga with 20 Grade III students as subjects and three expert validators. Data were collected through expert validation sheets (Aiken V formula), teacher and student response questionnaires, and empirical item analysis. Results show: (1) the instrument is valid, with Aiken V scores of 0.850 (content), 0.875 (design), and 0.900 (evaluation) — all exceeding the minimum threshold of 0.600; 25 of 40 initial items (62.5%) passed selection; all 25 items were empirically valid (r > 0.444); (2) the instrument is very practical with a combined score of 87.32% from teacher (88.33%) and student (86.3%) responses; (3) the instrument is effective, with 100% of multiple-choice distractors functioning, proportional difficulty distribution, and a class average score of 61.1% (Effective category). The instrument is recommended as an alternative IPAS assessment tool in elementary schools.

Filter by Year

2013 2026


Filter By Issues
All Issue Vol. 16 No. 2 (2026): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 15 No. 4 (2025): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 15 No. 3 (2025): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 15 No. 2 (2025): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 15 No. 1 (2025): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 14 No. 4 (2024): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 14 No. 3 (2024): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 14, No 3 SEP (2024): SHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 14 No. 2 (2024): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 14, No 2 JUNI (2024): SHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 14, No 1 MARET (2024): SHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 14 No. 1 (2024): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 13 No. 4 (2023): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 13, No 4 (2023): SHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 13, No 3 (2023): SHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 13 No. 3 (2023): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 13, No 2 (2023): SHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 13 No. 2 (2023): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 13 No. 1 (2023): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 13, No 1 (2023): SHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 12, No 4 (2022): SHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 12 No. 4 (2022): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol. 12 No. 3 (2022): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 12, No 3 (2022): SHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 12, No 2 (2022): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 12, No 1 (2022): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 11, No 4 (2021): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 11, No 3 (2021): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 11, No 2 (2021): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 11, No 1 (2021): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 10, No 4 (2020): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 10, No 3 (2020): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 10, No 2 (2020): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 10, No 1 (2020): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 9, No 4 (2019): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 9, No 3 (2019): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 9, No 2 (2019): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 9, No 1 (2019): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 8, No 4 (2018): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 8, No 3 (2018): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 8, No 2 (2018): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 8, No 2 (2018): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 8, No 1 (2018): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 8, No 1 (2018): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 7, No 4 (2017): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 7, No 4 (2017): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 7, No 3 (2017): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 7, No 3 (2017): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 7, No 2 (2017): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 7, No 2 (2017): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 7, No 1 (2017): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 7, No 1 (2017): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 6, No 2 (2016): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 6, No 2 (2016): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 6, No 1 (2016): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 6, No 1 (2016): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 5, No 2 (2016): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 5, No 2 (2016): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 5, No 1 (2016): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 5, No 1 (2016): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 4, No 2 (2015): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 4, No 2 (2015): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 4, No 1 (2015): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 4, No 1 (2015): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL Vol 4, No 1 (2015): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 3, No 2 (2015): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL Vol 3, No 2 (2015): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 3, No 2 (2015): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 3, No 1 (2015): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 3, No 1 (2015): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL Vol 3, No 1 (2015): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 2, No 2 (2014): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 2, No 2 (2014): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 2, No 2 (2014): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL Vol 2, No 1 (2014): School Education Journal Vol 2, No 1 (2014): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 2, No 1 (2014): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 1, No 2 (2014): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 1, No 2 (2014): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL Vol 1, No 2 (2014): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 1, No 1 (2013): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL Vol 1, No 1 (2013): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED Vol 1, No 1 (2013): SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED More Issue