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INDONESIA
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease
Published by Universitas Airlangga
ISSN : 20851103     EISSN : 23560991     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Earth & Planetary Sciences Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
This journal is a peer-reviewed journal established to promote the recognition of emerging and reemerging diseases specifically in Indonesia, South East Asia, other tropical countries and around the world, and to improve the understanding of factors involved in disease emergence, prevention, and elimination. The journal is intended for scientists, clinicians, and professionals in infectious diseases and related sciences. We welcome contributions from infectious disease specialists in academia, industry, clinical practice, public health, and pharmacy, as well as from specialists in economics, social sciences and other disciplines.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 382 Documents
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Profile of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Detected in the Sputum of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Re-treatment Patients at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Mochammad Afif Ziaulhaq; Mertaniasih, Ni Made; Meliana, Resti Yudhawati; Permatasari, Ariani
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 13 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v13i1.64176

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading infectious diseases worldwide. Despite global efforts to control TB, it remains a major public health issue, affecting 10.6 million people annually in 2021, with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Effective treatment of TB requires strict adherence to long-term medication, but challenges such as  treatment failure, relapse, and loss to follow-up complicate outcomes. This is especially concerning for patients with comorbidities such as diabetes, HIV, or hypertension, which not only increase the risk of TB but also hinder its treatment and elevate the likelihood of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections. This study aimed to analyze 326 pulmonary TB retreatment cases at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital from October 2023 to April 2024. The retrospective design identified that 323 cases involved MTB and 3 involved NTM. The findings show that loss to follow-up was the most common reason for retreatment, particularly among males and older adults. Comorbidities were found to exacerbate treatment challenges, with some retreatment cases lasting up to 24 months. The study concludes that loss to follow-up remains a major risk factor for TB retreatment, particularly in MTB cases, and highlights the importance of managing comorbidities to improve treatment outcomes.
In Vitro Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Variants that Caused Severe COVID-19 in the Elderly Sutandhio, Silvia; Wihanto, Laura; Tedyanto, Cecilia Putri; Santoso, Sentot
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 13 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v13i1.65484

Abstract

 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the global problem of respiratory disease from 2019 to 2024. One of the earliest variations in the SARS-CoV-2 S protein was the S D614G mutation. SARS-CoV-2 has several important variants, namely, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. Omicron is the variant that has caused severe health problems, someresulting in death, in the elderly. Omicron has further differentiated to some wellknown variants, such as, BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.75, BA.5, BQ.1.1, and XBB.1. According to Japanese Government data, the number of citizens aged 65 years old and above reached 28.9% in 2021. From our previous experiment, antibodies of the elderly that have received four doses of mRNA vaccine still could not optimally neutralize Omicron BQ.1.1 and XBB.1. We aimed to analyze the plaque size of SARS-CoV-2 variants that caused severe COVID-19 in the elderly. SARS-CoV-2 variants were seeded in Vero E6-TMPRSS2 cell culture to create plaques. The resulting plaques were analyzed with ImageJ application to select solitary plaques and to determine plaque sizes. The size of BA.1 plaque was indifferent to BA.2 plaque. The plaque area comparison result was as follows, BA.1/BA.2<BA.5<BA.2.75<BQ.1.1<XBB.1. The plaque sizes of Omicron BQ.1.1 and XBB.1 were bigger that those of Omicron BA.1 and BA.2. The plaque sizes of all Omicron variants were smaller than those of the previousvariants, S D614G and Delta. The result of this in vitro experiment inferred that there is increase in fusogenicity of BQ.1.1 and XBB.1, when compared with BA.1 and BA.2.
Fungemia in Tertiary Hospitals; An Overview Fungal Profile, Antifungal Resistance, and Antifungal Therapy Monita, Syafira Putri; Endraswari , Pepy Dwi; Bramantono; Asmarawati , Tri Pudy; Khanfar, Sarah Amjad Abdel-Raouf
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 13 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v13i1.66500

Abstract

Fungemia is a bloodstream infection caused by fungal pathogen and commonly occurs in hospitalized patients with certain risk factors. Indonesia itself is a tropical country with middle income that makes the incidence rate of fungemia tend to be higher, namely10/1 0,000 people. A recent study about candidemia conducted in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital stated that the most common species that caused candidemia is Candida albicans (33.96%) and the blood sample mostly collected from patients from high care unit and patient with diabetes. We conducted this study to provide a new overview of data on the profile of the causes of fungal infections, patterns of fungal resistance to antifungals, and antifungal therapy in patients with fungemia in hospitalized patients at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, for the period of January December 2023. This research is a descriptive study using the patient’s medical records. Variables observed in this study include; gender, age, care unit, risk factor, species distribution, resistance pattern, type of antifungal therapy, and duration of antifungal therapy. Mostly the blood cultures are collected from female patients aged 0-9 years old. This study also found that most blood cultures are collected from patients in intensive care unit with use of CVC. Most of the patients did not receive antifungal therapy The most frequent found species is Candida parapsilosis with highest resistance rate found in Amphotericin-B. The most common antifungal that is used is Fluconazole which is mostly given within the range of 8-14 days .
Role of Clinical Features and GeneXpert MTB/RIF Assay in Diagnosing Tuberculosis Among Toddler Patients in Surabaya Prasanti, Siva Allysha; Setiabudi, Rebekah Juniati; Setyoningrum, Retno Asih; Purwanto, Satiti Palupi
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 13 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v13i1.66523

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, mainly in the age of 0-5 years old (toddlers). Several risk factors make toddlers more prone to TB infection. Although it commonly depends on clinical evidence, diagnosis of toddler TB can be done using microbiological confirmation like GeneXpert MTB/RIF Assay. However, this is still challenging to perform due to the low bacterial loads and difficulties in obtaining specimens. While prior studies focused more on the clinical aspects, this study will determine both the clinical and microbiological profiles of toddler TB patients at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya. This study was conducted using a retrospective approach. Samples were obtained using a total sampling technique from electronic medical records from January 2018 to September 2023. Variables collected include age, gender, type of TB, BCG vaccination status, history of household contact, nutritional status, symptoms, and GeneXpert MTB/RIF examination specimens and results. Among 125 toddler TB patients, the majority being female (57%), between the ages of 1–2 (45%), had BCG vaccination (86%), and without a history of household contact (63%). Most of the samples were malnourished (56%) and had cough as the symptom (62%). In GeneXpert MTB/RIF examination, gastric aspirate was the most collected specimen (52%) and the most common result found was negative (70%). In addition, two toddler patients were found to have DR-TB. In conclusion, while GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay predominantly resulted in negative, clinical features become the essential evidence to establish a diagnosis of tuberculosis among toddler patients.
Correlation between Probable or Non-Probable Leptospirosis with Laboratory Findings: Based on Leptospirosis Case Definition and Faine Criteria Citra Saputra, Rada; Mahmuda, Iin Novita Nurhidayati; Utami, Musrifah Budi; Pinakesty, Angiesta; Mubaraq, Syahrun El; Srirojanakul, Sirada
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v13i2.56564

Abstract

The incidence of leptospirosis is increasing globally, and developing countries are no exception. Leptospirosis cases are called the tip of the iceberg phenomenon, even though misdiagnosis, underdiagnosis, and underreporting still occur in health services. Thus, it leads to delays in leptospirosis treatment and may result in increased mortality rate from severe leptospirosis infection (Weil's disease). This study was to establish an accurate diagnosis by optimizing the Faine criteria. This study used an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach to examine faine criteria and laboratory examinations. We collected data from medical records from the Karanganyar General Hospital and the PKU Muhammadiyah Surakarta Hospital. We processed the data using SPSS version 25. The total number of samples was 42. They were divided into women (19%) and men (81%). Based on the definition category of leptospirosis cases, there were 2.4% probable group (score criteria faine part A 20-25) and 97.6% not-probable group (score criteria faine part A <20). Bivariate analysis (Chi-Square test) showed that there was no significant correlation between Faine Part A criteria and serological tests in both groups (p=0.874) as well as Hb (p=0.522), thrombocytopenia (p=0.265), leukocytosis (p=0.197), and neutrophilia (p=0.710). Loss of sodium and potassium didn’t show significant data (hyponatremia p=0.174; hypokalemia p=0.311; hypocalcemia p=0.131) not as in tropical diseases. The approach to diagnosis of leptospirosis cannot be performed using only Part A criteria, Faine, even though the patient was included in the probable definition category, even though the Faine Part A criteria score is 20-25 or ≥26.
The Relationship between Personal Hygiene and the Incidence of Tinea Versicolor among Students at Madrasah Ulumul Quran (MUQ) Pagar Air Islamic Boarding School Putra, Teuku Romi Imansyah; Yusuf, Muhammad; Maulana, Hafidh; Wali, Amran
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v13i2.57381

Abstract

Tinea versicolor is an infectious dermatological condition caused by fungi, affecting a substantial proportion of the global population. It is particularly prevalent in tropical regions, including Indonesia. Madrasah Ulumul Quran (MUQ) Pagar Air Islamic Boarding School is a densely populated area where students often exhibit poor hygiene practices, potentially increasing the incidence of the disease. The etiological agent responsible for this infection is the Malassezia furfur species, which can be prevented through the adoption of proper personal hygiene behaviors. This study aims to determine the association between personal hygiene and the incidence of Tinea versicolor at MUQ Pagar Air Islamic Boarding School. This is an observational study using a crosssectional design. Data collection was conducted through interviews using questionnaires. The diagnosis of Tinea versicolor was based on the results of the 10% KOH examination. Sixty students from grades X, XI, and XII participated in the study, of which six were diagnosed with Tinea versicolor. The study found that the majority of the population performed good personal hygiene, with only 10% of the subjects diagnosed with Tinea versicolor. Chi-square analysis revealed a p-value of 0.000 (<0.05), indicating a significant association between personal hygiene and the incidence of Tinea versicolor at MUQ Pagar Air Islamic Boarding School. The majority of students at MUQ Pagar Air Islamic Boarding School practiced good personal hygiene and did not have a Tinea versicolor infection.
Current Profile of Vivax Malaria in Isolated Area of Kualuh Leidong Pasaribu, Ayodhia Pitaloka; Jimanto, Vincent; Ainur, Framita
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v13i2.58715

Abstract

The Indonesian Ministry of Health targets to eliminate malaria by 2030. Vivax malaria, a challenging variant to eradicate, is prevalent in areas near elimination, including North Sumatra, which ranks fourth in malaria cases in Indonesia. Labura district, a part of North Sumatra, had a low-endemic status until 2020. However, an increase in cases occurred in 2021 within the Kualuh Leidong subdistrict, the primary contributor to Labura's malaria cases. This shifted the endemicity status from low to moderate. The objective of the study is to assess the malaria case profile in this region. A descriptive approach was used, employing a total sampling method at Tanjung Leidong Health Center between September 2022 and July 2023. This observational study identified 494 vivax malaria cases. Predominantly affecting males (60.9%), cases peaked in adults (>18 years) with 314 cases (63.6%). Microscopic examination was the leading diagnostic tool, used in 463 cases (93.7%). The health center primarily administered national regimen therapies dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHP) + primaquine in 204 cases (62.4%), whereas others received alternate therapies. All patients recovered without referrals. Over 11 months, seven recurrence cases emerged, with five receiving quinine+primaquine. Vivax malaria cases in Kualuh Leidong have seen a significant increase compared to previous years. The attention and collaboration of all parties, both from the health center and the community, are necessary to achieve malaria elimination by 2030.
Update on The Current Management of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (DR-TB) Simbolon, Rohani Lasmaria; Simatupang, Elvando Tunggul Mauliate; Yovi, Indra; Fauzi, Zarfiardy Aksa
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v13i2.59075

Abstract

Drug-Resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a global public health threat that requires a comprehensive response from all parties. DR-TB cases are often overlooked and tend to increase every year. Efforts to overcome DR-TB cases began in 2009 with the use of a molecular test, Xpert MTB/Rif, as a diagnostic tool. This has now been developed with the procurement of a molecular test with Xpert MTB/XDR. This diagnostic update also formed the basis of the latest DR-TB classification terminology by not categorizing polyresistance into the DR-TB group. This step is still not in accordance with the low success rate of DR-TB treatment in Indonesia, ranging from 45-50%. The latest DR-TB management recommendations by WHO in 2022 have implemented a 6-month treatment regimen to minimize the occurrence of treatment dropout or patient treatment non-compliance. The BPaLM/BPaL regimen is a shorter-duration oral regimen that is expected to help achieve the End TB 2015-2030 targets. Previously used short-term regimens have now been modified with Ethionamide and Linezolid variants as alternatives for DR-TB management if the BPaLM/BPaL regimen does not meet the criteria for use.
Intervention Model for Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) with A Positive Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB+) in Peukan Bada Sub-district, Aceh Besar Regency Farrah Fahdhienie; Wardiati, Wardiati
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v13i2.62967

Abstract

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) with positive Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB+) remains one of the most transmissible infectious diseases worldwide. This disease poses a significant public health challenge in many countries. This study aimed to develop a risk-factor-based intervention model to reduce the incidence of Pulmonary TB (AFB+). A case-control approach was employed, with the case group comprising people diagnosed with Pulmonary TB (AFB+), and the control group consisting of non-TB individuals from the same neighborhoods. Binary logistic regression was used for bivariate analysis, and multivariate analysis utilized logistic regression. This study found that the social determinants model accounted for 34.9% of the variance in the incidence of Pulmonary TB (AFB+) (R² = 0.349). The biological determinants model showed an R² of 0.127, indicating that this model explains 12.7% of the variance in the disease. The third model, which focused on behavioral determinants, had an R² of 0.312, meaning that behavioral factors accounted for 31.2% of the variance. The fourth model, examining the physical condition of housing, showed an R² of 0.425, indicating that 42.5% of the variance in Pulmonary TB (AFB+) is explained by variables related to housing conditions. In conclusion, the physical condition of housing emerged as the strongest predictor of Pulmonary TB (AFB+). These findings suggest that improving housing conditions should be a key component of public health strategies to reduce the incidence of Pulmonary TB (AFB+). Targeted interventions to improve the household environment are crucial for reducing the risk and transmission of Pulmonary TB (AFB+).
Effect of Fetal Bovine Serum Concentration on Detection and Morphological Identification of Blastocystis hominis in vitro Janendra, Putu Sathiya Adi; Sukarma, Kadek Edy; Sarita, Kadek intan Arta; Maheswari, Kadek Indira; Giri, Made Kurnia Widiastuti; Permasutha, Made Bayu; Pasala, Metamalik
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v13i2.64829

Abstract

Diarrhea significantly contributes to the high rates of illness and death among young children. Diarrhea can be caused by bacterial infections, viruses, or even parasites. Blastocystis hominis causes parasitic diarrhea, which can be identified by microscopy, culture, and molecular methods. Previous reports have modified the Jones’ culture medium using three different serums, such as human plasma, donkey serum, and horse serum (in Jones’ medium). This research replaces horse serum with fetal bovine serum for detection tests, morphological observation, and diagnosis of B. hominis. The research encompasses five experimental groups, each subjected to varying concentrations of fetal bovine serum: 2%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Detection analysis is conducted using the Mc-Nemar test, while the Wilcoxon test is applied to evaluate ordinal data from morphological assessments. Diagnostic tests and metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) are performed using MedCalc® software. The findings demonstrate that serum concentrations of 2%, 10%, 20%, and 30% produced effective results in detection tests, morphological identification, and diagnostic evaluations of B. hominis, exhibiting high sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy. Fetal bovine serum can be used at a concentration of 2% in a Jones’ medium that has been modified. This depends on the results of detection tests, morphology, and diagnosis.

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