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Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, & NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY, this journal is published to attract and disseminate innovative and expert findings in the fields of plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolite, and also the effect of natural product on biological system as a reference source for researchers in these fields, and with the aim to set international standards in their methodology.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 705 Documents
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Specific richness of bats in urban and peri-urban environments of Kisangani, Tshopo Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo Moïse Akawa Bipoo; Prescott Akawa Musaba; Francine Botelanyele Kirongozi; Joel Amisa Kango; Madeleine Bikengaga Alimasi; Casimir Mololo Nebesse; Guy Crispin Tungaluna Gembu; Jean Paul Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1439-1450

Abstract

This study focuses on bat diversity in the urban and peri-urban areas of Kisangani. It is situated within a context marked by increasing urbanization, habitat fragmentation, and heightened human pressure on forest ecosystems. The main objective was to determine species diversity and bat composition by site and habitat type, as well as to analyze their ecological preferences. Sampling was conducted at eight sites (Bawi, Botanical Garden of the Faculty of Sciences at the University of Kisangani, Imani, Maleke, Masako, Scholasticat, Yelenge, and the Kisangani Zoological Garden) covering five habitat types: cultivated fields (CC), primary forest (FP), young fallow (JJ), old fallow (JV), and human-modified environment (MA). Two capture techniques were used: mist nets and harp traps, set for 10 nights per site. The results show that 15 species across 5 families were recorded, with dominance by Pteropodidae (fruit bats), notably Epomops franqueti (39.89%), Myonycteris torquata (25%), and Megaloglossus woermanni (21.81%). Diversity is generally higher in peri-urban environments and young fallow (FF) habitats, while highly anthropized environments exhibit lower diversity and a different species composition. Jaccard similarity analysis and dendrogram analysis revealed a clear structuring of communities according to the degree of habitat disturbance. Peri-urban sites more closely resemble primary forests, while urban sites mainly harbor opportunistic and disturbance-tolerant species. The study also highlights the importance of forest fragments and urban green spaces as biodiversity refuges and underscores the need for tailored conservation strategies to preserve bat populations in Kisangani.
Antiviral Activity of Crataegus azarolus Extract Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Zhang Ming; Chen Yu; Liu Fang
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1489-1495

Abstract

Background: due to the spread of infections caused by the herpes simplex virus and the occurrence of antiviral resistance, many studies are conducted to obtain alternative treatments with better performance and fewer side effects. This research was carried out to measure the phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts obtained from Crataegus azarolus (C. azarolus) leaves and flowers and to investigate the antiviral effect of this plant on herpes simplex virus type 1 in cell culture. Methods: In this study, the phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts received from hawthorn leaves and flowers was measured using a Cary 300 UV-Vis spectrometer. The MTT technique was used to examine the toxicity of C. azarolus extract in Vero cells. The effect of the extract against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was then tested at various concentrations. Results: Compared to the flower extract, C. azarolus leaf extract has a much higher total phenolic and flavonoid content. The fifty percent cytotoxic for C. azarolus leaf and flower extracts was 1203 and 870 g/ml, respectively. Flower and leaf extracts were revealed to have antiviral activities of 9.50 and 10.41, respectively. Conclusion: The active components in hawthorn leaf extract help minimize the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1.
Avian Diversity of the Masako Forest Reserve after Anthropization (Tshopo Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo) Elie Pelove Bugentho; Glodi Lotana Lotana; Bienvenu Ligili Kapita; Jean Saidi Bilama; Jean Paul Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua; Sylvestre Mbalitini Gambalemoke; Dieudonné Agenong’a Upoki
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1450-1457

Abstract

Anthropization is one of the main drivers of forest ecosystem degradation and strongly affects biodiversity. This study analyzes the comparative diversity of the avifauna in the Masako Forest Reserve (RFM) before and after anthropogenic disturbances. Data were collected between February and July 2024 using mist nets and observation points across different habitat types, including young and old fallows, croplands, and forest fragments. The results show a marked decline in avifauna, with a local loss of approximately 77% of the species initially recorded. Specialized forest species are the most affected, while the persistent species are mostly generalists, tolerant to disturbed environments. Recolonization remains very low. The disappearance of species with concerning conservation status, such as Psittacus erithacus, highlights a real risk of local extinction and underscores the negative impact of human activities on the ecological integrity of the RFM, calling for strengthened conservation measures.
Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Reservoir Water in Ksusta Yusuf Mungadi Musa; Amina Muhammad; Muzammil Abdulkareem
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1497-1503

Abstract

This research work was carried out to determine the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of reservoir water. With the view of evaluating the physicochemical constituent of the reservoir water, we carried out the microbiological analysis of the water sample, and determined the total coliform count of the reservoir water. The physicochemical analysis was carried out using standard methods; the physicochemical analysis revealed that the reserve water samples have slightly acidic to neutral pH, varying conductivity, and acceptable alkalinity and TDS levels. However, the bacteriological analysis indicates the presence of coliform bacteria in all samples, with MPN values exceeding acceptable limits. These findings suggest that the reserve water may pose health risks if consumed without proper treatment. Physicochemical analysis showed pH (6.9-7.1), conductivity (156.1±3.72 - 184.7±9.58 ?S/cm), alkalinity (8.0-8.2), and total dissolved solids (117.1±7.62 - 120.4±2.23 mg/L) within acceptable limits. However, bacteriological analysis revealed the presence of coliform bacteria in all samples, with most probable number values exceeding acceptable limits (21-28). In conclusion, the reserve water’s physicochemical parameters are acceptable, but bacteriological contamination poses health risks. Regular monitoring and treatment are necessary to ensure the water’s safety for consumption.
Physicochemical Kinetic Evaluation and Biological Activities of Wild Horsetail Extract Baydaa Awad Kadhim; Fouad Razzaq Al-Burki; Assel Majeed Hammeed
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1459-1464

Abstract

The objective of this study is to evaluate the physicochemical, kinetic and bioactive characteristics of the alcoholic extract of Wild Horsetail. The total amount of phenolic and flavonoid was calculated and the antioxidant capacity was evaluated with the help of DPPH and ABTS tests. Potential for antidiabetic ability was also studied through the inhibition of alpha-amylase as well as alpha-glucosidase. In addition, the kinetics of trapping DPPH free radicals were studied. The chemical analysis revealed the presence of a variety of bioactive compounds, the major one being scoparone (26.45%) followed by phytol (7.43%) and methyleugenol (6.52%). Also, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents exhibited high amounts, specifically, 186.43 ± 4.18 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 97.87 ± 2.66 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract, respectively. The extract displayed antioxidant capacity with IC50 of 71.37 ± 2.16 and 58.42 ± 1.87 µg/ml in DPPH and ABTS test respectively. It also showed significant inhibition of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes with IC50 values of 92.78 ± 2.34 and 68.54 ± 1.92 µg/ml respectively. Based on the kinetic study, it was found that the DPPH free radical scavenging activity was described by a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. As a confirmation of the wild horsetail's phenolic and flavonoid content, ethanolic extract has a high concentration. These compounds have antioxidant ability and modulating effect on enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism which can be incorporated into natural formulations. Such preparations can be used in pharmaceuticals and as dietetic supplements to prevent oxidative stress and assist in the treatment of diabetes.
Abundance of Bivalves in the Mangrove Ecosystem of Pinotu Village, Toribulu District, Parigi Moutong Regency Muslika Nifatun Umaya; Fatmah Dhafir; Abd Rauf; Syech Zainal; Rafiqa Rafiqa; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Manap Trianto
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1415-1421

Abstract

Bivalves are one of the molluscan groups that play an important role in maintaining the ecological balance of mangrove ecosystems. Their presence and abundance are influenced by environmental conditions, making them useful indicators of habitat quality. This study aimed to determine the abundance of bivalves in the mangrove ecosystem of Pinotu Village, Toribulu District, Parigi Moutong Regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed in this study. The research sites were selected using a purposive sampling technique based on the presence of suitable bivalve habitats. Sampling was conducted using the belt transect method at two observation stations, each covering an area of 500 m². Field sampling was carried out during low tide on 17–18 December 2025. Collected bivalve specimens were identified using taxonomic identification keys. In addition, environmental parameters, including water temperature, salinity, and pH, were measured. The collected data were analyzed using the species abundance index (R) and the Relative Abundance Index (RAI). The results revealed the presence of four bivalve species belonging to two orders and two families, namely Polymesoda erosa (39 individuals), Polymesoda expansa (19 individuals), Polymesoda bengalensis (38 individuals), and Anadara granosa (9 individuals), with a total of 105 individuals recorded. The species abundance index (R) value of 0.64 indicated a low level of bivalve abundance. The highest Relative Abundance Index values were observed for Polymesoda erosa (37.14%) and Polymesoda bengalensis (36.19%), both classified as highly abundant. In contrast, Anadara granosa exhibited the lowest relative abundance value (8.57%) and was categorized as having low abundance.
Chemical Study and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Kombucha Variation Gel with Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) Extract and Ashoka Flower (Ixora coccinea L.) Extract Goldha Faroliu; Kony Putriani; Yessi Rahayu; Nanda Rahma Tri Cahyaningrum; Mardiatul Jannah
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1465-1474

Abstract

Kombucha is a fermented drink made from tea, sugar, yeast, and acetic acid bacteria known as SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast). Ashoka flowers (Ixora coccinea L.) are tropical ornamental plants rich in polyphenols that have antioxidant activity. Strawberries (Fragaria vesca) contain flavonoids that can inhibit bacterial growth by disrupting DNA processes, damaging cell membranes, and denaturing proteins in bacteria. This research was making gel preparations that actively inhibit bacterial growth. Examples of pathogenic bacteria include S. aureus and S. epidermidis which generally attack the skin, and its antioxidant activity.  The research was making kombucha tea with a combination of strawberries and Ashoka flowers, making gel preparations, testing activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and Methilen Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria, and testing antioxidant activity using the FRAP method. Gel with Fermented Tea (Kombucha) Combination of Strawberries and Ashoka Flowers has antibacterial activity against S. aureus bacteria in the strong category in Formula F3 (MIC 10.9 mm), against S. epidermidis bacteria in the moderate category in Formula F3 (MIC 9.06 mm), and against MRSA bacteria in the moderate category in Formula F3 (MIC 9.51 mm). Formulation F3 has antioxidant activity in the very strong category (47.32 mgAAE/g). Kombucha contains Phenol and Acid content that can damage bacterial cell walls. The addition of Strawberries and Ashoka flowers containing phenolic and flavonoid compounds increases the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the gel.
Assessing Household Nutritional Status in High-Density Urban Areas of Bandar Lampung: The Role of Diet Quality and Socioeconomic Determinants Ayu Indah Nathasya; Dwi Eva Nirmagustina; Nurbani Kalsum
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1531-1542

Abstract

Household nutritional status in densely populated urban areas is influenced by multiple factors, particularly diet quality and socioeconomic conditions. This study aimed to assess household nutritional status in high-density urban areas of Bandar Lampung and to examine the role of diet quality and socioeconomic determinants in shaping nutritional outcomes. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed in three densely populated urban areas, namely Jagabaya II, Kaliawi, and Pengajaran. Data were collected from 285 households selected using simple random sampling and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation, multiple linear regression, ANOVA, and partial t-tests with SPSS version 28. The findings showed that Jagabaya II had the highest average scores for diet quality (43.45), socioeconomic determinants (31.16), and household nutritional status (39.57), followed by Kaliawi and Pengajaran. Correlation analysis demonstrated positive relationships between diet quality, socioeconomic determinants, and household nutritional status across all study areas, although the strength of association varied by location. Multiple linear regression analysis confirmed that both diet quality and socioeconomic determinants significantly affected household nutritional status in Jagabaya II, Kaliawi, and Pengajaran (p < 0.05). The coefficient of determination analysis indicated that the regression models explained 43.2% of the variation in household nutritional status in Jagabaya II, 36.4% in Kaliawi, and 47.3% in Pengajaran. The ANOVA results further showed significant differences in socioeconomic determinants and household nutritional status among the three urban areas, while diet quality did not differ significantly. Overall, the study demonstrates that household nutritional status in densely populated urban communities is shaped not only by diet quality, but also by socioeconomic capacity and local urban conditions. These findings highlight the importance of integrated nutrition interventions that combine healthy dietary promotion, nutrition education, improved food accessibility, and socioeconomic support to improve nutritional outcomes in urban populations.
Modulation of Th1/Th2 Cytokine Balance by Extract of Male Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya L.) in an Experimental Autoimmune Disease Model Lisa Savitri; Kharisul Ihsan; Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1543-1548

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by dysregulated immune responses, particularly involving an imbalance between T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines. This imbalance contributes to chronic inflammation and progressive tissue damage. Modulation of Th1/Th2 balance has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy; however, current treatments are often associated with significant side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of male papaya (C. papaya L.) leaf extract on Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in an experimental autoimmune disease model. An experimental approach was conducted using in vivo autoimmune models and ex vivo immune assays. Male papaya leaves were extracted using 70% ethanol and analyzed for phytochemical content. Experimental animals were induced with autoimmune disease and treated with different doses of the extract. Cytokine levels, including interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and interleukin-10 (IL-10), were measured using ELISA. Gene expression of transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3 was analyzed using qRT-PCR. Histopathological examination was performed to assess tissue inflammation and damage. The results showed that the extract significantly reduced Th1 cytokines (IFN-gamma and IL-2) and increased Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), leading to normalization of the IFN-gamma/IL-4 ratio. The extract also downregulated T-bet expression and upregulated GATA-3, indicatingtranscriptional modulation. Histological findings confirmed reduced inflammatory infiltration and improved tissue structure in treated groups. In conclusion, male papaya leaf extract demonstrates significant potential as a natural immunomodulatory agent capable of restoring Th1/Th2 balance in autoimmune conditions. These findings provide a scientific basis for the development of plant-based therapies targeting immune regulation.
The Ability of A Consortium of Cellulose-Degrading Bacteria In Fixing Nitrogen, Dissolving Phosphorus and Potassium, and Its Application As A Bifertilizer In Tomato Plants Sigit Mawardi; Hadi Susilo; Suyamto Suyamto
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1505-1513

Abstract

This study aims to determine the ability of cellulose-degrading bacteria to fix nitrogen, dissolve phosphorus and potassium, and assess their effectiveness as biofertilizers for tomato plants. The research method used is quantitative descriptive, involving in-vitro testing and field application with two treatments: P0 (without bacteria) and P1 (with bacteria). The results of this study indicate that cellulose-degrading bacteria possess additional capabilities in nitrogen fixation, as evidenced by a color change in the NFB medium to blue, and demonstrate the ability to solubilize phosphorus and potassium, as indicated by the formation of clear zones in the Pikovskaya and Alexandrov media. Field testing showed that cellulose-degrading bacteria were effective in tomato plants, influencing plant height parameters but not affecting leaf area or number of leaves. Based on the results of the Two-Way ANOVA analysis on the treatments conducted, there was no significant effect, as the P-value was >0.005. Cellulose-degrading bacteria in vitro have the ability to provide nutrients. However, they are not yet effective in enhancing the vegetative growth of tomato plants.

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