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All Journal Rotasi Rekayasa Mesin Semesta Teknika Media Mesin: Majalah Teknik Mesin JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Turbo : Jurnal Program Studi Teknik Mesin INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS BERDIKARI : Jurnal Inovasi dan Penerapan Ipteks JMM (Jurnal Masyarakat Mandiri) Journal of Engineering, Technology, and Applied Science (JETAS) Prosiding Seminar Nasional Program Pengabdian Masyarakat Jurnal Polimesin
Budiyantoro, Cahyo
Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Astronomy Automotive Engineering Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Energy Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering Medicine & Pharmacology Physics Social Sciences Other

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Pemanfaatan Limbah Kotoran Sapi untuk Produksi Batu Bata Ramah Lingkungan dan Tahan Gempa Sukamta, Sukamta; Widyasmoro, Widyasmoro; Wahyuni, Fitri; Budiyantoro, Cahyo; As’ari, Muhammad Agung; Atikasari, Tiara Cahya; Agustina, Nurhaliza; Harahap, Yudani Alamsyah
Berdikari: Jurnal Inovasi dan Penerapan Ipteks Vol 8, No 1 (2020): February
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/bdr.8172

Abstract

Cow dung waste at Srunen hamlet, Glagaharjo village, Cangkringan, Sleman is recorded to be high in quantity since it also has a high population of dairy cows. The high volume of cow dung waste leads to environment pollution, either water or air pollution. The environment pollution it causes may further trigger some problems regarding society’s health, safety and comfort. Thereby, the abundant quantity of cow dung waste needs to be well-managed and oriented for economics. One of among other technologies to manage cow dung waste which had never been implemented before is to utilize the waste as the raw material component of brick. Such brick production technology is not only environmentally friendly but is also resistant toward earthquake. This technology was introduced and implemented during the Community Service program at Glagaharjo village. The program was implemented through the methods of assessment and education, as well as feasibility test. Training and practice were conducted to adopt the technology of environmentally friendly and earthquake resistant cow dung brick. Further, the product was tested for its feasibility as construction material. The success of the program is shown from the society’s ability to produce the environmentally friendly and earthquake resistant brick which has also increased society’s income and the hamlet’s economy
Optimasi Keakuratan Dimensi Produk Cetak 3D Printing berbahan Plastik PP Daur Ulang dengan Menggunakan Metode Taguchi Pamasaria, Herda Agus; Saputra, Tri Hannanto; Hutama, Adhi Setya; Budiyantoro, Cahyo
JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Vol 4, No 1 (2020): JUNI 2020
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmpm.v4i1.8988

Abstract

Peningkatan jumlah sampah plastik di Indonesia disebabkan oleh meningkatnya penggunaan produk plastik. Menurut data, pada tahun 2018 sampah plastik akan diperkirakan 24.500 ton per hari. Daur ulang sampah plastik adalah salah satu cara untuk mengurangi jumlah sampah plastik di Indonesia. Pembuatan filamen 3D Printing berbahan plastik bekas daur ulang tidak hanya untuk mengurangi limbah sampah plastik, tetapi juga untuk memenuhi kebutuhan filamen untuk mesin 3D Printing tipe FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling). Dalam proses pembuatan produk, keakuratan dimensi menjadi faktor penting dalam mempengaruhi kualitas dan bentuk produk. Pada penelitian terkait keakuratan dimensi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Taguchi, dengan pengoptimalan parameter terukur seperti temperature printing, layer height and print speed. Penggunaan Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) dengan tipe Smaller is Better untuk analisa hasil eksperimen yang memiliki tingkat perbedaan  yang sedikit, dan untuk mengetahui parameter terukur yang berpengaruh dalam proses 3D Printing.  Berdasarkan hasil analisa didapatkan parameter optimum untuk mencetak produk dengan dimensi 20x20x20 mm, berbahan dasar material plastik daur ulang PP adalah untuk parameter printing temperature adalah 260 oC, layer height 0,16 mm dan print speed 20 mm/s.The increase in the amount of plastic waste in Indonesia is due to the increasing use of plastic products. According to data, in 2018 plastic waste will be estimated at 24,500 tons per day. Recycling plastic waste is one way to reduce the amount of plastic waste in Indonesia. Making 3D Printing filament from recycled used plastic material is one of the applications of how to reduce plastic waste, but also to fulfill the needs of filament for 3D printing with FDM type printing. In the 3D printing process with the FDM technique, dimensional accuracy is an important factor in influencing the quality and shape of the product. Research related to the accuracy of these dimensions is carried out using the Taguchi method, by optimizing measured parameters such as temperature printing, layer height and print speed. Smaller is Better type Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is used to analyze the results of experiments that have the least difference, and to find out the measured parameters that affect the 3D printing process Based on the analysis results, the optimum parameters for printing products with dimensions of 20x20x20 mm, based on PP recycled plastic material are the printing temperature parameters 260 oC, layer height 0.16 mm and print speed 20 mm / s.
SIMULASI DESAIN COOLING SYSTEM DAN RUNNER SYSTEM UNTUK OPTIMASI KUALITAS PRODUK TOP CASE Irawan, Fabio Dwi Bagus; Budiyantoro, Cahyo; Thoharudin, Thoharudin
JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Vol 1, No 2 (2017): DESEMBER 2017
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmpm.v1i2.3574

Abstract

Penelitian ini bersifat komputerisasi berbasis simulasi menggunakan software Autodesk Moldflow Insight untuk memperediksi dua kegagalan dan untuk mengoptimalkan kualitas produk. Karena minimnya produk plastik pada engine motor, maka penulis melakukan study kasus dari produk sparepart motor yaitu top case. Penelitian diawali dengan 4 percobaan, dalam tahap awal dilakukan perbandingan dari keempat percobaan dengan analisa fill time. Setelah analisa fill time dilakukan perbandingan antara cooling baffle dan cooling cinformal. Kemudian hasil optimal dari perbandingan, dilakukan analisa Taguchi. Menurut desain eksperimen Taguchi mengharuskan pengacakan nilai faktor menggunakan matriks orthogonal L9 (33) sehingga terdapat 9 eksperimen dengan 3 level. Dalam hal ini optimasi parameter yang menggunakan metode taguci terbukti dapat meminimalisir nilai sink mark dan shrinkage. Hasil optimasi dengan metode taguci dapat digunakan untuk menjadi acuan parameter dalam pembuatan produk yang di fabrikasi menggunakan injection molding seperti produk top case.
Thermal Characterization of Mixed Virgin-Recycle Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Budiyantoro, Cahyo; Sosiati, Harini; Nugroho, Adi; Anggariawan, Arista
JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Vol 3, No 2 (2019): DESEMBER 2019
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmpm.3241

Abstract

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) adalah bahan plastik yang banyak digunakan pada pembuatan komponen otomotif. Limbah ABS dari industri injection molding berupa sisa potongan runner memiliki kualitas yang baik sebagai campuran dalam siklus proses produksi. Pencampuran ini bermanfaat secara ekonomis untuk mengurangi penggunaan bahan virgin. Salah satu parameter penting dalam proses injeksi adalah sifat thermal untuk menentukan titik lebur yang sesuai, sifat thermal dari campuran bahan daur ulang dan bahan virgin akan mengalami perubahan jika dibandingkan bahan aslinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari sifat termal dari bahan acrilonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) virgin yang dicampur dengan ABS daur ulang pada variasi 15%, 30%, dan 45% (% berat bahan daur ulang). Spesimen dibuat menggunakan mesin injeksi molding MEIKI 70 Ton dan dievaluasi sifat termalnya dengan menggunakan Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) sesuai standard ASTM 3418-2015. Hasil uji DSC menunjukkan bahwa nilai glass transition temperature (Tg) pada variasi campuran  15%, 30% dan 45% masing-masing adalah 104.08 °C, 104.63 °C dan 105.46 °C. Sementara itu, untuk nilai melting temperature (Tm) dari ketiga variasi tersebut masing masing adalah 139,6 °C, 139,72 °C dan 132,2 °C, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambahan kandungan daur ulang bahan ABS memberikan peningkatan pada nilai Tg dan penurunan pada nilai Tm meskipun tidak signifikan. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene is a common material for automotive components. ABS industrial waste in the form of a cut off injection-molded runner is a high-quality plastic waste that can be used as additional material in the production cycles. For an economic reason, adding waste material is very beneficial because the amount of virgin material can be minimized. One of the important parameters on the injection molding process is a thermal related parameter; the thermal properties of mix waste-virgin material could be different from those of the virgin material. This research was aimed to evaluate the thermal properties of mix ABS waste-virgin material. The content of waste material was made in 3 variations: 15%, 30%, and 45% (% wt). The molding specimens were made by using a 70-ton injection molding machine, and the thermal properties were measured by using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) according to ASTM  3418-2015 standard. The results showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) at waste content of 15%, 30%, and 45% are 104.08 °C, 104.63 °C, and 105.46 °C, respectively, whereas their respective melting temperatures were 139.6 °C, 139.72 °C dan 132.2 °C. Those results were lower than the temperature of virgin material. It can be said that the waste content gives effect on increasing of Tg and reducing of Tm. 
KARAKTERISASI KUAT TARIK KOMPOSIT LAMINAT HIBRID KENAF-E-GLASS/POLYETHYLENE (PE) Ghozali, Mohamad Yuzdhie Ghozali; Budiyantoro, Cahyo; Sosiati, Harini
JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Vol 1, No 1 (2017): JUNI 2017
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmpm.v1i1.2755

Abstract

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat dan mengkarakterisasi komposit hibrid kenaf/E-glass dengan matriks LDPE. Serat hibrida (kenaf dan E-glass) sebagai filler komposit difabrikasi menggunakan matriks LDPE kemudian diuji tarik. Permukaan patahan hasil uji tarik dianalisis menggunakan SEM untuk mengetahui struktur mikro permukaan patahan. Perbandingan serat hibrida dengan matriks adalah 20/80 dan fraksi volume serat hibrida (kenaf/E-glass) yang digunakan adalah 50/50, 40/60, dan 30/70 dengan masing-masing panjang serat 10 mm. Hasil pengujian tarik menunjukkan bahwa pada fraksi serat 50/50 memiliki kekuatan tarik paling tinggi yaitu 11,72 MPa. Semakin bertambahnya fraksi serat E-glass dapat menyebabkan kekuatan mekanik komposit menurun. Hasil ini dapat dijelaskan dari hasil foto SEM yang menunjukkan bahwa ikatan serat kenaf dan matriks lebih baik dibandingkan dengan ikatan serat E-glass dan matriks
Manufaktur dan Uji Kinerja Proses Vacuum Forming Untuk Bahan Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Permana, Cepi Rahmatullah; Budiyantoro, Cahyo; Prabandono, Bayu
JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Vol 3, No 1 (2019): JUNI 2019
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmpm.3131

Abstract

AbstrakMesin pembuat kemasan yang sederhana dan murah dengan kinerja yang memadai diperlukan untuk meningkatkan nilai ekonomis produk industri rumah tangga (UKM). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat dan menguji kinerja mesin vakum forming pada bahan Polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA).Tahapan dalam pembuatan mesin ini adalah studi rancangan, manufaktur bagian mesin, cetakan, perakitan dan uji coba kinerja. Cetakan dibuat dari bahan kayu jati berukuran 140 mm x 210 mm x 15 mm. Pengujian kinerja mesin dilakukan dengan memanaskan lembaran plastik PMMA tebal 0.25 mm pada variasi waktu pemanasan 15, 20 dan 25 detik dan waktu vakum 5, 10 dan 15 detik, menggunakan pemanas 100 watt dan tekanan vakum maksimum 12 kPa. Dimensi dan geometri produk dibandingkan dengan cetakan dan dievaluasi dengan pengukuran linier serta pengamatan visual.Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi waktu pemanasan 15 detik dan waktu vakum 5 detik menghasilkan produk dengan radius yang besar pada bagian dasar. Kombinasi waktu pemanasan 20 detik dan waktu vakum 10 detik dapat memperkecil ukuran radius. Hasil cetakan yang mendekati bentuk cetakan diperoleh dengan parameter suhu pemanasan 105 ℃, waktu pemanasan 25 detik dan waktu vakum 15 detik.AbstractA simple and inexpensive packaging machine with adequate performance is needed to increase economic added value of the smal scale industries. This study aims to manufacture and to evaluate the performance of customized vacuum forming machine on Polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA)l. Manufacturing of components and molds, assembly and performance testing have been carried out to build the machine. The mold was made of teak wood with the dimension of 140 mm x 210 mm x 15 mm. Machine performance testing was done by heating a 0.25 mm thick PMMA sheet with heating time variation of 15, 20 and 25 second and vacuum time of 5, 10 and 15 second, respectively. The heating power was 100 watts and the maximum vacuum pressure was 12 kPa. Product quality were compared with mold by linear measurements and visual observations.The processing parameter of 15 second heating time and 5 second vacuum time produced a specimen with a large radius at the bottom. The combination of 20 second heating time and 10 second vacuum time reduced the size of the radius. The best product can be obtained with a heating temperature of 105 ℃, heating time of 25 second and a vacuum time of 15 second. 
Optimasi Keakuratan Dimensi dan Kekasaran Permukaan Potong Material Akrilik dengan Proses Laser Menggunakan Metode Taguchi dan PCR-TOPSIS Nugroho, Adi; Hutama, Adhi Setya; Budiyantoro, Cahyo
JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Vol 2, No 2 (2018): DESEMBER 2018
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmpm.2223

Abstract

 Laser machines are widely used in various types of industries, both in the manufacturing industries and in the craft/creative industries. Laser machines are often used to cut and engrave objects that have difficult material and contour properties that conventional machines cannot do. Acrylic materials are often found in the craft and creative industries that use laser machines. Acrylic materials can be processed into high-value products. There are various kinds of products made from Acrylic which are formed through a laser cutting process, such as key chains, souvenirs, trophies, accessories, merchandise, placards, and creative products. The process of making using a laser machine turns out that there are also problems, such as flatness of the product, and the length of the intersection rate. Based on the literacy, the researcher optimizes several parameters found on laser cutting machines, such as cutting speed, required energy, and nozzle distance. The result is the fineness of the product produced, and the dimensions according to the design. The optimization testing method that used was the Taguchi method which was combined with the PCR (Process Capability Ratio) method, and TOPSIS (Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution).
Pengaruh Kecepatan Putar Tool dan Sudut Shoulder Sambungan Friction Stir Spot Welding pada Bahan Polypropylene Nugroho, Aris Widyo; Dwi Saputra, Muhammad Rifai; Budiyantoro, Cahyo
Semesta Teknika Vol 22, No 2 (2019): NOVEMBER 2019
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/st.222250

Abstract

Penyambungan bahan thermoplastic polypropilen dengan teknik Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) telah banyak dilakukan. Walaupun kekuatannya sudah mencukupi, masih dihasilkan keyhole dan bekas shoulder yang cukup besar karena penggunaan ukuran soulder dan pin besar. Penelitian ini menginvestigasi sambungan polypropilen dengan teknik FSSW menggunakan shoulder dan pin lebih kecil pada geometri shoulder yang berbeda. Penelitian di awali dengan pemotongan lembaran polypropylene dengan panjang 150mm, lebar 30mm dan tebal 5mm. Sambungan tumpang sesuai dengan standar EN 12814-2 digunakan dalam penyambungan ini. Proses penyambungan dilakukan pada kecepatan putar 985, 1660, 2350 rpm dengan dua jenis tool (shoulder angle 0o dan 5o). Sambungan diamati struktur makro, kekerasan dan kapastas beban tariknya. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa semua sambungan memiliki kegagalan getas. Seiring bertambahnya sudut shoulder dan kecepatan putar tool, ukuran nugget dan welding zone meningkat, sehingga meningkatkan kapasitas beban tari mencapai 2116 N. Geometri tool 2 berpotensi untuk dapat diaplikasikan dalam sambungan FSSW. The joining of thermoplastic polypropylene material using the Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) technique has been developed. Although the strength is sufficient, it still produces a large keyhole and shoulder marks due to the use of a large shoulder and pin size. This research investigates polypropylene joint with the FSSW technique using smaller shoulders and pins on different shoulder geometries. The research began by cutting of polypropylene sheets into 150 mm long and 30 mm wide and 5 mm thick. Specimens according to EN 12814-2 were used in this welding joint. The welding process is carried out at rotational speeds of 985, 1660, 2350 rpm with two types of tools (shoulder angle of 0o and 5o). The welding joint was then observed for macrostructure, hardness, and tensile load-bearing capacity. The results showed that all welding joints had a brittle failure. The increasing of the shoulder angle and the rotational speed increase the nugget size and welding zone thickness resulting in a higher tensile load-bearing capacity which reaches up to 2116 N. The tool with the geometric being used has the potential to be applied in the FSSW joint.
Optimalisasi Sink Mark Index Pada Produk Plastik Dengan Variasi Ketebalan Ekstrim Menggunakan Simulasi Moldflow Cahyo Budiyantoro
Semesta Teknika Vol 19, No 2 (2016): NOVEMBER 2016
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/st.v19i2.2316

Abstract

Injection Molding Process is a closed cycle process involving 4 important factors that influencing product quality such as: process setting parameter, plastic material selection, product design and mold design. Ideally a plastic product is designed with uniform wall thickness since the thickness variation brought about negative effect on the final product. Those negative effects are warpage, sink mark or voids. Warpage is a bending failure of product, void cannot be observed as unfilled or holes on the cross section of the part, whereas sink mark is a deflected mark that can directly be seen on the surface of the part. Those 3 failures are normally caused by material accumulation and thermal rate differentiation. This research was a computerized based simulation using Autodesk MoldFlow Plastic Insight software to predict the 3 failures and to optimize the product quality by Sink Mark Index reduction, minimizing sink mark estimation and volumetric shrinkage  due to extreem thickness variation. The selected specimen was a brush handle, a real product that can easily be found in the market. The errors of brush handle in fact was caused by poor design and the only way to improve its quality is from process parameters point of view. There are 5 possible factors in fixing the failures, each factor possessed 3 level of values, then according to the Taguchi approach of design experiment, there must be 27 experiments to be done. After having 27 times experiments with combination of level and factors, it can be summerized that by combining low melting temperature, high injection pressure and high holding pressure, a sink mark index of 2.642% and a volumetric shrinkage of 19.28% can be obtained, and those were the minimum values representing the best results of product. The extension of holding time did not give a significant influence on the target quality.
Pengaruh Waktu dan Suhu Proses Elektrolessplating Nikel terhadap Karakteristik Fisik dan Mekanik Plastik ABS Muhammad Budi Nur Rahman; Cahyo Budiyantoro; Sunardi Sunardi
Semesta Teknika Vol 22, No 1 (2019): MEI 2019
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/st.221237

Abstract

AbstrakPlastik ABS digunakan dalam industri otomotif, rumah tangga dan elektronik karena kekuatannya tinggi, keras, liat, tahan korosi, tahan panas, mudah dibentuk dan bisa dilapisi. Electrolessplating nikel adalah teknik metalizing bahan non logam agar bersifat logam. Penelitian proses electrolessplating nikel pada plastik ABS dilakukan dengan variasi suhu elektrolit yaitu 40oC, 50oC, 60oC, dan 70oC dan waktu proses pelapisan selama 4, 6, 8, 10 dan 12 menit. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan adalah mengetahui struktur mikro dan ketebalan lapisan menggunakan mikroskop optik, dan karakteristik mekanik meliputi, pengujian kekasaran,  kekerasan menggunakan Shore D Hardness dan pengujian keausan. Peningkatan suhu elektrolessplating meningkatkan kekasaran permukaan dari 0,170 µm pada suhu 40oC menjadi 0,422 μm pada suhu 70oC sedangkan semakin lama proses elektrolessplating dapat menghaluskan permukaan dari 0,70 µm untuk waktu 4 menit menjadi 0,33 µm untuk waktu 12 menit. Peningkatan suhu dan waktu proses elektrolessplating menurunkan nilai keausan spesifik dari 1,9x10-3 mm2/kg pada suhu 40oC menjadi 0,4 x 10-3 mm2/kg untuk suhu 70oC dan 2,62x10-3 mm2/kg pada waktu 4 menit menjadi 0,66x10-3 mm2/kg untuk waktu 12 menit. Suhu dan waktu proses elektrolessplating tidak banyak meningkatkan nilai kekerasan rata-rata sebesar 84,5 SDH. Proses electrolessplating nikel pada suhu 50oC menghasilkan ketebalan lapisan optimum sebesar 5,56 μm karena ion yang terbentuk semakin banyak  namun pada suhu 60oC dan 70oC ketebalannya berkurang sebesar 4,57 µm dan 3,72 µm. Penambahan waktu proses electrolessplating meningkatkan ketebalan lapisan, dari 1,29 μm dalam waktu 4 menit menjadi 3,98 μm dalam waktu 12 menit karena ion yang mengendap pada permukaan semakin banyak. AbstractABS plastic is used in the automotive, household and electronic industries because of its high strength, hardness, clay, corrosion resistance, heat resistance, easy to form and can be coated. Nickel electrolessplating is a technique of metalizing nonmetal materials to be metal. Research on the nickel electrolessplating process in ABS plastic was carried out with variations in the temperature of the electrolyte that is 40oC, 50oC, 60oC, and 70oC and coating time for 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 minutes. Hardness and wear testing. An increase in temperature electro-less plating increase the surface roughness of 0.170 µm at a temperature of 40oC to 0,422 μm at a temperature of 70oC, while the longer process of electroless plating smooth the surface of from 0.70 µm to 4 minutes to 0.33 µm for 12 minutes. An increase in temperature and the process time electro-less plating lower the value of wear specific than 1,9x10-3 mm2/kg at a temperature of 40oC to 0,4x10-3 mm2/kg for a temperature of 70oC and 2,62x10-3 mm2/kg at the time of 4 minutes to 0,66x10-3 mm2/kg for 12 minutes. The temperature and time of process electroless-plating not much increase the value of an average hardness of 84,5 SDH. The nickel electrolessplating process at a temperature of 50oC produces an optimum layer thickness of 5.56 μm because more and more ions are formed but at a temperature of 60oC and 70oC the thickness decreases by 4.57 μm and 3.72 μm. The addition of electroless-plating process time increases the thickness of the layer, from 1.29 μm in 4 minutes to 3.98 μm in 12 minutes because more ions settle on the surface. 
Co-Authors Adam, Muhammad Kevin Adi Nugroho Agustina, Nurhaliza Ali Khaerul Mufid Anggariawan, Arista Anggariawan, Arista Anwar, M. Choirul Aris Widyo Nugroho As’ari, Muhammad Agung Atikasari, Tiara Cahya Attoriq, Fajri Bayu Prabandono Bilyferdin, Bastian Cahyo Trisedyo Utomo Chusnul Azhar Dede Tohidin Diki Irwansyah Dwi Saputra, Muhammad Rifai Dwi Saputra, Muhammad Rifai Eduar Iqbal Riza Fawwas Ghazy, Muhammad Ikbar Ferriawan Yudhanto, Ferriawan Fitri Wahyuni Fitri Wahyuni Fitroh Anugrah Kusuma Yudha Gesang Nugroho Ghanim Raihan Ghozali, Mohamad Yuzdhie Ghozali Ghozali, Mohamad Yuzdhie Ghozali Harahap, Yudani Alamsyah Herda Agus Pamasaria Hidayat, Muhammad Firdaus Hutama, Adhi Setya Hutama, Adhi Setya Ikhsan, Subkhan Nur Irawan, Fabio Dwi Bagus Irawan, Fabio Dwi Bagus Irmawan, wiwin Irwansyah, Diki Iwan Setiono J. Wawan Joharwan khadliq, muhammad M. Choirul Anwar M. Puji Ibnu Mimbar Maulana Maemunah Maemunah Maulana, M. Puji Ibnu Mimbar Mufid, Ali Khaerul Muhammad Agung As’ari Muhammad Budi Nur Rahman Muhammad Budi Nur Rahman Muhammad Budi Nur Rahman, Muhammad Budi muhammad khadliq Ni'am, Lutfi Khoirul Miftakhul Nurhadi, Taufik Nurhaliza Agustina Pamasaria, Herda Agus Permana, Cepi Rahmatullah Permana, Cepi Rahmatullah Perwita Kurniawan Pradana, Benanta Ogi Rahman, Muhammad Budi Nur Raihan, Ghanim Riza, Eduar Iqbal Sahputra, Wahyu Puji Sosiati, Harini Subkhan Nur Ikhsan Sukamta Sukamta Sukamta Sukamta Sunardi Sunardi Sunardi, Sunardi Syahputra, Kevin Atila Taufik Nurhadi TH Adi Nugroho Thoharudin Thoharudin Thoharudin, Thoharudin Tiara Cahya Atikasari Totok Suwanda Tri Hannanto Saputra Tri Wahyono Widyasmoro, Widyasmoro wiwin Irmawan Yudani Alamsyah Harahap