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UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI AIR PERASAN JERUK SAMBAL (Citrus Microcarpa Bunge) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Staphylococcus Aureus Vanesa, Vanesa; Asseggaf, Syarifah Nurul Yanti Rizki Syahab; Mardhia, Mardhia; Mahyarudin, Mahyarudin
E-Jurnal Medika Udayana Vol 13 No 5 (2024): E-Jurnal Medika Udayana
Publisher : Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/MU.2024.V13.i05.P16

Abstract

Latar Belakang: Pneumonia dapat diakibatkan oleh infeksi dari salah satu strain bakteri S. aureus, yaitu Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Staphylococcus aureus memiliki potensi untuk mengembangkan resistensi terhadap hampir semua kelas antibiotik. Diperlukan pengembangan alternatif agen terapi lain dalam menangani peningkatan kasus resistensi bakteri. Jeruk sambal (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) adalah tanaman yang terdapat di Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia. Air perasan dari buah ini mengandung metabolit sekunder yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan air perasan jeruk sambal sebagai antibakteri terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Metode: Air perasan jeruk sambal dibuat dengan mensterilkan buah, kemudian dipotong menjadi dua, diambil sari buahnya dengan diperas dan disaring menggunakan kertas saring. Metode difusi cakram (Kirby-Bauer) digunakan sebagai metode pengujian aktivitas antibakteri. Kelompok perlakuan dibagi menjadi 4 konsentrasi: 25%, 50%, 75%, dan 100%, kontrol positif (Siprofloksasin 5 ?g/disk) dan kontrol negatif (akuades steril). Hasil: Analisis fitokimia menunjukan terdapat kandungan alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tanin, dan fenolik pada air perasan jeruk sambal. Dimana saponin (+++) sebagai kandungan terbanyak. Aktivitas antibakteri didapati pada semua kosentrasi dengan terbentuknya zona hambat disekitar kertas cakram. Kesimpulan: Air perasan jeruk sambal mampu mengambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylocaccus aureus secara in vitro, sehingga dapat disimpulkan memiliki aktivitas antibakteri.
Knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic resistance among health profession students in Indonesia Syahniar, Rike; Farsida, Farsida; Kosasih, Audia Nizhma Nabila; Mardhia, Mardhia; Bekti, Heri Setiyo; Marpaung, Nurasi Lidya E.; Dharmawan, Ade; Indriyani, Indriyani; Husna, Ismalia; Amany, Hana Amirah
International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) Vol 13, No 1: March 2024
Publisher : Intelektual Pustaka Media Utama

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijphs.v13i1.23139

Abstract

Abuse and overuse of antibiotics cause the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance. Doctors, nurses, midwives, and pharmacy professionals play an essential role in providing information and education on the use of antibiotics to the public. This study aims to compare and identify the factors that influence the knowledge and attitudes of students’ medicine, midwifery, pharmacy, and nursing toward antimicrobial resistance. An online crosssectional survey involving 530 medical, midwifery, pharmacy, and nursing students who are currently in the clinical or professional study stage. The Mann–Whitney U test and the Kruskal–Wallis test was run to assess differences in the mean scores of knowledges and attitudes. Factors related to knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotic resistance were analyzed using linear regression. Most (93%) students have a good level of knowledge and have a positive attitude 49.81%, neutral 43.78%, and negative 6.41%. There was a relationship between age (p=0.012), major (p=0.000), source of information (p=0.013), and knowledge and attitudes about antibiotics (p<0.05). We conclude that there are differences in knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotic resistance among clinical-stage students of medicine, midwifery, pharmacy, and nursing. We found that essential knowledge and attitudes should be revised regarding antibiotic resistance.
Nitrofurantoin Susceptibility Profile on Bacterial Isolates from Urinary Tract Infection in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Kurniawan, Prayoga; Mardhia, Mardhia; Mahyarudin, Mahyarudin
Muhammadiyah Medical Journal Vol 4, No 2 (2023): Muhammadiyah Medical Journal (MMJ)
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine and Health Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24853/mmj.4.2.79-85

Abstract

Background: Patients with diabetes mellitus have a higher risk of urinary tract infection (UTI) incidence than those without. One of the first-line therapy for UTI is nitrofurantoin. The emergence of drug-resistant UTIs is increasing both in community and healthcare setups. Purposes: Determine the nitrofurantoin susceptibility profile to bacteria causing UTI in diabetic patients. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Microscopic Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, from February to November 2019. The antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on 22 bacterial isolates. The samples were collected on a sterile urine pot, cultured on agar, and identified by biochemistry test, and bacterial isolates were stored at 2-8oC. The bacterial isolates were sub-cultured 24h before the susceptibility test. The susceptibility testing used a 300 µg nitrofurantoin disk. The diameter of zone inhibition was measured and classified based on Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines. Result: The results showed that Escherichia coli was 41.67% susceptible (5/12), Shigella sp. was 100% intermediate (1/1), and Enterobacter aerogenes (3/3), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1/1), Klebsiella sp (1/1) were 100% resistant. Conclusion: The majority of the causative bacteria for UTI in diabetic patients are resistant to nitrofurantoin, suggesting the use of nitrofurantoin should be reconsidered as an empirical antibiotic in Pontianak. Further study using a larger population should be conducted to describe a more extensive antibiotic susceptibility profile of diabetic patients with UTI in Pontianak.
Evaluation of Humoral Response of Emergency Unit Healthcare Workers after Third Dose of COVID-19 Vaccination Irsan, Abror; Mardhia, Mardhia; Rialita, Ambar
Muhammadiyah Medical Journal Vol 3, No 1 (2022): Muhammadiyah Medical Journal (MMJ)
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine and Health Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24853/mmj.3.1.27-32

Abstract

Background:  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an emerging disease that has become pandemic. Healthcare workers are vulnerable persons due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Healthcare workers are a government priority in the COVID-19 vaccine program. Antibody titer evaluation to healthcare workers as the first liner is essential due to the risk of the job. Purposes: The study aims to assess IgG antibody humoral response in healthcare workers in the emergency unit of Anton Soedjarwo Hospital, Pontianak, before and after the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Methods: This study was a descriptive study with a cohort method. Twenty-two healthcare workers in the Emergency Unit in Anton Soedjarwo Hospital, Pontianak, participated in the study. Three ml venous blood samples were collected from the participants in two periods to quantify IgG antibody titer. The first period was before the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine, and the second period was one month after the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay (CMIA) methods were used to quantification IgG antibodies against spike-receptor binding domain (S-RBD) protein of SARS-CoV-2 Results: One month before the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine, the majority of IgG antibodies show seropositivity (90.91%), with most on range 50-10,000 AU/ml (54.55%). Two participants (9.09%) show IgG antibodies less than 50 AU/ml (seronegative). One month after the third vaccination dose, all participants (100%) elicit IgG antibodies. Based on the comparison of IgG antibody titer before and after the third dose of the vaccine, the majority (68.18%) showed increasing the IgG antibody titer after the third vaccine.  Conclusion: The third dose vaccine might effectively elevate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Knowledge and Behavior Regarding Antibiotic Stewardship in Health Workers at Sultan Syarif Mohammad Alkadrie Hospital, Indonesia Restika, Risma A.; Mardhia, Mardhia; Mahyarudin, Mahyarudin; Liana, Delima F.; IH, Hariyanto
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Vol 9, No 3 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15416/pcpr.v9i3.56573

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health concern. The World Health Organization reports that antimicrobial resistance constitutes a serious threat to public health worldwide. One of the risk factors in the development of antimicrobial resistance cases is the irrational use of antibiotics. Knowledge and behavior of health worker about antibiotic stewardship play a role in preventing antibiotic resistance cases. This study aimed to demonstrate knowledge and behavior regarding antibiotic stewardship in health workers at Sultan Syarif Mohamad Alkadrie Hospital, Pontianak. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study using consecutive sampling with total of 39 respondents. Data were collected through questionnaires with total of 45 questions. Knowledge and behavior of respondents were categorized as good, moderate, and low. The data was analyzed using the spearman rank correlation coefficient. The results showed that most health workers had good knowledge 97.44% (38/39) and good behavior 87.18% (34/39) related to antibiotic stewardship with a spearman p-value >0.05. Antibiotic stewardship is important for health workers to prevent an increase in antibiotic resistance cases and their impact on public health worldwide. As we know, increasing antibiotic resistance is a globally major problem as health system depends on effective antibiotics to treat bacterial infections.
Evaluation of Antibiotic Use in the Internal Medicine Ward and ICU at Universitas Tanjungpura Hospital Pontianak with ATC/DDD Rifdah, Dzuria Adhana; Ih, Hariyanto; Liana, Delima Fajar; Mardhia, Mardhia; Mahyarudin, Mahyarudin
JURNAL MANAJEMEN DAN PELAYANAN FARMASI (Journal of Management and Pharmacy Practice) Vol 14, No 4
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jmpf.92330

Abstract

Background: Evaluating the wise use of antibiotics is needed to control antibiotic resistance in hospitals.Objectives: This study aimed to analyze patient characteristics, antibiotic profiles, and quantitative use of antibiotics in inpatients prescribed by internal medicine specialists in the internal medicine ward and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at Universitas Tanjungpura Hospital Pontianak from August to October 2022.Methods: This study method is descriptive observational, and data collection was done retrospectively using a purposive sampling technique. There were 143 samples that met the inclusion criteria, and then using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC)/Defined Daily Dose (DDD) method, the samples were analyzed quantitatively.Results: Most patient characteristics were female patients (60.14%), patients aged 56-65 (26.57%), and the most common diagnosis was typhoid fever (32.74%). Of the 13 types of antibiotics used, cephalosporin was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic group to patients (58.48%), with the most types of antibiotics in ceftriaxone (42,69%) and intravenous administration of antibiotics was the standard route given to patients. The results of the quantitative analysis of all antibiotic prescriptions obtained a total value of 88.55 DDD/100 patient-days. Antibiotics with the most considerable DDD/100 patient-days value were ceftriaxone (44.71), followed by meropenem (10.46) and levofloxacin (9.28). Furthermore, the value of DDD/100 patient-days is not an indicator in determining the rational use of antibiotics, so further study must be done using the Gyssens method.Conclusion: The value of DDD/100 patient-days is not an indicator in determining the rational use of antibiotics, so further study must be done using the Gyssens method as qualitative evaluation to obtain information regarding the rationality of prescribing antibiotics.
POTENTIAL OF SAMBAS SIAM ORANGE (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) LEAVES ETANOL EXTRACT AGAINST Escherichia coli Irvandy, Muhammad Syifa; Zakiah, Mistika; Asseggaf, Syarifah Nurul Yanti Rizki Syahab; Mahyarudin, Mahyarudin; Mardhia, Mardhia
Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan : Publikasi Ilmiah Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sriwijaya Vol. 12 No. 1 (2025): Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan : Publikasi Ilmiah Fakultas Kedokteran Univers
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32539/jkk.v12i1.549

Abstract

Escherichia coli has virulence factors and is able to avoid host defenses, and is resistant to antibiotics. Increasing resistance requires alternative therapies, including natural ingredients. The potential that comes from West Kalimantan is the Siamese orange (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa). All parts of this plant contain secondary metabolites that can be utilized, for example the leaves. The compounds contained in secondary metabolites have antibacterial properties. This study was to determine the antibacterial potential of the ethanol extract of Siamese orange leaves on the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria. Method The orange leaves were extracted using 70% ethanol then continued with phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity testing using the disc diffusion method. The results of the phytochemical analysis showed that the ethanol extract of Siamese orange leaves contained phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and steroids. Antibacterial activity testing at all concentrations showed no inhibition zone. Conclusion The ethanol extract of Siamese orange leaves did not have antibacterial activity on the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria.
ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG BERKAITAN DENGAN KELEBIHAN BERAT BADAN REMAJA Yoga Pramana; M. Ali Maulana; Mardhia
Jurnal Penelitian Keperawatan Vol 9 No 1 (2023): Jurnal Penelitian Keperawatan
Publisher : STIKES RS Baptis Kediri

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32660/jpk.v9i1.643

Abstract

Angka kelebihan berat badan pada remaja mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnya. Kejadian tersebut disebabkan oleh pola ketidakseimbangan energi yang terjadi secara terus menerus, hal tersebut dapat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, diantaranya rendahnya tingkat aktivitas fisik serta kondisi psikologis. Adapun Tujuan penelitian ini, untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kelebihan berat badan pada remaja. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Jumlah sampel penelitian sebesar 131 remaja yang dipilih menggunakan cara consecutive sampling. Pengujian data menggunakan analisis univariat dan analisis inferensial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebaran responden sebanyak 54% berjenis kelamin perempuan dan 46% dengan jenis kelamin laki-laki. Kategori aktivitas fisik siswa memiliki tingkat aktivitas fisik ringan sebanyak 56%, dan siswa dengan tingkat aktivitas fisik sedang sebanyak 44%. Untuk kejadian kelebihan berat badan (obesitas) diketahui bahwa sebanyak 70% siswa berstatus tidak mengalami kelebihan berat badan, dan 30% mengalami kelebihan berat badan. Dari hasil analisis inferensial didapatkan simpulan bahwa ada hubungan antara aktifitas fisik, dengan kejadian kelebihan berat badan (p value 0,000) serta terdapat hubungan antara tingkat ansietas dengan kejadian kelebihan berat badan pada remaja (p value 0,000).
Pengaruh Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirsak terhadap Histologi Tumor Payudara Tikus Putih Betina Sprague Dawley Teguh Rinjaya; Muhammad In’am Ilmiawan; Mardhia Mardhia
Cermin Dunia Kedokteran Vol 49 No 9 (2022): Neurologi
Publisher : PT Kalbe Farma Tbk.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55175/cdk.v49i9.292

Abstract

Kanker payudara merupakan kasus kanker tertinggi pada wanita di seluruh dunia dan penyebab kematian terbesar akibat kanker. Salah satu tanaman yang diketahui dapat bersifat sebagai anti-kanker adalah daun sirsak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak etanol daun sirsak terhadap histologi sel tumor payudara pada tikus betina galur Sprague Dawley. Penelitian eksperimental dengan desain post-test only control group. Proses induksi tumor payudara dengan pemberian 7,12 dimetilbenz(α)antracene (DMBA) dan estrogen. Total subjek penelitian adalah 30 ekor tikus betina galur Sprague Dawley yang dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok, yaitu normal, kontrol negatif (DMSO 5%), kontrol positif (tamoxifen per oral 50 mg/kgBB/hari), perlakuan I (ekstrak daun sirsak per oral 75 mg/kg/hari), perlakuan II (ekstrak daun sirsak per oral 150 mg/kgBB/hari), dan perlakuan III (ekstrak daun sirsak per oral 300 mg/kgBB/hari); perlakuan diberikan selama 9 hari. Uji statistik Fischer exact test menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan gambaran jaringan histologi secara bermakna antar kelompok perlakuan. Ekstrak etanol daun sirsak dosis 300 mg/kgBB/hari tidak memengaruhi histologi tumor payudara.   Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer and cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Soursop leaf has been known to have anti-cancer properties. This study aimed to determine the effect of soursop leaf ethanol extract on the histology of breast tumor in female Sprague Dawley rats. This is an experimental study with a post-test only control group design. Breast tumor was induced by 7,12 dimethylbenz(α)anthracene (DMBA) and estrogen injection. The total subjects were 30 female rats Sprague Dawley divided into 6 groups: normal, negative control (DMSO 5%), positive control (tamoxifen oral 50 mg/kgBW/day), treatment I (soursop leaf extract oral 75 mg/kgBW/day, treatment II (soursop leaf extract oral 150 mg/kgBW/day), and treatment III (soursop leaf extract oral 300 mg/kgBW/day). Each treatment was for 9 days. Analysis with Fischer exact test resulted in no significant difference in histological characteritics among the treatment groups. Ethanol extract of soursop leaves at a dose of 300 mg/kgBW/day did not affect the histology of breast tumor.
Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirsak Tidak Menghambat Pertumbuhan Jaringan Tumor Payudara Tikus Rattus norvegicus Betina galur Sprague-Dawley Akibat Paparan 7,12-Dimethylbenz(α)anthracene dan Estrogen Nurani Takwim; Muhammad In’am Ilmiawan; Mardhia Mardhia
Cermin Dunia Kedokteran Vol 50 No 1 (2023): Oftalmologi
Publisher : PT Kalbe Farma Tbk.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55175/cdk.v50i1.332

Abstract

Pendahuluan: Sirsak (Annona muricata Linn) merupakan tanaman herbal yang dipercaya masyarakat Indonesia memiliki efek antikanker. Daun sirsak memiliki kandungan acetogenins selektif yang hanya menyerang sel kanker. Metode: Penelitian eksperimental dengan desain posttest-only control group menggunakan 24 tikus Rattus norvegicus galur Sprague-Dawley, dibagi acak menjadi 6 kelompok, yaitu kelompok tanpa perlakuan, kelompok kontrol positif (tamoxifen), kelompok kontrol negatif (DMSO 5%), kelompok perlakuan I (ekstrak daun sirsak 75 mg/kgBB), kelompok perlakuan II (ekstrak daun sirsak 150 mg/kgBB), dan kelompok perlakuan III (ekstrak daun sirsak 300 mg/kgBB). Hewan uji kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan dibuat mengidap tumor payudara dengan diinjeksi DMBA dan estrogen. Hasil: Efek hambatan ekstrak etanol daun sirsak terhadap pertumbuhan tumor payudara tidak bermakna (p>0,05). Berat tikus yang diberi ekstrak etanol daun sirsak, tidak berbeda bermakna (uji Mann-Whitney, p>0,05) dengan berat tikus kelompok tanpa perlakuan, kontrol negatif, dan kontrol positif. Simpulan: Ekstrak etanol daun sirsak (Annona muricata Linn) tidak mempunyai daya hambat terhadap diameter, berat dan volume tumor payudara, serta tidak berefek terhadap berat tikus betina Sprague-Dawley yang mengidap tumor payudara. Introduction: Soursop (Annona muricata Linn) is an Indonesian herbal plant. Soursop leaves contain acetogenins which selectively attack cancer cells. Methods: Experimental study with a posttest-only control group design. The study used 24 Sprague-Dawley Rattus norvegicus rats, randomly divided into 6 groups: no intervention group, positive control group (tamoxifen), negative control group (5% DMSO), treatment I group (soursop leaf extract 75 mg/kgBW), treatment II group (soursop leaf extract 150 mg/kgBW), and treatment III group (soursop leaf extract 300 mg/kgBW). All subjects were induced to have breast tumors by DMBA and estrogen injection. Results: Ethanol extract of soursop leaves (Annona muricata Linn) has no significant effect (p> 0.05) on inhibiting breast tumor growth. The weight of rats in soursop leaf ethanol extract group had no significant difference as compared with the any intervention, negative control, and positive control group (Mann-Whitney test, p > 0.05). Conclusion: The ethanol extract of soursop leaves has no inhibitory effect on breast tumor’s diameter, weight, and volume; also has no effect on the weight of Sprague-Dawley female rats with breast tumors