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INDONESIA
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, & NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY, this journal is published to attract and disseminate innovative and expert findings in the fields of plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolite, and also the effect of natural product on biological system as a reference source for researchers in these fields, and with the aim to set international standards in their methodology.
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Articles 687 Documents
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Antiviral Immunological Potential of Male Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Leaf Extract Through Activation of the Type I Interferon Pathway Lisa Savitri; Kharisul Ihsan; Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1515-1521

Abstract

Viral infections remain a major global health challenge, highlighting the need for novel host-directed antiviral strategies. Activation of the type I interferon pathway represents a critical component of innate antiviral immunity. Male papaya (Carica papaya L.) leaves have been traditionally used to enhance immunity; however, their antiviral immunological mechanisms remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to investigate the antiviral immunologic potential of male papaya leaf extract by activating the type I interferon signaling pathway. Male papaya leaves were extracted using 70% ethanol, and phytochemical screening was performed. The immunomodulatory activity of the extract was evaluated in RAW 264.7 and THP-1 cells stimulated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] as a viral mimic. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay. Type I interferon production (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta) was quantified by ELISA, while activation of interferon signaling was evaluated by analysis of interferon-stimulated gene expression using quantitative real-time PCR and signaling protein activation by Western blot. The extract showed no significant cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 200 µg/mL. Treatment with male papaya leaf extract significantly enhanced IFN-alpha and IFN-beta production in poly(I:C)-stimulated cells in a dose-dependent manner. This increase was accompanied by activation of IRF3 and STAT1 signaling and robust upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes, including MX1, OAS1, and ISG15. These findings indicate that the extract enhances antiviral immune responses by amplifying type I interferon-mediated signaling. In conclusion, male papaya leaf extract exhibits significant antiviral immunological activity through activation of the type I interferon pathway. This host-directed immunomodulatory mechanism supports its potential development as a complementary therapeutic agent for viral infections.
Effects of Extract of Male Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya L.) on Macrophage Polarization (M1/M2) in Chronic Inflammation and Cancer Models Lisa Savitri; Kharisul Ihsan; Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1523-1529

Abstract

Chronic inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer, and is closely associated with dysregulated macrophage polarization. Macrophages exhibit high plasticity and can differentiate into pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory/tumor-promoting (M2) phenotypes. Targeting macrophage polarization has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy to restore immune balance and inhibit tumor progression. This study aimed to investigate the effects of male papaya (C. papaya L.) leaf extract on macrophage polarization (M1/M2) in models of chronic inflammation and cancer. An experimental approach was employed using both in vitro and in vivo models. Male papaya leaves were extracted using 70% ethanol and subjected to phytochemical analysis. In vitro studies were conducted using RAW 264.7 macrophages induced into M1 (LPS/IFN-gamma) and M2 (IL-4) phenotypes, followed by treatment with varying concentrations of the extract. Macrophage polarization was assessed through gene and protein expression of specific markers (iNOS, TNF-alpha, IL-6, Arg-1, CD206, IL-10), nitric oxide (NO) production, and analysis of signaling pathways (NF-kB, STAT1/STAT6, PI3K/Akt). A macrophage–cancer cell co-culture system was used to evaluate effects on cancer cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. In vivo studies were performed using mouse models of chronic inflammation and tumor induction. The results demonstrated that male papaya leaf extract contains significant levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and exerts a dose-dependent immunomodulatory effect. The extract reduced M1-associated pro-inflammatory markers and nitric oxide production while also suppressing excessive M2 polarization markers, indicating a rebalancing effect on macrophage phenotypes. Mechanistically, these effects were associated with the inhibition of NF-kB and modulation of STAT1/STAT6 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. In cancer models, extract-treated macrophages reduced tumor cell proliferation and migration while increasing apoptosis. In vivo findings further confirmed reduced tumor growth and a shift toward anti-tumor macrophage activity. In conclusion, male papaya leaf extract exhibits significant potential as a natural immunomodulatory agent by regulating macrophage polarization in chronic inflammation and cancer. These findings provide a scientific basis for the development of plant-based therapeutic strategies targeting immune regulation. Further studies are needed to isolate active compounds and evaluate clinical applications.
GC-MS Profiling and In Silico Antibacterial Activity of Strobilanthes tonkinensis Lindau Leaf Extracts via Maceration and Soxhlet Methods Dwi Sapri Ramadhan; Dian Wardana; Hestia Hairima; Tita Juwitaningsih; Rosa Nadya Evelyn Sitorus; Vina Octavia Azzahra; Ilham Sinuraya
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1575-1594

Abstract

Strobilanthes tonkinensis Lindau (Acanthaceae; locally known as daun paris) is an aromatic medicinal herb of Southeast Asian origin whose extraction-method-dependent secondary metabolite composition and antibacterial potential against defined molecular targets have not been systematically characterized. This study profiled the GC-MS-detectable metabolome of four leaf extracts obtained by ethanol maceration of fresh (3×24 h) and dried leaves (3×24 h), ethanol Soxhlet (13 cycles, 6.5 h), and n-hexane Soxhlet (25 cycles, 10 h) extraction of dried leaves, identifying 19, 27, 12, and 7 compounds, respectively. Extraction method and solvent polarity strongly governed compound class distribution: fresh ethanol maceration was dominated by 2-propionyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (33.21%) and cis-vaccenic acid (14.63%), while n-hexane Soxhlet selectively enriched stigmasterol to 67.95% of total peak area approximately 19-fold higher than ethanol maceration (3.61%). Five representative metabolites, stigmasterol, phytol, lupeol, squalene, and 2-propionyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine were subjected to molecular docking against FtsA (PDB: 3WT0), OmpF (PDB: 4KR4), and DNA gyrase B (PDB: 6KZV), with ADMET profiling performed via SwissADME and ProTox 3.0. Lupeol (-8.0 kcal/mol) and stigmasterol (-7.7 kcal/mol) surpassed the native OmpF ligand binding affinity and demonstrated strong interaction with DNA gyrase B, supporting multi-target antibacterial potential. Squalene showed preferential affinity for FtsA (-7.1 kcal/mol). Among the candidates, 2-propionyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine was the sole Lipinski-compliant compound with high predicted oral absorption, all five metabolites displayed no predicted hepatotoxicity or carcinogenicity. These findings identify lupeol and stigmasterol as priority antibacterial leads from S. tonkinensis and establish n-hexane Soxhlet extraction as an effective strategy for targeted phytosterol enrichment from this species.
Effectiveness of Nanoemulsion Formulated with Citronella and Garlic Essential Oils against Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) on Maize Plants Ragil Indah Kusumawati Supernong; Ni Siluh Putu Nuryanti; Anung Wahyudi; Ratna Dewi
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1595-1603

Abstract

Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E Smith) is a major invasive pest that threatens maize production in Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of nanoemulsions of citronella and garlic essential oils, both individually and in combinations at ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2, against third-instar larvae of S. frugiperda. The essential oils were obtained by steam distillation and formulated into nanoemulsions using Tween 80. Toxicity was assessed via contact assays and analyzed with POLO-PC software to determine LC50 and LC95 values. The citronella–garlic ratio of 2:1 was the most promising, yielding the lowest LC50 (0.1 % at 96 hours) and consistently exhibiting strong synergistic effects at the LC50 level compared with the 1:1 and 1:2 ratios, which more frequently showed additive or antagonistic interactions. The citronella nanoemulsion displayed the smallest particle size (97.8 nm) but the highest polydispersity index (PI) (0.406), indicating lower physical stability. In contrast, the garlic nanoemulsion exhibited a particle size of 185.9 nm with a PI of 0.270, reflecting a more stable system. The citronella–garlic combination at a 2:1 ratio produced the largest particle size (204.9 nm) but the lowest PI (0.239), suggesting superior stability and a more uniform particle distribution. These findings support the potential of nanoemulsified essential oils as eco-friendly botanical insecticides.
Correlations Between Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Titers, CD4+ T-Cell Counts, and COVID-19 Severity Edwin Hadinata; Eko Surachmanto; Paul N. Harijanto
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1549-1553

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents with diverse symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Patients with severe COVID-19 can show impaired humoral and cellular immunity and excessive pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Antibodies are generated against severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) due to the activation of the humoral immune system. Molecular-based testing is currently used to diagnose COVID-19. Determining antibody and CD4+ T cell counts can help monitor the antibody response to assess the risk of reinfection and vaccine response. This study aimed to determine the relationships between Aanti-SARS-CoV-2 titer, CD4+ T cell count, and COVID-19 severity. This analytic observational study used a cross-sectional design with consecutive sampling and was conducted at RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado Hospital from April to October 2021. It comprised 48 patients with COVID-19. The data were compared using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (rs). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 titers were nonsignificantly correlated with COVID-19 severity (rs = 0.081, p = 0.582) and CD4+ T cell counts (rs = 0.214, p = 0.145). In contrast, CD4+ T cell counts were significantly negatively correlated with COVID-19 severity (rs = -0.454, p = 0.001). Anti-SARS-Cov-2 titers cannot be used as an indicator of COVID-19 severity. Moreover, CD4+ T cell counts cannot be used as a marker of anti-SARS-CoV-2 titers. However, COVID-19 severity correlates negatively with CD4+ T cell counts, indicating that CD4+ T cell counts can be used as an indicator of COVID-19 severity.
Phytochemical Study, in vitro Antioxidant Activities and in vitro Determination of Free Glucose Concentration when Brought into Contact with Extracts of Tetracera rosiflora (Dillenianaceae) Leaves Christophe Muanyishay Lukanda; Giresse Kasiama Nkal; Williams Balela Balela; Carlos Kabengele Nkongolo; Pierre Luhata Lokadi; Sebastien Luyindula Ndiku; Nadège Ngombe Kabamba; Pius Mpiana Tshimankinda
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1555-1563

Abstract

Tetracera rosiflora Gilg (Dilleniaceae) is a medicinal plant traditionally used in the Congolese pharmacopoeia to treat various diseases, including diabetes. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical composition, evaluate the in vitro antioxidant potential, and assess the glucose-lowering capacity of T. rosiflora leaf extracts. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of coumarins, iridoids, anthocyanins, polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins. Quantitative assays indicated total polyphenols (42.12 ± 1.14 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (0.090 ± 0.002 mg QE/g), and anthocyanins (0.30 ± 0.07 mg CE/g). The quantification of mineral elements by x-ray fluorescence revealed 29 elements with hight conecntration of Ca, K, S and Mg. The organic extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activity by scavenging ABTS and DPPH radicals, with higher efficacy in the ABTS assay (IC50: 5.48 ± 3.23 µg/mL for ethanol extract; 25.65 ± 8.67 µg/mL for dichloromethane extract) compared to DPPH (IC50: 10.81 ± 0.86 µg/mL and 96.16 ± 16.73 µg/mL, respectively). Furthermore, in vitro glucose-binding assays demonstrated that organic extracts markedly reduced free glucose concentrations, confirming their potential antidiabetic activity. These findings support the traditional use of T. rosiflora and highlight its promise as a source of natural antioxidant and hypoglycemic agents.
Evaluation of the Morphology, Yield and Content of Beta-carotene Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Orange Flesh Results of Beta-2 Female Broodstock Assembly Hardiane Ketut; Dewi Ratna; Maulida Desi; Wahyudi Anung
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.%p

Abstract

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is a functional food commodity that has the potential to support food diversification because it has a high content of beta-carotene as a provitamin A and a natural antioxidant. This study aimed to evaluate the morphological character, yieldability, and content of beta-carotene, dry matter, and sugar content in orange fleshy sweet potato clones assembled by female broodstock Beta-2. The study used a single-factor Group Random Design (RAK) with six clones, namely BOP 36, BOP 42, BOP 73, BOP 77, Beta-2, and Sari, which was repeated four times so that 24 experimental units were obtained. The data was analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by a BNT test of 5%. The results showed that there were significant differences in morphological characteristics, productivity, beta-carotene content, dry matter, and sugar content between clones. The BOP 73 clone produced the highest productivity with an average tuber weight of 234.37 g/plant, followed by BOP 36 of 205.87 g/plant. The two clones also have a higher content of beta-carotene, dry matter, and sugar content than the Beta-2 and Sari comparison clones. The BOP 36 clone which has a deep orange tuber has the potential to be developed as a new superior clone that supports food diversification, improving the quality of community nutrition, and strengthening food security through the provision of productive and provitamin A-rich local food.

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