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All Journal Buletin Udayana Mengabdi E-Jurnal Medika Udayana Biotropika WMJ (Warmadewa Medical Journal) Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA (JPPIPA) Meditory : The Journal of Medical Laboratory WICAKSANA: Jurnal Lingkungan dan Pembangunan Jurnal Kesehatan Indonesia Abdi: Jurnal Pengabdian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Jurnal Abdi Insani GANESHA MEDICINA Aesculapius Medical Journal Warmadewa Minesterium Medical Journal Community Services Journal (CSJ) Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Folia Medica Indonesiana Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede
Universitas Warmadewa
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Antibacterial Activity Screening of Bacillus sp. AM12 Associated with Mangrove Soil Natania, Evellyne; Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede; Widhidewi, Ni Wayan
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 13, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2024.132.373-379

Abstract

The use of synthetic antibiotics to treat bacterial infections can trigger resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics. One effort to overcome this is to explore microorganisms that produce antibacterial compounds from nature. A previous study reported isolates of Bacillus sp. AM12 from mangrove soil displayed antibacterial potential based on preliminary screening of the perpendicular streak test. This study was designed to confirm the antibacterial potential of Bacillus sp. AM12 uses chemical solvent extraction. Bacillus sp. AM12 was fermented in 100 mL liquid ISP-2 sterile and shaken at 150 rpm for 7 days. The supernatant was filtered from the cell mass using Whatman paper and extracted using 100 mL of ethyl acetate solvent (1:1, v/v) twice. The filtrate was evaporated at 40ºC until a thick, clear yellowish colored extract was obtained. The thick extract was tested for antibacterial activity using the Kirby-Bauer method against two Gram positive and two Gram negative bacterial targets. Antibacterial screening showed moderate diameter zone of inhibition of 6.72 ± 0.21 mm, 6.82 ± 0.15 mm, and 6.62 ± 0.21 mm against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus mutans FNCC 0405, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 70060, respectively. However, no antibacterial activity was observed against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Analysis of the chemical composition of ethyl acetate crude extracts using GC-MS has detected 10 different compounds, in which the 3 most dominant antibacterial compounds were Benzene, 1,2,4-Trimethyl-, Benzene, 1-ethyl-2-methyl- and 2-butoxyethyl acetate. In general, these results provide an initial description of Bacillus sp. AM12 is a potential of antibacterial producer.
Phytochemicals and Larvicidal Activity of Sonneratia alba Root Extracts from Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest, Denpasar-Bali Wijaya, Made Dharmesti; Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede; Kirtanayasa, I Gede Yoga Ayuning
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 12, No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2023.122.499-505

Abstract

Dengue is an endemic disease with a high incidence in almost all Southeast Asian countries, including Indonesia. This infectious disease is caused by a virus transmitted by the bite of Aedes aegypti mosquito as the main vector. Effective mosquito vector control is a crucial step in stopping the spread of this virus. Of the several methods available, the use of larvicides is considered one of the most successful treatments in reducing the number of mosquito vectors. However, widely used synthetic larvicides can have undesirable side effects on the environment and non-target organisms including human health. The aim of this study was to discover a new biolarvicide from natural materials that is relatively safer. In this study, the biolarvicidal activity of mangrove plant species that are commonly found in Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest Bali was tested, namely Sonneratia alba. Mangrove root simplicia was extracted by reflux method using three different solvents namely methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane. The content of compounds in the extract were analyzed using GC/MS method. The larvicidal activity of the extracts were tested on A. aegypti instar III/IV larvae with concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ppm for 24 hours. Subsequently, the average value of larval mortality was used to calculate the LC50 of each extract. The results showed that S. alba methanol extract provided the best larvicidal activity compared to chloroform and n-hexane extracts, with mortality of 69.33% at a concentration of 1000 ppm and LC50 of 1265 ppm. GC-MS analysis showed that the methanol extract of S. alba contained five dominant compounds namely Methyl 2-hydroxy-eicosanoate (19.55%); 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 3,5-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy (16.48%); 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol (10.06%); Benzamide, N-[4-(2-naphtyl)-2-thiazolyl]- (9.40%); and 2,3-Dihydro-3,5-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-inden-1-one (6.52%). The results of this study provide a preliminary result on larvicide activity from mangrove S. alba in order to develop bio larvicides from nature which is safer for human health and environment.
Phytochemical and Toxicity Analysis of Sonneratia alba Mangrove Leaf Extract using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) Method Arta, Ni Kadek Dewi Asri Tiara; Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede; Wijaya, Made Dharmesti
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 13, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2024.132.443-448

Abstract

Mangroves are plants that contain various secondary metabolites with various potential pharmacological activities, one of which is cytotoxic activity. However, researchers have not extensively explored the evidence of secondary metabolite compounds and their toxicity effects in mangrove plants. This research aims to determine the content of secondary metabolite compounds and the toxicity of the leaf extract of the Sonneratia alba mangrove plant in the Ngurah Rai Grand Forest Park (TAHURA), Bali. In this experimental research, compound extraction was carried out using a maceration technique for 2x24 hours using two types of solvents, namely methanol and n-hexane. Phytochemical tests were carried out using qualitative methods and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), while the toxicity test used was the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method. Potassium dichromate and sea water without extract were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The LC50 value was calculated using probit analysis in Microsoft Excel. Phytochemical test results showed that the methanol extract contains phenol, saponin, tannin, and steroid compounds. Meanwhile, n-hexane extract only contains steroid compounds. GC-MS analysis showed that the compounds with the largest area percentages in the methanol and n-hexane extracts were 1,2,3-benzenetriol (3.94%) and n-hexadecenoic acid (2.41%), respectively. Based on the LC50 value, the methanol extract of S. alba mangrove leaves was moderately toxic (178.17 ppm), while the n-hexane extract was weakly toxic (567.23 ppm). The results of this study provide information that the type of chemical solvent has a major influence on the level of toxicity of S. alba leaf extract, with polar methanol solvent providing the highest toxicity effect compared to nonpolar n-hexane solvent.
Phytochemicals and Antibacterial Activity of Impatiens balsamina L. Leaf Extracts Against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria Fridayanthi, Putu Utari; Wijaya, Made Dharmesti; Udiyani, Desak Putu Citra; Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede; Setiabudy, Marta
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.141.327-335

Abstract

The emergence of antibiotic resistance as one of the global public health threats makes research on new antibacterial compounds urgently needed. Among natural resources, the Impatiens balsamina plant has the potential to be explored as the new source of antibacterial agents. This study aimed to identify the phytochemical composition and evaluate the antibacterial activity of I. balsamina leaf extracts against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Extracts were prepared using the maceration method with methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane solvents at a 1:5 sample-to-solvent ratio. Phytochemical screening was performed qualitatively, and antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion assay. Analysis of methanol extract detected the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, steroids, and glycosides, while chloroform extract consisted of tannins, phenols, and steroids. On the other hand, steroids were the only compounds detected qualitatively in n-hexane extract. Antibacterial testing revealed that methanol extract exhibited the highest activity, with zones of inhibition (ZOI) of 15.10±0.18 mm, 9.40±0.30 mm, 14.75±1.28 mm, and 8.67±0.50 mm against Streptococcus mutans FNCC 0405, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, respectively. A concentration-dependent ZOI was observed in the methanol extract, with activity increasing at higher concentrations. GC-MS analysis of the methanol extract identified 32 compounds, including n-hexadecanoic acid (12.12%), 2-acetylbenzoic acid (8.26%), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (8.21%), and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (4.67%), which are known to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Chloroform extract showed moderate activity against S. mutans (7.04±0.15 mm) and S. aureus (7.10±0.31 mm), while n-hexane extract exhibited no antibacterial activity. The significant antibacterial activity of methanol extract is likely due to its rich phytochemical composition, highlighting methanol as an effective solvent for extracting bioactive compounds. These findings provide a strong foundation for further exploration of I. balsamina leaf extracts as a source of antibacterial agents.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY SCREENING OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES ASSOCIATED WITH SEAWEEDS Caulerpa lentillifera AR, Sunthio Barran Cia; Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede; Widhidewi, Ni Wayan; Wijaya, Made Dharmesti; Antara, Kadek Lila; Choe, Daegeun
Meditory : The Journal of Medical Laboratory Vol 13, No 1 (2025): Meditory, Volume 13 No. 1 Tahun 2025
Publisher : Jurusan Teknologi Laboratorium Medis, Poltekkes Kemenkes Denpasar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33992/meditory.v13i1.4051

Abstract

Background: Caulerpa lentillifera is a species of green algae that has been cultivated widely in Indonesia for its nutritional contents and health benefit. This seaweed builds a strong association with bacterial community which play an important role in synthesizing various secondary metabolites including antibacterial activity. Aims:The research aim to explore the symbiotic relationship between C. lentillifera and its associated bacterial community, focusing on the potential of these bacteria to produce antibacterial metabolites.Methods:Bacterial cultivation was performed on three different media namely nutrient agar, plate count agar, and zobell marine agar. The obtained bacterial isolates were identified morphologically and subsequently were screened for their antibacterial activity based on perpendicular cross streak method against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus mutans FNCC 0405, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603. Results: 20 out of 28 bacterial isolates inhibited against at least one of the bacterial targets. Bacterial isolate encoded as NAR9 showed as the most promising bacterial isolates with length inhibition of 19 mm against S. mutans FNCC 0405. Amplification of 16S rRNA gene fragment of the NAR9 bacterial isolate followed by Sanger sequencing showed that the isolate NAR9 has been phylogenetically related to Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. Conclusion: Overall, this research provides a preliminary result of the untapped potential of bacteria associated with C. lentillifera as the source of antibacterial activity. 
BACILLUS SP RM3 ISOLATED FROM MANGROVE FOREST HAS POTENTIAL AS ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND CYTOTOXICITY Maheswari, Ida Ayu Kartika; Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede; Paramasatiari, Anak Agung Ayu Lila; Choe, Daegeun
Meditory : The Journal of Medical Laboratory Vol 13, No 1 (2025): Meditory, Volume 13 No. 1 Tahun 2025
Publisher : Jurusan Teknologi Laboratorium Medis, Poltekkes Kemenkes Denpasar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33992/meditory.v13i1.4073

Abstract

Background: Antibacterial resistance is a critical health concern, driving the search for new compounds from natural sources such as mangrove-associated bacteria, which produce diverse secondary metabolites.Objective:  This research focused on studying the bioactivity of the extract of Bacillus sp. RM3, previously isolated from mangrove forests through an extraction method using ethyl acetate solvent.Methods: The Bacillus sp. RM3 isolate was fermented in ISP-2 media and extracted with ethyl acetate. The resulting crude extract was tested for antibacterial activity using the Kirby-Bauer method against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus mutans FNCC 0405 (Gram-positive), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603 (Gram-negative). Cytotoxic effects were assessed via the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLT).Results: The ethyl acetate extract displayed moderate antibacterial activity, evidenced by inhibition zone diameters between 5 to 10 mm. Triplicate measurements revealed the following average inhibition zone diameters: E. coli (9.65±1.62 mm), K. pneumoniae (7.88±1.92 mm), S. aureus (7.77±1.26 mm), and S. mutans (7.03±0.99 mm). Furthermore, the BSLT assay revealed an LC50 value of 504.586 ppm, which indicates the extract was toxic (LC50 1000 ppm).Conclusions: Overall, these results indicate the potential of Bacillus sp. RM3 isolate as a producer of antibacterial and cytotoxic compounds 
Antibacterial Activity Screening Of Bacterial Isolates Associated With Seaweed Eucheuma cottonii From Coastal Area In Buleleng, Bali Purnami, Pande Putu Christine Putri; Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede; Darmayasa, Ida Bagus Gede
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 10 No. 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2022.010.02.07

Abstract

Seaweeds like other marine organisms develop a strong association with prokaryotic communities, especially bacteria. Many of these associated bacteria play an important role in synthesizing secondary metabolites which are beneficial for their host, especially against predation or infection. In Indonesia, Eucheuma cottonii is one of the seaweed species that has been cultivated widely.  However, only limited study has been reported on bacterial isolates and their antibacterial activity from E. cottonii.  Bacterial isolates from E. cottonii were cultivated in six agar media namely Zobell Marine Agar, Nutrient Agar, Plate Count Agar, ISP-1, ISP-2, and Starch-M protein agar. Cultivation of bacterial isolates yielded 23 isolates with nine bacterial isolates were classified as Gram-positive bacteria and 14 isolates were grouped among Gram-negative bacteria. All the bacterial isolates were screened for their antibacterial activity against six bacterial indicator strains namely Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus mutans FNCC 0405, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603 using perpendicular streak and agar block method. Six out of 23 bacterial isolates displayed antibacterial activity against at least one of the bacterial indicator strains. The bacterial isolate ISP1RL4 showed the highest antibacterial activity with average inhibition of  > 20 mm against all bacterial indicators. Overall, our result indicated the potential of bacterial isolates associated with E. cottonii as an antibacterial producer.
Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus Setiabudy, Marta; Masyeni, Dewa Ayu Putri Sri; Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede; Suryawan, Kadek; Adhiputra, I Ketut Agus Indra; Rahman, Muhammad Amirul bin Abdul
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 59, No. 3
Publisher : Folia Medica Indonesiana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

Highlights: 1. The significance of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, which are more likely to infect immunocompromised patients, needed to be researched in greater depth. 2. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was found to form significantly more biofilm than Staphylococcus aureus. 3. Wound care and changing medical devices in immunocompromised patients on a regular basis may provide benefits to prevent biofilm formation by Staphylococcus spp. Abstract Staphylococcus spp. are typically commensal microorganisms that can exist in the human body without causing illness. However, these bacteria have virulence factors, e.g., biofilm formation, that are important to note. Because biofilms shield bacteria from opsonophagocytosis and antimicrobial agents, they can cause persistent or chronic infections. Once they form biofilms, both Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) can potentially cause incurable infections. This study aimed to compare biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus as a guide for the prevention and management of infection, which will maintain and improve the good health of the general population. This was an analytic research with a cross-sectional design. The study began by collecting the samples, identifying the species, and testing the biofilm production with a microtiter plate, which was then analyzed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). Comparison tests were conducted using an independent t-test. A value of p<0.05 was used as the cut-off that indicated significance. The total samples were 36 clinical isolates, consisting of 18 Staphylococcus aureus and 18 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. The specimens consisted of 20 blood samples (55.6%) and 7 wound swabs (19.4%). The biofilm test on the samples showed that 83.3% of the samples produced biofilms. The data revealed that the isolates formed biofilms, with 14 isolates (38.9%) in the strong category, 10 isolates (27.8%) in the moderate category, and each of 6 isolates (16.7%) in the weak and non-existent categories. Both Staphylococcus spp. appeared to have biofilm-forming activity, but coagulase-negative Staphylococcus appeared to be significantly more dominant (p=0.008). Strong biofilm was produced by 61.1% of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates. In conclusion, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus formed a stronger biofilm than Staphylococcus aureus. Its presence as an infection-causing bacteria, particularly in immunocompromised patients, should not be underestimated.
PKM Gerakan Masyarakat Cerdas Menggunakan Obat, Pelatihan Pembuatan Kompos, dan Literasi Pasar Modal pada PKK Kelurahan Sesetan Made Dharmesti Wijaya; Anak Agung Gede Indraningrat; Ida Ayu Agung Idawati
Warmadewa Minesterium Medical Journal Vol. 3 No. 3 (2024): September 2024
Publisher : Warmadewa University Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22225/wmmj.3.3.2024.230-235

Abstract

Penggunaan obat yang rasional dalam pengobatan sendiri atau swamedikasi adalah bagian yang krusial untuk mendapatkan luaran terapi yang diinginkan. Namun, belum semua masyarakat memiliki pemahaman yang baik tentang hal tersebut, termasuk mitra pada Program Kemitraan Masyarakat (PKM) ini yaitu kelompok ibu-ibu Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga (PKK) Kelurahan Sesetan, Denpasar Selatan. Pada diskusi awal, mitra menyatakan bahwa mereka memiliki pemahaman yang terbatas mengenai swamedikasi yang rasional sehingga membuat mitra menjadi ragu dalam melakukan swamedikasi, serta terkadang melakukan kesalahan-kesalahan yang tidak disadari saat melakukan swamedikasi terhadap diri sendiri maupun keluarganya. Mitra juga membutuhkan pelatihan terkait pengolahan sampah-sampah daun dan canang yang membludak terutama ketika hari raya besar seperti Galungan dan Kuningan. Selain itu, mitra juga memerlukan pelatihan mengenai pasar modal, terutama terkait dengan investasi saham sebagai alternatif investasi keluarga. Oleh karena itu, PKM ini memberikan penyuluhan kepada mitra kelompok PKK tentang Gerakan Masyarakat Cerdas Menggunakan Obat (Gema Cermat) yang mencakup penggunaan obat secara rasional dalam swamedikasi, penggunaan antibiotik yang benar, cara penyimpanan dan pembuangan obat yang benar, serta cara penggunaan obat dalam bentuk sediaan khusus. Mitra juga diberikan pelatihan pendaur-ulangan sampah organik menjadi kompos dan pelatihan literasi pasar modal. Metode yang diterapkan meliputi focus group discussion atau diskusi kelompok terarah, penyuluhan dan pemutaran video tentang Gema Cermat, pelatihan daur ulang sampah organik, serta pelatihan pasar modal. Hasil evaluasi berdasarkan nilai pretest dan posttest menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pemahaman mitra terhadap materi-materi yang telah disampaikan, dengan rata-rata nilai 54/100 pada pretest menjadi 90/100 pada posttest. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kegiatan PKM ini telah berhasil meningkatkan pemahaman mitra mengenai Gema Cermat, daur ulang sampah organik, serta literasi pasar modal.
PKM Pemanfaatan Tanaman Obat Keluarga dan Investasi Pasar Modal pada Sekaa Teruna Hita Mahada Çraya Desa Batur Utara Made Dharmesti Wijaya; Anak Agung Gede Indraningrat; Ida Ayu Agung Idawati
Warmadewa Minesterium Medical Journal Vol. 4 No. 1 (2025): Januari 2025
Publisher : Warmadewa University Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22225/wmmj.4.1.2025.9-14

Abstract

Tanaman Obat Keluarga (TOGA) sangat bermanfaat bagi masyarakat dalam upaya pemeliharaan kesehatan keluarga. Selain bermanfaat, tanaman ini juga relatif mudah ditanam serta dapat memperindah pekarangan rumah. Namun, masih banyak masyarakat yang belum terlalu familiar dengan jenis-jenis, manfaat, serta cara pengolahan TOGA menjadi obat tradisional seperti jamu atau loloh. Hal tersebut juga dirasakan oleh mitra kami yaitu sekeha teruna (ST) Hita Mahada Çraya. Hasil diskusi juga menunjukkan bahwa mitra masih belum memiliki pengetahuan yang cukup mengenai pengolahan sampah organik. Mitra juga belum familiar dengan investasi pasar modal yang jika ditekuni dengan baik dapat menjadi salah satu sumber pemasukan tambahan. Oleh karena itu, dalam Program Kemitraan Masyarakat (PKM) ini, dilakukan penyuluhan mengenai manfaat dan cara pengolahan TOGA dalam membantu pemeliharaan kesehatan dan mengatasi keluhan penyakit ringan, serta pemberian bantuan berupa bibit TOGA yang dapat ditanam dan dimanfaatkan di pekarangan rumah mitra. Pada kegiatan ini juga dilakukan pelatihan pembuatan kompos dengan memanfaatkan sampah organik rumah tangga dan pemberian bantuan berupa peralatan composting. Selain itu, juga diberikan pelatihan mengenai investasi pasar modal bagi anggota ST. Metode yang digunakan adalah focus group discussion, penyuluhan dan pelatihan terkait permasalahan mitra, pemberian bantuan, serta evaluasi berupa pretest dan posttest. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan mitra mengalami peningkatan sebesar 95%, yang dilihat dari rata-rata nilai mitra sebesar 48/100 saat pretest menjadi 94/100 saat posttest. Proses monitoring pascakegiatan berupa diskusi dan observasi langsung ke lapangan menunjukkan bahwa kader sudah menanam bantuan TOGA yang diberikan di pekarangan rumahnya masing-masing, serta mulai mempelajari mengenai investasi pasar modal. Mitra juga berencana akan segera memulai mencoba membuat kompos dari sampah-sampah organik. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa kegiatan PKM telah berlangsung dengan baik dan bermanfaat bagi mitra.
Co-Authors A.A. Made Semariyani Adhiputra, I Ketut Agus Indra Agus Santosa Alit Yulianti, Ni Made Amirah Khairunnisa Anak Agung Ayu Lila Paramasatiari Anak Agung Dewi Megawati Anak Agung Sri Agung Aryastuti AR, Sunthio Barran Cia Arta, Ni Kadek Dewi Asri Tiara Ayu Savitri Siskayani budiapsari, putu indah Choe, Daegeun Daegeun Choe Dewa Ayu Mas Maharani Dharmesti Wijaya Fridayanthi, Putu Utari HENY ARWATI I Gede Sutapa, I Gede I Gede Yoga Ayuning Kirtanayasa I Gusti Agung Ayu Sucitra Ekaryani I Gusti Gde Agung Anantawikrama I Gusti Made Arya Janardana Kepakisan I Gusti Ngurah Arjana I Gusti Ngurah Sumantri I Ketut Agus Indra Adhiputra I Made Sila Darmana I Putu Candra I Putu Candra Suta Adnyana I Putu Gosen Partama I Wayan Sudiarta I Wayan Sudiarta Ida Ayu Agung Idawati Ida Bagus Agung Dody Wira Putra Ida Bagus Gede Darmayasa Janurianti, Ni Made Defy Kadek Ayu Lestari Kadek Karang Agustina Kadek Lila Antara Kadek Suryawan Kirtanayasa, I Gede Yoga Ayuning Legis Ocktaviana Saputri Luh Putu Ardha Gangga Cendani Made Dharmesti Wijaya Made Kurniawan Maheswari, Ida Ayu Kartika Marta Setiabudy Marta Setiabudy Monika Febryanti Lebo Nuru Muhammad Amirul bin Abdul Rahman Mulyawan Made Bramastya Nugraha Teja Kusuma Natania, Evellyne Ni Kadek Widya Diari Ningsih Ni Ketut Devi Yogiswari Ni Made Alit Yulianti Ni Made Ayu Suardani Singapurwa Ni Made Utami Dwipayanti Ni Nyoman Sri Budayanti Ni Putu Aniek Mahayani, Ni Putu Aniek Ni Wayan Putri Primayanthi Ni Wayan Widhidewi P.A Suryanditha PA Suryandhita PANDE PUTU CHRISTINE PUTRI PURNAMI Pande Putu Christine Putri Purnami Prihantara, Komang Gede Yudha Purnami, Pande Putu Christine Putri Putri Herawati, Putri Putu Arya Suryanditha Putu Asih Primatanti Putu Austin Widyasari Wijaya Putu Kania Ayu Kirana Putu Shinta Widari Tirka Rahman, Muhammad Amirul bin Abdul Saputri Legis Ocktaviana Sri Masyeni, Dewa Ayu Putri Suryawan, Kadek Tanjung Subrata Udiyani, Desak Putu Citra Wahyu Antari Wijaya Wahyu Antari Wijaya Widowati, I Gusti Ayu Rai - Yan Ramona Yanti, Ni Komang Semara Yenni Ciawi YOES PRIJATNA DACHLAN Yunita Carolina Ero Atu