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Peran Keragaman Pangan terhadap Stunting pada Balita di Indonesia: Literature Review : The Role of Dietary Diversity in Stunting among Toddlers in Indonesia: Literature Review Marlina Rully Wahyuningrum; Diah Mulyawati Utari
Media Publikasi Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia (MPPKI) Vol. 7 No. 2: FEBRUARY 2024 - Media Publikasi Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia (MPPKI)
Publisher : Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56338/mppki.v7i2.4803

Latar belakang: Prevalensi stunting di Indonesia telah menurun dari 30,8% (tahun 2018) menjadi 21,6% (tahun 2022), tetapi masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat kategori tinggi. Keragaman pangan diketahui menjadi salah satu determinan penyebab stunting pada balita. Tujuan: Menganalisis peran keragaman pangan terhadap stunting pada balita di Indonesia. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode literature review. Penelurusan artikel dilakukan dalam database Scopus dengan kata kunci dietary diversity dan stunting. Kriteria inklusi antara lain berupa artikel hasil penelitian primer yang dilakukan di Indonesia yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2019–2023 serta beberapa kriteria lainnya. Hasil: Penelitian ini menganalisis 8 artikel hasil penelitian di beberapa daerah di Pulau Jawa, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, dan Sumba, Indonesia. Sebanyak 7 dari 8 artikel menyatakan adanya hubungan signifikan antara keragaman pangan dengan stunting pada balita di Indonesia. Selain keragaman pangan, beberapa artikel yang dikaji juga menunjukkan adanya faktor lain yang berhubungan signfikan dengan kejadian stunting, meliputi: ketidakcukupan asupan zat gizi, usia anak, panjang lahir, karakteristik orang tua, serta ketersediaan dan akses makanan. Kesimpulan: Keragaman pangan memiliki peran penting terhadap stunting pada balita di Indonesia. Konsumsi makanan yang semakin bervariasi, maka semakin lengkap zat gizi yang diterima tubuh, sehingga berdampak terhadap pertumbuhan yang optimal. Peningkatan keragaman pangan perlu didukung dengan pengoptimalan intervensi lainnya agar penanggulangan stunting dapat lebih komprehensif.

PERAN EDUKASI GIZI TERHADAP ASUPAN ENERGI-PROTEIN DAN INDEKS MASSA TUBUH PASIEN GAGAL GINJAL KRONIS DENGAN TERAPI CONTINUOUS AMBULATORY PERITONEAL DIALYSIS (CAPD) Adrianto, Yudhi; Utari, Diah Mulyawati; Hudayani, Fitri; Kresnawan, Triyani
JURNAL RISET GIZI Vol. 9 No. 1 (2021): Mei (2021)
Publisher : Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31983/jrg.v9i1.6670

Background: Nutrition are the essential factor to maintain body weight, body mass index and food intake in CAPD patients. Dialysis could increase nutrients lost and had to be replaced by adequate intake. Nutrition education should be needed to increase patientâ€™s knowledge, food intake and body mass index.Objectives: To determine the role of nutrition education towards energy-protein intake and body mass index in patient with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)Method: A cross-sectional study design with total sampling technique to obtains thirthy CAPD outpatient at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Energy and protein intake were assessed by 3-days-food records (weekday and weekend). Nutritional status were obtained with BMI by dry body weight. Data were analyzed with independent t-test.Results: Most of subject are male outpatients, 25 â€“ 55 years old (76.7%), had hypertension (83.3%) and normal BMI (50%). Most of subject had been undergoing peritoneal dialysis more than a year (67%), and had less than two times education per year. Energy intake were categorized as sufficient (>80%) but protein intake were categorized as insufficient. There were no differences between frequency of nutrition education with energy-protein intake and nutritional status (p>0.05)Conclusion: There are no differences between energy-protein intake and nutritional status with the frequency of nutrition education. Nutritional education by nutritionist and/or dietitian according to the recommendations help to maintain normal body mass index.

PERAN EDUKASI GIZI TERHADAP ASUPAN ENERGI-PROTEIN DAN INDEKS MASSA TUBUH PASIEN GAGAL GINJAL KRONIS DENGAN TERAPI CONTINUOUS AMBULATORY PERITONEAL DIALYSIS (CAPD) Adrianto, Yudhi; Utari, Diah Mulyawati; Hudayani, Fitri; Kresnawan, Triyani
JURNAL RISET GIZI Vol. 9 No. 1 (2021): Mei (2021)
Publisher : Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31983/jrg.v9i1.6670

Background: Nutrition are the essential factor to maintain body weight, body mass index and food intake in CAPD patients. Dialysis could increase nutrients lost and had to be replaced by adequate intake. Nutrition education should be needed to increase patientâ€™s knowledge, food intake and body mass index.Objectives: To determine the role of nutrition education towards energy-protein intake and body mass index in patient with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)Method: A cross-sectional study design with total sampling technique to obtains thirthy CAPD outpatient at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Energy and protein intake were assessed by 3-days-food records (weekday and weekend). Nutritional status were obtained with BMI by dry body weight. Data were analyzed with independent t-test.Results: Most of subject are male outpatients, 25 â€“ 55 years old (76.7%), had hypertension (83.3%) and normal BMI (50%). Most of subject had been undergoing peritoneal dialysis more than a year (67%), and had less than two times education per year. Energy intake were categorized as sufficient (>80%) but protein intake were categorized as insufficient. There were no differences between frequency of nutrition education with energy-protein intake and nutritional status (p>0.05)Conclusion: There are no differences between energy-protein intake and nutritional status with the frequency of nutrition education. Nutritional education by nutritionist and/or dietitian according to the recommendations help to maintain normal body mass index.

PERAN EDUKASI GIZI TERHADAP ASUPAN ENERGI-PROTEIN DAN INDEKS MASSA TUBUH PASIEN GAGAL GINJAL KRONIS DENGAN TERAPI CONTINUOUS AMBULATORY PERITONEAL DIALYSIS (CAPD) Adrianto, Yudhi; Utari, Diah Mulyawati; Hudayani, Fitri; Kresnawan, Triyani
JURNAL RISET GIZI Vol. 9 No. 1 (2021): Mei (2021)
Publisher : Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31983/jrg.v9i1.6670

Background: Nutrition are the essential factor to maintain body weight, body mass index and food intake in CAPD patients. Dialysis could increase nutrients lost and had to be replaced by adequate intake. Nutrition education should be needed to increase patientâ€™s knowledge, food intake and body mass index.Objectives: To determine the role of nutrition education towards energy-protein intake and body mass index in patient with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)Method: A cross-sectional study design with total sampling technique to obtains thirthy CAPD outpatient at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Energy and protein intake were assessed by 3-days-food records (weekday and weekend). Nutritional status were obtained with BMI by dry body weight. Data were analyzed with independent t-test.Results: Most of subject are male outpatients, 25 â€“ 55 years old (76.7%), had hypertension (83.3%) and normal BMI (50%). Most of subject had been undergoing peritoneal dialysis more than a year (67%), and had less than two times education per year. Energy intake were categorized as sufficient (>80%) but protein intake were categorized as insufficient. There were no differences between frequency of nutrition education with energy-protein intake and nutritional status (p>0.05)Conclusion: There are no differences between energy-protein intake and nutritional status with the frequency of nutrition education. Nutritional education by nutritionist and/or dietitian according to the recommendations help to maintain normal body mass index.

Hubungan Kebiasaan Minum Kopi dan Minuman Sumber Kafein terhadap Tekanan Darah Pasien Hipertensi Berdasarkan Jenis Kelamin di Puskesmas Kemiri Muka, Kota Depok Chodijah, Siti; Utari, Diah Mulyawati; Sartika, Ratu Ayu Dewi; Putri, Primastri Nuryandari
Malahayati Nursing Journal Vol 7, No 5 (2025): Volume 7 Nomor 5 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Malahayati Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33024/mnj.v7i5.19958

ABSTRACT Hypertension is the leading cause of death worldwide. Factors that influence the incidence of hypertension are age, lack of physical activity and unhealthy diet. This study aims to determine the relationship of coffee drinking habitsand caffeine source drinks to blood pressure in hypertensive patients based on gender at Kemiri Muka Health Center, Depok. The research design was cross sectional with a sample size of 156 respondents. The population is 18 years old and above who live in the working area of Kemiri Muka Health Center, Depok City. Chi Square test results showed a significant relationship between coffee consumption (P = 0.021), and caffeine source drinks (coffee, tea, soft drinks) (P = 0.008) with blood pressure of hypertensive men. Logistic regression results showed that caffeine consumptionwas 32 times (OR=32,000) more likely to cause uncontrolled blood pressure in hypertensive men after being controlled by coffee consumption. While in hypertensive women aged ≥60 years was 1,8 times higher (OR=1.893) uncontrolled blood pressure after being controlled by education and moderate physical activity. Preventive effortsare needed, especially in men regarding the consumption of coffee and caffeine-source beverages, as well as educating the public regarding the management of hypertension risk factors. Keywords: Hypertension, Coffee, Caffeine Source Beverages, Age ABSTRAK Hipertensi merupakan penyebab utama kematian diseluruh dunia. Faktor yang mempengaruhi kejadian hipertensi adalah usia, kurangnya aktivitas fisik dan pola makan yang tidak sehat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan karakteristik responden (jenis kelamin, usia, status pekerjaan, tingkat pendidikan), aktivitas fisik, kebiasaan minum kopi dan minuman sumber kafein terhadap tekanan darah pada pasien hipertensi berdasarkan jenis kelamin di Puskesmas Kemiri Muka, Depok. Desain penelitian adalah cross sectional dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 156 responden. Populasinya adalah usia 18 tahun keatas yang tinggal di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kemiri Muka, Kota Depok. Hasil uji Chi Square menunjukkan ada hubungan yang signifikan antara konsumsi kopi (P= 0.021), dan minuman sumber kafein (kopi, teh, soft drink) (P= 0.008) dengan tekanan darah laki-laki hipertensi. Hasil regresi logistikmenunjukkan konsumsi minuman sumber kafein terbukti berisiko 32 kali (OR=32,000) menyebabkan tekanan darah tidak terkendali pada laki-laki hipertensi setelah di kontol oleh konsumsi kopi, sedangkan pada perempuan hipertensi usia ≥60 tahun berisiko 1,8 kali (OR=1,893) mengalami tekanan darah tidak terkendali setelah di kontrol oleh, pendidikan dan aktivitas fisik sedang. Perlu adanya upaya preventif terutama pada pria mengenai konsumsi kopi dan minuman sumber kafein, serta mengedukasi masyarakat mengenai pengelolaan faktor risiko hipertensi. Kata Kunci: Hipertensi, Kopi, Minuman Sumber Kafein, Usia

FAKTOR RISIKO DOMINAN TERJADINYA STUNTING PADA ANAK USIA 6-23 BULAN DI PERDESAAN DAN PERKOTAAN DI PROVINSI SUMATERA BARAT (ANALISIS DATA SSGI 2022) Wahyuningrum, Marlina Rully; Utari, Diah Mulyawati
Media Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Vol. 35 No. 1 (2025): MEDIA PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN KESEHATAN
Publisher : Poltekkes Kemenkes Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.34011/jmp2k.v35i1.2441

Stunting is low in length or height for age due to chronic malnutrition. Stunting disrupts growth and development. West Sumatera is the only province in Sumatera that has increased stunting in 2022. The high stunting in rural compared to urban is related to the determinants of stunting in that region. This study aims to analyze the dominant risk factor of stunting in children aged 6-23 months based on rural-urban in West Sumatera according to the Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey 2022. This research design is cross-sectional with a sample size of 2,011 children in West Sumatera. This research was analyzed univariate, bivariate (chi-square), and multivariate (multiple logistic regression). The results show that stunting in West Sumatera is 18.4%, with stunting in rural (22.1%) higher than urban (16.8%). There are differences in stunting proportion based on gender, child's age, birth length, mother's height (rural, urban, West Sumatera); ANC visit (rural, West Sumatera); pneumonia, birth weight, maternal education, household food security, sanitation (urban, West Sumatera); classification of residence (West Sumatera). The dominant risk factor of stunting is the mother's height <150 cm in rural, urban, and West Sumatera (OR=3.024; 3.068; 2.941). Mothers with short height have bad eating habits until when feeding their children, resulting in children's nutritional needs not being met, so the risk of stunting increases. These results can be used as evaluation and recommendations for all parties that prevent stunting, starting from the upstream with more attention to nutritional intake and the health of children and pregnant women.

Analisis Determinan Lingkungan dan Psikososial terhadap Pola Makan Remaja di Sekolah Asrama: Scoping Review Nisrina, Aisyah Farah; Utari, Diah Mulyawati
Malahayati Nursing Journal Vol 7, No 12 (2025): Volume 7 Nomor 12 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Malahayati Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33024/mnj.v7i12.23300

ABSTRACT The adolescent phase is marked by a high prevalence of malnutrition, with dietary patterns being the primary determinant. The boarding school system is a unique environment that possesses the potential to create diverse factors significantly influencing adolescent dietary patterns. This review aims to identify and synthesize the determinants influencing adolescent dietary patterns in boarding schools, specifically focusing on environmental and psychosocial determinants. This study utilized a scoping review methodology based on the PEO (Population, Exposure, Outcome) framework. The systematic search was conducted between August-September 2025, adhering to the PRISMA-ScR (PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines, resulting in seven articles for analysis. The review identified school policy as the most dominant environmental determinant, where inadequate meal frequency triggered compensatory over snacking. Furthermore, psychosocial factors such as peer influence and body image interact with the environment to promote unhealthy dietary practices, consequently increasing the risk of eating disorders and malnutrition. Dietary determinants in boarding school adolescents are a product of a complex interaction between the controlled environment and dynamic psychosocial factors. Future interventions must be multi-component, involving both the revision of food system policies and nutritional counselling support to optimize adolescent nutritional status. Keywords: Determinant, Dietary Patterns, Environment, Psychosocial, Boarding School. ABSTRAK Fase remaja ditandai dengan tingginya prevalensi malnutrisi dan pola makan merupakan penentu utama. Sistem sekolah asrama (boarding school) merupakan lingkungan unik yang dapat menciptakan beragam faktor penentu yang signifikan mempengaruhi pola makan remaja. Tinjauan ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan mensintesis determinan yang mempengaruhi pola makan remaja di sekolah asrama, khususnya determinan lingkungan dan psikososial. Studi ini menggunakan metode scoping review dengan kerangka PEO (Population, Exposure, Outcome). Pencarian dilakukan secara sistematis pada bulan Agustus-September 2025 dengan mengacu pada pedoman PRISMA-ScR (PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews), menghasilkan tujuh artikel yang dianalisis. Tinjauan mengidentifikasi kebijakan sekolah sebagai determinan lingkungan paling dominan dimana frekuensi makan yang kurang memadai memicu konsumsi camilan berlebihan sebagai kompensasi. Selain itu, faktor psikososial seperti pengaruh teman sebaya dan citra tubuh berinteraksi dengan lingkungan untuk mendorong praktik diet tidak sehat sehingga meningkatkan risiko gangguan makan dan malnutrisi. Determinan pola makan remaja di sekolah asrama adalah produk interaksi yang kompleks antara lingkungan yang terkontrol dan faktor psikososial yang dinamis. Intervensi di masa depan harus bersifat multi-komponen, melibatkan revisi kebijakan sistem penyelenggaraan makanan sekaligus dukungan konseling gizi guna mengoptimalkan status gizi remaja. Kata Kunci: Determinan, Lingkungan, Pola Makan, Psikososial, Sekolah Asrama.

Pengaruh Kebiasaan Sarapan terhadap Kejadian Anemia pada Remaja Putri: Literature Review Permatasari, Nanda Indah; Utari, Diah Mulyawati
Malahayati Nursing Journal Vol 7, No 12 (2025): Volume 7 Nomor 12 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Malahayati Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33024/mnj.v7i12.23336

ABSTRACT For adolescents, meeting nutritional needs by maintaining a regular breakfast habit is highly important. Breakfast is essential for adolescents as it supports overall health, cognitive performance, and academic achievement. Inadequate dietary intake is one of the contributing factors to the development of anemia. Anemia is a common nutritional problem during adolescence, characterized by decreased hemoglobin levels (Hb < 12 g/dL). This condition is more prevalent among adolescent girls due to increased iron requirements associated with growth and the replacement of iron lost during menstruation. To examine the effect of regular breakfast consumption on the incidence of anemia among adolescent girls. This study employed a literature review method to analyze the effect of breakfast consumption on the incidence of anemia among adolescent girls. Three databases were used to search for relevant articles: PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, following specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria consisted of primary research articles that examined breakfast and anemia among junior and senior high school adolescent girls, published between 2015 and 2025, available in full text, open access, written in English or Indonesian, and sourced from Indonesian journals indexed by SINTA within the search year. For Google Scholar, only the first ten pages (approximately the first 100 articles) were considered. The exclusion criteria included review articles (literature or systematic reviews), grey literature, and unpublished studies. The selected articles were identified and analyzed using the PRISMA flowchart method. A total of eight articles were analyzed in this study. Seven out of the eight articles demonstrated that breakfast habits were significantly associated with the incidence of anemia among adolescent girls, while one article revealed a significant relationship between breakfast habits and nutritional status. Adolescent girls who frequently skip breakfast are more likely to experience anemia. In addition to developing the habit of having breakfast regularly, attention to adequate nutrient intake is also essential for adolescent girls to prevent the occurrence of anemia. Keywords: Breakfast, Anemia, Adolescent Girls. ABSTRAK Bagi remaja, pemenuhan kebutuhan zat gizi dengan membiasakan mengonsumsi sarapan secara rutin merupakan hal yang sangat penting. Sarapan dibutuhkan oleh remaja untuk kesehatan dan kinerja kognitif serta akademik. Konsumsi makanan yang tidak mencukupi menjadi salah satu yang menyebabkan terjadinya anemia. Anemia merupakan salah satu masalah gizi yang umum terjadi pada masa remaja yang ditandai dengan penurunan kadar haemoglobin (Hb <12 g/dl). Kondisi ini lebih rentan dialami remaja putri karena kebutuhan akan zat besi yang meningkat akibat proses pertumbuhan dan mengganti kehilangan zat besi selama menstruasi. Mengengetahui pengaruh sarapan terhadap kejadian anemia pada remaja putri. Penelitian tersebut menggunakan metode literature review dalam analisis pengaruh sarapan terhadap kejadian anemia pada remaja putri. Ada tiga database yang digunakan untuk menelusuri artikel yaitu PuBmed, Scopus dan scholar dengan kriteria inkulsi dan kriteria eksklusi. Kriteria Inklusinya yaitu artikel primer yang menganalisis sarapan dan anemia pada remaja putri Tingkat SMP dan SMA, terbit tahun 2015-2025, full text, open access, artikel dari jurnal Indonesia berindeks sinta di tahun pencarian, berbahasa Ingris dan Indonesia dan artikel dari google scholar berasal dari 10 halaman pertama (100 artikel awal). Kriteria ekslusi dalam menentukan artikel yaitu berjenis literature atau systematic review, grey literature dan artikel tidak di publikasi. Artikel yang terpilih diidentifikasi dan dianalisis menggunakan metode PRISMA Flowchart. Ada 8 artikel yang dianalisi dalam penelitian tersebut. Dimana 7 dari 8 artikel menunjukkan kebiasaan sarapan signifikan berhubungan dengan kejadian anemia pada remaja putri sedangkan satu artikel lainnya menunjukkan kebiasaan sarapan berkaitan signifikan dengan status gizi. Remaja putri yang terbiasa melawatkan waktu sarapan akan mengalami anemia. Selain membiasakan sarapan secara rutin atau selalu sarapan, ada faktor asupan yang dapat diperhatikan oleh remaja putri agar kejadian anemia dapat dihindari. Kata Kunci: Sarapan, Anemia, Remaja Putri.

Konsumsi Minuman Berpemanis dan Risiko Karies Gigi pada Remaja: Tinjauan Sistematis Nada, Dhia Qathrin; Utari, Diah Mulyawati
Malahayati Nursing Journal Vol 7, No 12 (2025): Volume 7 Nomor 12 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Malahayati Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33024/mnj.v7i12.23279

ABSTRACT Dental caries remains a major global oral health problem among adolescents, with sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption identified as a key contributing factor. This study aims to review the scientific evidence regarding the association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and the occurrence of dental caries in adolescents. A literature review was conducted using the PRISMA framework. Articles were searched through PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus with the keywords “Sugar-Sweetened Beverage,” “Soft Drink,” “Sugary Drink,” “Dental Caries,” and “Adolescent.” Inclusion criteria included primary studies published from 2020 onwards, involving adolescents aged 10–19 years. Five eligible articles were identified from Latvia, Romania, Germany, China, and the United States. The findings consistently showed that higher consumption of SSBs was significantly associated with increased prevalence and severity of dental caries. Contributing factors include oral hygiene behavior, daily sugar intake, and early exposure to SSB. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is a significant risk factor for dental caries in adolescents. Preventive efforts should focus on reducing SSB intake, promoting oral hygiene practices, and implementing public health policies to limit sugar exposure among adolescents. Keywords: Sugar-Sweetened Beverage, Dental Caries, Adolescents, Soft Drinks, Tooth Decay. ABSTRAK Karies gigi masih menjadi masalah kesehatan gigi yang utama pada remaja, dengan konsumsi minuman berpemanis (sugar-sweetened beverages/SSB) sebagai salah satu faktor penyebab penting. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau bukti ilmiah mengenai hubungan konsumsi minuman berpemanis dengan kejadian karies gigi pada remaja. Tinjauan pustaka dilakukan dengan menggunakan kerangka PRISMA. Penelusuran artikel dilakukan melalui PubMed, ScienceDirect, dan Scopus dengan kata kunci “Sugar-Sweetened Beverage,” “Soft Drink,” “Sugary Drink,” “Dental Caries,” dan “Adolescent.” Kriteria inklusi meliputi artikel penelitian primer yang terbit sejak tahun 2020 dengan subjek remaja usia 10–19 tahun. Sebanyak lima artikel dari Latvia, Rumania, Jerman, Cina, dan Amerika Serikat memenuhi kriteria. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi minuman berpemanis berhubungan signifikan dengan peningkatan prevalensi dan keparahan karies gigi pada remaja. Faktor yang turut memengaruhi antara lain perilaku kebersihan mulut, asupan gula harian, serta paparan dini terhadap SSB. Konsumsi minuman berpemanis merupakan faktor risiko penting bagi terjadinya karies gigi pada remaja. Upaya pencegahan perlu difokuskan pada pembatasan konsumsi SSB, edukasi kebersihan mulut, serta kebijakan kesehatan masyarakat untuk mengurangi paparan gula pada remaja. Kata Kunci: Minuman Berpemanis, Minuman Ringan, Karies Gigi, Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut, Remaja.

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