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INDONESIA
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, & NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY, this journal is published to attract and disseminate innovative and expert findings in the fields of plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolite, and also the effect of natural product on biological system as a reference source for researchers in these fields, and with the aim to set international standards in their methodology.
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Articles 666 Documents
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NaCl Accumulation in Leaves of Two Salt-Secreting Mangrove Species in Sarudu Village, Pasangkayu Regency, Indonesia Ilma Sahira; Isnainar Isnainar; Vita Indri Febriani; Musdalifah Nurdin; Amalia Buntu; Astija Astija
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1239-1245

Abstract

Mangroves are coastal vegetation with a high capacity to adapt to their environment, characterized by distinctive and unique root systems. This study aimed to determine the accumulation of salt (NaCl) in the leaves of two salt-secreting mangrove species in Sarudu Village, Pasangkayu Regency. The research employed a quantitative descriptive approach, with samples collected through a survey. Salt accumulation data were obtained through argentometric titration using the Mohr method. Environmental measurements in the mangrove forest of Sarudu Village showed an average air temperature of 30°C, salinity ranging from 29 to 30 ppt, and pH values between 7.0 and 7.1. The results indicated that the highest average salt accumulation in the leaves of Aegiceras corniculatum was recorded at Station 3 (6.08%), while the lowest was found at Station 1 (3.07%). Similarly, in Avicennia lanata, the highest NaCl accumulation was observed at Station 3 (5.33%), whereas the lowest occurred at Station 1 (2.92%). Station 3 exhibited the highest percentage of salt accumulation among all sampling stations, likely because it was located in a coastal area that was frequently inundated by seawater to a depth of approximately 20 cm.
Formulation and Assessment of Nutritious Complementary Food Blended with Germinated (Maize, Millet and Soybean), Carrot, and Coconut Flour Season Khanal; Bishal Thagunna; Sonika Ghimire; Ishori Bhandari; Binod Sunar
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1065-1069

Abstract

In developing nations, malnutrition related to protein and energy in young children is possibly the most widespread health issue. Complementary foods are essential for the growth and development of children as they address both the nutritional and developmental requirements of infants when breastfeeding alone is insufficient. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of blending ratio and processing technique on physicochemical composition, and sensory acceptability of quality germinated maize, millet, and soybean, along with carrot and coconut flour based complementary food. The different staples were processed into flours and were combined in ratios of (70:10:10: 5:5), (60:15:15:5:5), (50:20:20:5:5), and (40:25:25:5:5) of maize flour, millet flour, soybean flour, carrot and coconut flour and the samples were denoted as A, B, C, and D. The result revealed that composite the moisture levels varied from 6.55% to 7.15%, with sample C containing 50% maize flour exhibiting the highest moisture content, while sample D with 40% maize flour showed the lowest moisture content. The protein content values of all samples exceeded the 15%. The fat content of the complementary food samples varied between 6.44% and 8.58%, showing highest in sample highest in sample A and lowest in sample E. The range of crude fiber content varied from 1.89% to 4.73%, with sample D showing the highest level and sample E the lowest. The ash content of the formulated complementary food samples increased with the rising addition of maize, soybean, and millet flour. From the sensory analysis sample C recorded the highest score.
Antagonistic Ability and Fungicide Tolerance of Actinomycetes from the Rhizosphere of Maize (Zea mays L.) Plants in Gorontalo Danial Mohamad; Yuliana Retnowati; Novri Youla Kandowangko; Abubakar Sidik Katili; Wirnangsi Din Uno
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1193-1201

Abstract

Actinomycetes are a group of microbes that live in the rhizosphere of plants and play an important role in soil microbial dynamics. This study aims to describe the antagonistic ability against pathogenic molds and tolerance to fungicides in actinomycetes from the rhizosphere of maize plants in Gorontalo. This research is descriptive uses a quantitative approach and employs a purposive sampling technique. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from maize fields in the hilly area of Bontula Village, Asparaga District, Gorontalo Regency. The results showed the presence of 7 actinomycetes isolates with different morphological characteristics, namely RFZm-PG, RFZm-PLG, RFZm-PW, RFZm-PB, RFZm-PR, RFZm-PY, and RFZm-PO. Antagonistic tests showed that four isolates (RFZm-PB, RFZm-PG, RFZm-PLG, RFZm-PW) inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum and Neocosmospora solani with an inhibition percentages of 66.38%-89%. The fungicide tolerance test showed that the seven isolates were tolerant to thiram, dimethomorph and benomyl, with the highest inhibitory effect by thiram. Isolates RFZm-PG and RFZm-PLG had the highest tolerance up to 500 ppm, while other isolates were tolerant only up to 400 ppm. Molecular analysis showed that RFZm-PG belongs to the genus Streptomyces (100% similarity with Streptomyces enissocaesilis), while RFZm-PLG belongs to Nocardiopsis (100% similarity with Nocardiopsis synnemataformans).
Mitochondrial 16S rRNA Characterization of Heterotrigona itama Colonies from Central Lampung, Indonesia Priyambodo Priyambodo; Aditya Fahrezi; Elly Lestari Rustiati; Enny Saswiyanti; Eko Agus Srihanto; Aulia Imtitsal; Dian Neli Pratiwi; Nindy Permatasari
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1301-1307

Abstract

Stingless bees play important ecological and economic roles in tropical ecosystems, yet molecular baseline data for many regions in Sumatra remain limited. This study aimed to characterize mitochondrial genetic variation of Heterotrigona itama colonies from Punggur Subdistrict, Central Lampung, Indonesia, using partial 16S rRNA sequences. Three managed colonies were analyzed through PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing, followed by sequence alignment, BLAST comparison, genetic distance estimation using the Kimura-2-Parameter model, and phylogenetic reconstruction. All samples produced consistent amplicons of approximately 500 bp and showed complete nucleotide identity, indicating a single mitochondrial haplotype among the analyzed colonies. BLAST results revealed high similarity (96.91–98.38%) with reference sequences of H. itama. Genetic distance analysis showed zero divergence among the sampled colonies and low divergence (0.0069–0.0182) relative to other H. itama sequences, while higher divergence was observed with related taxa. Phylogenetic analysis placed all samples within a well-supported H. itama clade. These findings indicate mitochondrial uniformity among the sampled colonies and provide a preliminary genetic baseline for H. itama in Central Lampung. However, broader conclusions on population structure require further studies with larger sample sizes and additional molecular markers.
Cultivation of an edible mushroom species, Pleurotus sajor – caju (Fr.) Singer (1951) (Pleurotaceae) (strain 221114) on various lignocellulosic substrates. Roger Batubenga; Félicien Lukoki; Esther Mwambay; Daddy Kanika; Alain Tshisuaka; Jeff Iteku; Jean Paul Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua; Simon Dibaluka
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1399-1405

Abstract

The current food crisis and the continuing deterioration in the health of the populations of the DRC in general, and those of the province of Kongo Central in particular, are among the causes of severe pressure on natural environments, especially forests. In the long term, these risks creating scarcity or the disappearance of certain resources, including mushrooms. The main aim of this study is to contribute to the promotion of NTFPs in the fight against hunger and food insecurity through the cultivation of strain 221114 of the species Pleurotus sajor-caju, making sporophores available on a regular basis. To achieve this objective, we set ourselves the specific goals of determining the mycelial growth rate and comparing the yields obtained from strain 221114 of the species Pleurotus sajor-caju on fruiting substrates. The strain used in the culture was isolated in the Ngeba area, as shown in Figure 1 below, in the province of Central Kongo. The preparation of seedling media and the production of seedling whites, the preparation of final substrates, the addition of nutrients, incubation, fruit induction, and obtaining and harvesting sporophores were carried out at the Systematic Mycology and Myciculture Laboratory of the Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kinshasa, in room B28 and the department's experimental garden. The fungal material used was strain 221114 of Pleurotus sajor – caju. The plant material for the substrate consisted of rice straw, banana leaves, wood chips, sugarcane bagasse, and sawdust. Wheat bran and slaked lime were used as additives. The isolation method from tissue or tissue culture (known as monoculture) was used to start the culture. The best average sporophore yields were 35.01 ± 3.7% on rice straw, 28.67 ± 4% on wood chips, and 23.3 ± 2.4% on sugarcane bagasse, yields well above the theoretical yield of 20% at which a substrate is considered best and suitable for sporophore production. 
A Study of the NGF Gene Intron in the Philippine Scrubfowl (Megapodius cumingii) from Kabetan Island, Central Sulawesi Wayan Windyawati; I Made Budiarsa; Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti; Manap Trianto; Abdul Ashari; I Nengah Kundera
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1353-1361

Abstract

The Philippine scrubfowl (Megapodius cumingii) is a bird species that utilizes environmental heat to incubate its eggs and has a wide geographic distribution across various habitats, including coastal forests, coastal areas, and small islands. This study aimed to describe and analyze the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Megapodius cumingii based on the Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) gene. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples of M. cumingii using the gSYNC™ DNA Extraction Kit (Geneaid) protocol and subsequently amplified using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method with the forward primer AllNGF5' and reverse primer AllNGF3'. Sequence data were analyzed using BLAST to determine their similarity to reference sequences available in GenBank. Genetic diversity was assessed using DnaSP v6.12.03, while phylogenetic reconstruction was performed using MEGA 11 based on the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method with the Kimura 2-Parameter model. The results showed that the nucleotide composition consisted of Adenine (A) 29.3%, Thymine (T) 19.8%, Cytosine (C) 26.9%, and Guanine (G) 24.1%, with a G+C content (51.0%) slightly higher than the A+T content (49.0%). Genetic diversity analysis revealed a haplotype diversity value of 0.533 ± 0.172 and a nucleotide diversity value of 0.00145 ± 0.00047. Phylogenetic reconstruction produced a consistent tree topology across two outgroup models, with all M. cumingii samples forming a single clade supported by high bootstrap values (99–100%). The phylogenetic relationships among M. cumingii samples from Kabetan Island, Tolitoli, were very close, as indicated by genetic distance values ranging from 0.000 to 0.003.
Effectiveness of Ketepeng Cina (Cassia alata Linn.) Leaf Powder as an Active Ingredient in Antiseptic Liquid Soap Encik Eko Rifkowaty; Adha Panca Wardanu; Kendri Wahyuni
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1309-1319

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Cassia alata Linn. (ketepeng Cina) leaf powder as an active ingredient in virgin coconut oil (VCO)-based antiseptic liquid soap. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed with three treatments consisting of 2 g, 4 g, and 6 g of leaf powder (b/v). The evaluated parameters included total flavonoid content, phytochemical screening, functional group analysis using FTIR, LC-MS, pH, specific gravity, viscosity, free alkali, foam stability, unsaponifiable fraction, and inhibition zones against Escherichia coli and Malassezia furfur. The results indicated that increasing concentrations of ketepeng leaf powder positively correlated with total flavonoid levels and significantly enhanced the inhibition zone against E. coli, but showed no notable activity against M. furfur. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids and steroids in the powder, while liquid soap formulations contained flavonoids and saponins. FTIR analysis further verified flavonoid compounds, whereas LC-MS identified lauric Acid (m/z 274) and quercetin (m/z 303), contributing to antimicrobial activity. Statistical analysis (ANOVA, alpha = 0.05) showed no significant effect of leaf powder addition on pH, free alkali, unsaponifiable fraction, viscosity, specific gravity, or foam stability. The formulated liquid soap complied with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 06-4085-1996) for pH and free alkali, ensuring safety for consumer use. Overall, ketepeng cina leaf powder demonstrated potential as a natural antimicrobial agent in herbal antiseptic liquid soap formulations.
A Novel Thickening Agent Made from a Mixture of Cassava and Corn Flour for the Production of Edible Mushroom Growing Media Alfred Apaab Kiame; Timothée Mananga Nkodi; Jean Paul Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua; Alain Nkongolo Tshisuaka; Nicolas Kalulu Taba; Joseph Kasali Lumande; Simon Mpulusu Dibaluka
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1407-1413

Abstract

According to the FAO, sub-Saharan Africa population’s diet has a real deficit in animal protein for several reasons, including low animal production, rapid population growth, economic factors, etc. To compensate for this deficiency, the population turn to consuming mushrooms harvested seasonally, which are unfortunately becoming scarce due to deforestation. This has led to a shift towards mushroom cultivation, which necessarily requires the use of agar as a reference solidifying agent for the culture medium. However, agar is an imported product that is not accessible to all social classes. Hence, the aim of this research was to compare agar with three other solidifying agents: A1, A2, and A3, composed respectively of 1:1; 1:2, and 2:1 (cassava flour:corn flour, pretreated in an oven at 157.5 ±3.54 °C). When preparing the culture media with these three solidifiers, the best gel was obtained from solidifying agent A3, with which the fungal species Pleurotus oestratus was inoculated. On the third day, the mycelia had invaded all nine tubes of the agar medium, almost reaching the mother culture at the same time (three days) as the reference medium prepared with agar as the solidifying agent (PDA). To ensure the viability of our culture medium prepared with A3, the seed stock and seed led to the production of sporophores, proving that solidifying agent A3 can effectively replace agar, especially in developing countries.
Distribution and Abundance of Actinomycetes in the Rhizosphere Soil of The Hungayono Karst Ecosystem, Gorontalo Apriliyanti Mohulaingo; Yuliana Retnowati; Abubakar Sidik Katili; Ani M. Hasan; Novri Youla Kandowangko
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1363-1371

Abstract

Karst ecosystems have unique environmental conditions that can influence the presence of soil microorganisms, including Actinomycetes in the rhizosphere. This study aimed to determine the distribution and abundance of Actinomycetes in the rhizosphere soil of plants in the Hungayono karst ecosystem, Gorontalo. This study employed a quantitative descriptive method with an exploratory approach. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from several plant species at three observation points: the lower, middle, and upper parts of the karst area. Actinomycetes were isolated using Starch Casein Agar, while their abundance was determined using the Total Plate Count method and expressed in CFU/g of soil. The results showed that actinomycetes were found at all observation points, with abundances ranging from 2 × 103 to 3 × 105 CFU/g. The highest abundances were found in the rhizosphere of Calamus spp., Anthocephalus macrophyllus, and Ficus microcarpa, while the lowest abundances were found in the rhizosphere of Alocasia macrorrhizos. The Actinomycetes isolates obtained exhibited morphological variation based on mycelium color and colony shape. These findings indicate that the distribution and abundance of Actinomycetes in the rhizosphere soil of the Hungayono karst ecosystem vary among plant species and observation sites. The plant rhizosphere in this karst ecosystem functions as a microhabitat that supports the presence of Actinomycetes and is relevant to studies of karst soil microbiology.
Metabolomics-Based Profiling of Antioxidant Compounds in Kesum (Polygonum minus) via UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS as Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Candidates: An In Silico Approach Iche Azani; Dini Hadiarti; Arni Arni; Nur Aulia Fitri
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.%p

Abstract

Kesum or Polygonum minus (P. minus) is well-known for its high antioxidant content and potential as a therapeutic agent. This study aimed to identify active compounds in P. minus leaf extracts that serve as antioxidants and SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor candidates using metabolomics approach. P. minus leaves were extracted with ethanol and subsequently fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest antioxidant activity as measured by the DPPH method. Further analysis using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS identified several compounds, including 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, quercetin-3betha-D-glucoside, tectoridin, apigenin, hispidulin, and (±)-usnic acid. These compounds were subsequently evaluated in silico by molecular docking against the 1OG5 and 7CMD target proteins. The results demonstrated strong interactions between these compounds and the protein active sites, supporting their potential as both antioxidants and inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2. This study suggests that P. minus is a promising source of bioactive compounds for development in herbal-based therapies in West Kalimantan.

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