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FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHI PERMINTAAN DAN EFEKTIVITAS KEBIJAKAN IMPOR GARAM INDONESIA Ahmad Syariful Jamil; Netti Tinaprilla; . Suharno
Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan Vol 11 No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Trade Analysis and Development Agency, Ministry of Trade of Republic of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (665.4 KB) | DOI: 10.30908/bilp.v11i1.73

Abstract

Garam merupakan komoditas strategis Indonesia yang permintaannya akan terus meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan jumlah penduduk. Adanya ketidakseimbangan antara kebutuhan garam dalam negeri dengan produksi garam domestik mendorong pemerintah untuk melakukan impor garam. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi volume permintaan dan efektivitas kebijakan impor garam Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode regresi data panel dari tahun 2004-2013. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap volume permintaan impor garam Indonesia yaitu: produksi garam domestik, harga garam impor, Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) riil Indonesia, PDB riil negara sumber impor dan nilai tukar riil. Produksi garam domestik dan harga garam impor memiliki hubungan yang negatif dengan volume impor, sedangkan variabel lainnya memiliki hubungan yang positif. Temuan lain adalah kebijakan impor yang telah dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah belum sepenuhnya efektif diterapkan pada saat studi ini dilakukan. Rekomendasi kebijakan yang seharusnya dapat diterapkan oleh pemerintah yaitu sinkronisasi data, penguatan pengawasan kebijakan impor, serta intensifikasi dan ekstensifikasi lahan untuk meningkatkan produksi garam domestik. Salt is a strategic commodity which its demand will continue to increase along with the increasing population. The imbalance between the demand and the supply of salt in Indonesia encourages the government to import salt. This study aimed to analyze: the factors that influence the demand of salt import, the effectiveness of salt import and alternative formulation of domestic salt policies. The panel regression model was conducted to address the problem. The study found that the variables that significantly influenced the import demand of salt in Indonesia were domestic salt production, imported salt price, real GDP of Indonesia, real GDP of importing source country and real exchange rate. Domestic salt production and imported salt price had a negative relationship towards import volume, while other variables had a positive relationship. Another finding is that the goverment policy of importing salt has not been fully implemented at the time of this study.  The policies that should be further improved by the goverment can be done by synchronizing the  data, strenghtening the monitoring import policy, land intensification and extension support in order to produce salt.
DAYA SAING DAN PERAN PEMERINTAH DALAM MENINGKATKAN DAYA SAING KOMODITI KAKAO DI SULAWESI TENGAH Siti Yuliaty Chansa Arfah; Harianto .; Suharno .
Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan Vol 11 No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Trade Analysis and Development Agency, Ministry of Trade of Republic of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (465.593 KB) | DOI: 10.30908/bilp.v11i1.79

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji daya saing komoditi kakao di Sulawesi Tengah dan melihat peran pemerintah dalam meningkatkan daya saing komoditi kakao. Data primer berasal dari observasi, wawancara dan kuesioner, sementara data sekunder berasal dari instansi terkait. Metode analisis menggunakan Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) dan analisis sensitivitas. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa nilai PCR Kabupaten Parigi Moutong 0,589 dan Kabupaten Sigi 0,396. Sedangkan nilai DRC Kabupaten Parigi Moutong 0,387 dan Kabupaten Sigi 0,319. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa usahatani komoditi kakao di Sulawesi Tengah memiliki daya saing, namun tidak menguntungkan secara ekonomi karena Sulawesi Tengah menghasilkan biji kakao yang tidak difermentasi akibatnya petani menerima harga rendah. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, pemerintah belum memberikan proteksi terhadap harga biji kakao dalam negeri melalui harga referensi biji kakao sehingga harga biji kakao didaerah penelitian masih tergolong rendah jika dibandingkan dengan harga di pasar internasional. Sementara terhadap input, pemerintah telah memberikan kebijakan subsidi kepada petani, namun implementasinya masih perlu perbaikan terutama terkait penyaluran dan pengelolaan bantuan agar merata. Kajian ini merekomendasikan masih diperlukan kebijakan pemerintah baik terhadap input maupun output untuk meningkatkan produktivitas, menurunkan biaya produksi dan menaikkan harga jual biji kakao, sehingga dapat meningkatkan daya saing biji kakao. The purpose of this study is to assess the competitiveness of cocoa in Central Sulawesi and to investigate the role of government in improving the competitiveness of cocoa. The primary data were generated through observation, interviews and some questionnaires. The secondary data were obtained from the agency or the institution related to the research. This study uses the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) and sensitivity analysis. The study found that the PCR value for Parigi Moutong district was 0.589 and Sigi district was 0.396. While, the DRC value for Parigi Moutong district was 0.387 and Sigi district was 0.319. This indicates that cocoa beans farming in Central Sulawesi has competitiveness, but not economically beneficial because Central Sulawesi produces unfermented cocoa beans consequently farmers receive low prices. Based on the results of the government's impact on output analysis, the government did not provide protection for domestic cocoa seed prices through the reference price of cocoa beans, consequently the price of domestic cocoa beans, particularly in the research area, was relatively low compared to the price of cocoa beans at the international market. Seen from the government policy on inputs, the government have provided subsidies to farmers but they need to improve the distribution and management of aid to be evenly distributed. It is necessary to set up good government policy on inputs and outputs in order to increase cocoa seed productivity, decrease production cost and increase the price which simultaneously can improve its competitiveness in the research location.
THE PROGRESSIVE EXPORT TAX AND INDONESIA’S PALM OIL PRODUCT EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS Immanuel; Suharno; Amzul Rifin
Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan Vol 13 No 2 (2019):
Publisher : Trade Analysis and Development Agency, Ministry of Trade of Republic of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1220.446 KB) | DOI: 10.30908/bilp.v13i2.417

Abstract

Abstrak Hubungan antara daya saing produk kelapa sawit dan intervensi kebijakan pemerintah di Indonesia masih sering menjadi perdebatan diantara pemangku kepentingan. Terkait dengan hal tersebut, penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan antara pajak ekspor progresif dengan perubahan pangsa ekspor CPO Crude Palm Oil (CPO) dan Refined Palm Oil (RPO) serta mengkaji daya saing kedua komoditi. Metode yang digunakan adalah Revealed Compared Advantage (RCA) dan Export Product Dynamic (EPD) untuk mengukur perubahan pangsa ekspor serta tingkat daya saing produk CPO dan RPO ke negara tujuan utama ekspor. Untuk melihat dampak kebijakan tersebut, kajian ini membandingkan sebelum dan sesudah diberlakukannya kebijakan pajak ekspor progresif pada akhir tahun 2007 dan menggunakan data bulanan ekspor produk CPO dan RPO periode 1997-2018. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa setelah diberlakukannya pajak ekspor progresif, pada komoditi CPO telah terjadi penurunan pangsa ekspor sebesar 21% dan pergeseran tingkat daya saing produk dari posisi Rising Star ke Lost Opportunity. Sebaliknya pada komoditi RPO terjadi peningkatan pangsa ekspor dan daya saing dari Falling Star ke Rising Star. Peningkatan pangsa ekspor dan daya saing RPO merupakan salah satu pencapaian dari tujuan kebijakan pajak ekspor. Analisis ini memberikan catatan penting bagi pemerintah dalam membuka alternatif pasar baru dengan tetap mempertahankan pangsa ekspor di negara tujuan ekspor utama. Kata Kunci: CPO, Pajak Ekspor, Daya saing, RCA, EPD Abstract The relationship between Indonesia’s palm oil product competitiveness and the government's policy intervention is still disputable among stakeholders. This research analyzes the association between the progressive export tax and the changes in export shares of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Refined Palm Oil (RPO) as well as the competitiveness of both commodities. Revealed comparative advantage (RCA) and export product dynamic (EPD) are used to measure the change in the export shares of CPO and RPO as well as of their export competitiveness to the main destination countries. To examine the impact of this policy, this research compares before and after the enactment of a progressive export tax policy at the end of 2007 and uses monthly export data for CPO and RPO products for the period 1997-2018. The result finds that after the enactment of the progressive export tax of CPO , the export share of CPO declined by 21% and the level of competitiveness of CPO products moved from Rising Star to Lost Opportunity compared with the condition during 1997-2007. In contrast, the export share of RPO products increased and its competitiveness level moved to a better position from Falling Star to Rising Star. Although shifting the export value of both CPO and RPO, as one of the objectives of the implementation of the export tax, was achieved, this study is highlighting essential commentary in which policymaker still needs to search for new export markets while maintaining export shares in the main export destinations. Keywords: CPO, Export Tax, Competitiveness, RCA, EPD JEL Classification: Q17, F13, O24
TRADE CREATION DAN TRADE DIVERSION ATAS PEMBERLAKUAN ACFTA TERHADAP PERDAGANGAN HORTIKULTURA INDONESIA Naufal Nur Mahdi; Suharno; Rita Nurmalina
Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan Vol 15 No 1 (2021):
Publisher : Trade Analysis and Development Agency, Ministry of Trade of Republic of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30908/bilp.v15i1.489

Abstract

Abstrak Dampak positif seharusnya diperoleh subsektor hortikultura Indonesia atas implementasi ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA). Namun demikian, subsektor hortikultura Indonesia belum memberikan kinerja yang berarti ketika impor produk hortikultura meningkat melalui tahapan penurunan tarif ACFTA dalam program The Early Harvest Program (EHP). Studi ini meneliti keragaan impor hortikultura Indonesia dengan menggunakan deskriptif analisis. Studi ini juga menganalisis daya saing produk hortikultura negara ASEAN-5 dengan China serta dampak kreasi perdagangan dan diversi perdagangan atas pemberlakuan ACFTA terhadap impor produk hortikultura Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode RSCA (Revealed Symetric Comparative Advantage) dan metode ekonometrik melalui pendekatan model gravitasi dengan data panel dari tahun 2001-2018. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan nilai RSCA, Indonesia tidak berdaya saing pada kedua jenis produk hortikultura tersebut. Model gravitasi juga menunjukkan bahwa negara anggota ACFTA mampu memanfaatkan perjanjian regional ini dengan ditandai tingginya nilai impor hortikultura Indonesia terutama dari China. Ini menandakan bahwa pelaksanaan ACFTA telah menciptakan efek penciptaan perdagangan dengan meningkatkan perdagangan intra-regional antara negara anggota ACFTA, namun tidak menyebabkan pengalihan perdagangan dengan negara non-anggota (perdagangan dengan negara non anggota tidak mengalami penurunan). Oleh karena itu, diperlukan langkah kebijakan peningkatan daya saing melalui perbaikan komponen manajerial dan teknologi seiring terbukanya pasar di kawasan ini bagi UMKM Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Data Panel, Daya Saing, Integrasi Ekonomi, Model Gravitasi, RSCA Abstract The positive impact of the implementation of the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) on the indonesia’s horticulture sub-sector should be obtained. However, the Indonesian horticulture sub-sector has not shown significant performance when import of horticultural products has increased through the ACFTA tariff reduction stages in The Early Harvest Programm (EHP). This study examines the performance of Indonesian horticultural imports using descriptive analysis. It also analyzes the competitiveness of horticultural products of ASEAN-5 countries with China as well as the impact of trade creation and trade diversion of the implementation of ACFTA on imports of Indonesian horticultural products. It uses the RSCA (Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage) index and the gravity model using panel data from 2001-2018. It shows that Indonesia is not competitive in both types of horticultural products (RSCA <0). The gravity model also indicates that ACFTA member countries have taken advantage of this regional agreement, marked by the high value of Indonesian horticultural imports, especially from China. This shows that the implementation of the ACFTA has created a trade creation effect by increasing intra-regional trade between ACFTA member countries, but has not led to a diversion of trade with non-member countries (trade with non-member countries has not decreased). Therefore, it is necessary to make policy strategies to increase competitiveness through improvements in managerial and technological components in line with the opening of the market in this region to Indonesian MSMEs. Keywords: Competitiveness, Economic Integration, Gravity Model, Panel Data, RSCA JEL Classification: F15, F17, Q17
Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Partisipasi Petani Pada Program Upaya Khusus Jagung di Kabupaten Pandeglang Rizki Triguna; Suharno Suharno; Andriyono Kilat Adhi
Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia (Journal of Indonesian Agribusiness) Vol. 10 No. 1 (2022): Juni 2022 (Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia)
Publisher : Departmen of Agribusiness, Economics and Management Faculty, Bogor Agricultural University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29244/jai.2022.10.1.142-151

Abstract

The Special Efforts Program (UPSUS) is a government program to achieve sustainable food self-sufficiency, one of which is the commodity of corn. The success of the UPSUS program is inseparable from the participation of farmers. Some factors affect the level of farmer participation. This study aimed to analyze the factors that influence farmers' participation in the UPSUS program. The study was carried out from August to October 2019 in Pandeglang Regency. The research involved 94 respondents who were joined in the UPSUS Program on maize commodity. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling - Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) analysis. The results showed that the ability of farmers and the opportunity factor had a positive and significant effect on the level of farmer participation. This implies that the higher farmers’ ability and the number of opportunities obtained by farmers increase the level of farmer participation in the UPSUS corn program. Farmer characteristics have a positive impact but do not possess a significant effect on the level of farmer participation.
Analisis tingkat ketergantungan impor pada industri susu Indonesia Meuthia Vika Ruccy; Suharno Suharno; Ratna Winandi Asmarantaka
Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia (Journal of Indonesian Agribusiness) Vol. 10 No. 1 (2022): Juni 2022 (Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia)
Publisher : Departmen of Agribusiness, Economics and Management Faculty, Bogor Agricultural University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29244/jai.2022.10.1.101-112

Abstract

The increase of Indonesia’s dairy imports confirms that Indonesia is dependent on imports. Practically, the bigger import dependence leads to the bigger exposure of import to GDP. The characteristics of imports are also described by the degree of import concentration. These research objectives are: (1) to find out the level of import dependency and the degree of import openness of Indonesian dairy imports; and (2) to find out the import concentration of Indonesian dairy imports based on commodity and geographic concentrations. This study uses the Import Dependency Ratio (IDR) method, the degree of import openness (DKI), the degree of commodity concentration (DKK); and degree of geographic concentration (DKG). This research used annual time series secondary data in 2014 to 2018 for the dairy HS code as follows: (1) HS 0401, (2) HS 0402, (3) HS 0403, (4) HS 0404, (5) HS 0405, and (6) HS 0406. The results showed Indonesia has a high dependence on dairy products; with an average of 40,42 percent of Indonesia's dairy needs are met from imports. However, the degree of import openness of dairy imports is still relatively low; Indonesian dairy import spends 0,14 percent of Indonesia's GDP. Indonesian dairy imports are relatively distributed in the six dairy HS codes. Geographically, only HS code 0405 imports which are concentrated from one source, specifically from New Zealand. Meanwhile, dairy imports from other HS codes are relatively distributed from various countries.
Bauran Pemasaran Kepuasan Dan Loyalitas Pelanggan Benih Kelapa Sawit PT Socfin Indonesia Sri Ariani Safitri; Suharno Suharno; Anna Fariyanti
Jurnal Manajemen Vol. 21 No. 1 (2017): February 2017
Publisher : Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Tarumanagara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24912/jm.v21i1.148

Abstract

Along with the increasing demand of palm oil seedtrigger an increased numberof seed producers of palm oil in Indonesia. Under conditions of tight competition, PTSocfin Indonesia (Socfindo) as one of the producers of palm oil seedneeds to evaluate theperformance of the marketing mix (product, price, place and promotion) through customersatisfaction and loyalty. This study aimed to analyze the influence of marketing mixtowards customer satisfaction and loyalty as well as to analyze the level of satisfaction andloyalty customer palm oil seed ofPT Socfindo. Thecollection of data through the 30respondent companies. Data analysis methods used Structural Equation Model PartialLeast Square (SEM PLS). Analysis results showed thatthe the product variables have asignificant influence on customer satisfaction and loyalty, while the variables of price,place and promotion does not have a significant influence in shaping customer satisfactionand loyalty. In addition, the calculationresults Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI),customer satisfaction index palm oil seed PT Socfindo which can be categorized as verysatisfied and calculating results Customer Loyalty Index (CLI), an index of customerloyalty palm oil seed PT Socfindo which can be categorized loyal.
Perbandingan Daya Saing Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Antara Indonesia dan Malaysia di Pasar Internasional Amelia Utsaha; Anisa Dwi Utami; Suharno Suharno
Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit Vol 30 No 2 (2022): Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iopri.jur.jpks.v30i2.177

Abstract

Indonesia dan Malaysia merupakan dua negara pemain utama di pasar internasional Crude Palm Oil (CPO). Seiring dengan meningkatnya permintaan global terhadap CPO, kedua negara tersebut memiliki peluang yang besar dalam pengembangan industri CPO baik bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi domestik maupun global. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbandingan daya saing ekspor CPO antara Indonesia dan Malaysia di pasar internasional selama periode tahun 1999 hingga 2019. Perbandingan daya saing tersebut dianalisis dengan merujuk pada pendekatan Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Competitiveness Index (ECI), dan Indeks Spesialisasi Perdagangan (ISP). Selain itu, secara kualitatif daya saing CPO Indonesia juga dijelaskan melalui pendekatan Berlian Porter. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum CPO Indonesia dan Malaysia memiliki tren daya saing yang meningkat. Dilihat dari nilai RCA, ECI dan ISP, Indonesia memiliki keunggulan komparatif yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan Malaysia. Berdasarkan posisi daya saing, Indonesia berada pada tahap pematangan. Sementara, Malaysia masih berada pada tahap pertumbuhan.
A Evaluates Floating Net Cages of Vaname Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Business Development in Seribu Islands M. Fariz Darmawan Esa; Bayu Krisnamurthi; Suharno Suharno
Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia (Journal of Indonesian Agribusiness) Vol. 10 No. 2 (2022): Desember 2022 (Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia)
Publisher : Departmen of Agribusiness, Economics and Management Faculty, Bogor Agricultural University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29244/jai.2022.10.2.280-288

Abstract

The high demand for vannamei shrimp encourages the government to increase production so that it can compete in the world market, but there is limited capacity in the ponds so that floating net cages of vaname shrimp are cultivated. This new approach requires a feasibility assessment, both economically and socio-ecologically, therefore the aims of this study was to assess it. The research location was determined purposively in the Thousand Islands. Primary data was collected by survey method with interview techniques assisted by structured questions. Secondary data collection is carried out to agencies such as the Center for Coastal and Ocean Resources Studies. The analyzes used are financial analysis and Rapid Appraisal of Fisheries (RAPFISH) analysis. The results show that in the financial aspect, the criteria for B / C ratio are still B / C <1, so it was not feasible. In the ecological and social aspects, based on the RAPFISH analysis, it has a fairly sustainable category so that there is a need for an increase in sensitive attributes. When compared with other business alternatives, it can be seen that the opportunity cost lost when choosing a vannamei shrimp business is Rp84.740.000/th. Ecological aspects with social aspects with a sustainability index value in the fairly sustainable category can be categorized as feasible for the development floating cages vannamei shrimp business.
Keragaan Kelembagaan Pasar Lelang dalam Pemasaran Produk Pertanian Lia Fauziah Syam; Suharno Suharno; Nunung Kusnadi
Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia (Journal of Indonesian Agribusiness) Vol. 11 No. 1 (2023): Juni 2023 (Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia)
Publisher : Departmen of Agribusiness, Economics and Management Faculty, Bogor Agricultural University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29244/jai.2023.11.1.122-135

Abstract

Auction is one of the pricing mechanisms that has been widely applied in various fields. The auction market which was widely applied to non-agricultural goods has now developed in agriculture such as the chili auction market in Panjatan District, Kulon Progo Regency. The purpose of this study is to describe the institutional profile of the chili auction and the process of implementing the chili auction managed by farmers in Panjatan District, Kulon Progo Regency. Descriptive analysis used to analyze the institutional profile of the chili auction market and the auction process. The results showed that the institutional auction market in the District of Panjatan is an institution that is managed jointly by chili farmers in the District of Panjatan with the terms that have been mutually agreed upon. The auction mechanism is carried out in three stages, namely pre-auction activities, auction activities and post-auction activities. Determination of auction prices using the mechanism of the first price auction. This auction mechanism will minimize collusion between traders, and force traders to compete for chili supply from farmers in Panjatan District with the highest price offer that can be given.