Articles
<![CDATA[HEDGING THROUGH THE USE OF MODAL AUXILIARIES IN ENGLISH ACADEMIC DISCOURSE ]]>
<![CDATA[Tofan Dwi Hardjanto]]>
<![CDATA[ Humaniora Vol 28, No 1 (2016) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada ]]>
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DOI: 10.22146/jh.11412
<![CDATA[As a communicative strategy, hedging plays a central role in academic writing. Numerous different linguistic forms can be used to express this strategy. This article attempts to investigate modal auxiliary verbs as the principal means of expressing hedging in English academic discourse. For this purpose, a corpus of 75 primary empirical research articles from economics, linguistics, medicine, natural sciences and engineering was analyzed quantitatively with the help of corpus linguistic method. The results revealed that modal auxiliaries were used most frequently in linguistics and economics and least frequently in engineering and natural sciences while their use in medicine came in between. This seems to suggest that there is noticeable disciplinary variation in the degree of hedging through the use of modal auxiliaries in English research articles. Modal auxiliaries tend to be more common in soft sciences than in hard sciences whereas their use in health sciences in comparison with soft and hard sciences does not seem to show any significant difference.]]>
<![CDATA[Common Discourse Patterns of Cross-diciplinary Research Article Abstracts in English ]]>
<![CDATA[Tofan Dwi Hardjanto]]>
<![CDATA[ Humaniora Vol 29, No 1 (2017) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada ]]>
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DOI: 10.22146/jh.22567
<![CDATA[Because of its important role in the advancement of science, attempts have been made to investigate research article abstracts in terms of both their discourse patterning and their linguistic characteristics. This research is an attempt to examine their rhetorical patterning. More specifically, it addresses the questions what common discourse patterns research article abstracts have and whether abstracts from different disciplines show different patterns. The research corpus contained 50 research article abstracts collected from five international journals published in the fields of biology, engineering, linguistics, medicine and physics. The data were analyzed using a four-move abstract structure developed by Hardjanto (1997). The results showed that Moves 1, 3 and 4 were found in most abstracts, and were, therefore, considered as obligatory moves in the abstracts. The most common pattern was found to be a pattern containing all the four moves in the order of 1-2-3-4, especially in abstracts from medicine and linguistics. Another common pattern was a 1-3-4 pattern, found especially in abstracts from biology and physics, whereas abstracts from engineering did not show any preference for a specific pattern even though 40% of them had a 1-2-3-4 pattern. These results suggest that there is a significant disciplinary variation in English research article abstract patterning.]]>
<![CDATA[“We believe in democracy…”: Epistemic Modality in Justin Trudeau’s Political Speeches ]]>
<![CDATA[Tofan Dwi Hardjanto]]>;
<![CDATA[Nala Mazia]]>
<![CDATA[ Humaniora Vol 31, No 2 (2019) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada ]]>
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DOI: 10.22146/jh.44948
<![CDATA[This article investigates epistemic modality in political discourse. It focuses on modality markers in terms of their word classes, semantic meanings and discourse functions in political speeches. The data were taken from three speeches delivered by the 23rd Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. The results show that the markers found in the three speeches are of five different types, i.e., lexical verbs, modal adjectives, modal adverbs, modal auxiliary verbs and modal nouns, with meanings ranging from possibility, probability, to certainty. The markers also indicate the speaker’s commitment whose degree reflects the function in the social context. The speaker’s commitment is divided into three degrees of engagement, each of which serves as a means to be polite, to be diplomatic, and to be persuasive. The findings suggest that Trudeau tends to use reasonable judgment expressions to sound diplomatic and persuasive in his speeches. ]]>
<![CDATA[Politeness Strategies of Disagreement by English Native Speaker Students ]]>
<![CDATA[Nadia Yofa Laela Khoirunnisa]]>;
<![CDATA[Tofan Dwi Hardjanto]]>
<![CDATA[ Lexicon Vol 5, No 1 (2018) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Gadjah Mada ]]>
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DOI: 10.22146/lexicon.v5i1.41271
<![CDATA[This research paper investigates the speech act of disagreement performed by English native speaker students. Particularly, it attempts to examine the politeness strategies used by English native speaker students in realizing disagreement. The data were obtained using Discourse Completion Task consisting of six situations that were completed by twenty students. The results showed that a total of 113 utterances of disagreement were found. The most frequently used strategy was negative politeness (41.6%) since this strategy becomes the most suitable strategy to minimize the imposition of disagreement utterances. The rank is then followed by positive politeness (29.2%), bald on-record (25.7%), and off-record (3.5%).]]>
<![CDATA[Sarcastic Expressions in Two American Movies ]]>
<![CDATA[Emhasib Sandi Bachtiar]]>;
<![CDATA[Tofan Dwi Hardjanto]]>
<![CDATA[ Lexicon Vol 5, No 2 (2018) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Gadjah Mada ]]>
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DOI: 10.22146/lexicon.v5i2.41723
<![CDATA[This study investigates the sarcastic utterances found in two American movies. The data for the research were dialogues containing sarcastic expressions found in the movies Fantastic Four (2005) and its sequel Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2008). The data were analyzed and categorized according to their forms using Camp’s theory (2011). The sarcastic utterances were also classified according to their functions using Leech’s theory (1983). The results indicate that in terms of form, illocutionary sarcasm (60%) was most frequently used by the characters in the movies, which suggests that the characters in the movies tend to express their sarcasm through illocutions. In terms of function, sarcasm in the movies was more commonly (56%) used for collaborative purposes. The results of the research also suggest that there has to be a clear context in understanding sarcastic expressions, and the interlocutors must share some sufficient common ground in employing sarcasm.]]>
<![CDATA[Taboo Words in the TV Series Stranger Things ]]>
<![CDATA[Theresia Ria Anjani Kurniawati]]>;
<![CDATA[Tofan Dwi Hardjanto]]>
<![CDATA[ Lexicon Vol 6, No 1 (2019) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Gadjah Mada ]]>
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DOI: 10.22146/lexicon.v6i1.50312
<![CDATA[This study investigates taboo words produced by teenagers in the TV series entitled Stranger Things Season 2. It classifies taboo words into five referents, that is, mental, physical, religious, scatological, and sexual terms, and also categorizes them based on their functions. The data were taken from the subtitles of this TV series. The results show that the most frequently used taboo words are related to scatological terms with 55 (43%) occurrences. However, the teenage characters in the TV series rarely uttered taboo words which refer to mental and physical terms. Taboo words in the TV series were used for two main purposes, swearing and insulting. Swearing serves as a means to only relieve emotions, while insults are uttered to verbally attack the interlocutors. The findings suggest that the teenage characters use taboo words mostly for expressing their emotions rather than causing harm on their interlocutors.]]>
<![CDATA["Sorry, Darling": Apologizing in The Crown TV Series ]]>
<![CDATA[Pradhana Ahmad Maulana]]>;
<![CDATA[Tofan Dwi Hardjanto]]>
<![CDATA[ Lexicon Vol 6, No 2 (2019) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Gadjah Mada ]]>
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DOI: 10.22146/lexicon.v6i2.53162
<![CDATA[The present research investigates the realization of apologies in the TV series entitled The Crown. In doing so, the study attempts to identify and classify apology strategies employed by the characters in the series using the taxonomy proposed by Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984). The collection of the apology data was done through observation of the series, starting from the first episode in the first season to the twentieth episode in the second season. The investigation has successfully identified and classified 45 apologies. From a total of 45 apologies found, 33 (73.4%) were classified as direct realizations (27 or 60% as standalone IFIDs and 6 or 13.3% as IFID combinations). Indirect apology realizations, however, were relatively rare with only 12 (26.6%) occurrences in total. The explanation of situation was found to be the most commonly used indirect strategy with six (13.3%) instances. The results seem to suggest that the characters in the series prefer direct strategies in apologizing in English.]]>
<![CDATA[Assertive Speech Acts in Donald Trump’s Presidential Speeches ]]>
<![CDATA[Kartika Dina Ashfira]]>;
<![CDATA[Tofan Dwi Hardjanto]]>
<![CDATA[ Lexicon Vol 7, No 1 (2020) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Gadjah Mada ]]>
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DOI: 10.22146/lexicon.v7i1.64574
<![CDATA[This research investigates assertive speech acts in Donald Trump’s presidential speeches. It classifies the assertive speech acts based on their illocutionary forces according to Bach and Harnish (1979). The data were taken from three speeches by Donald Trump. The results show that the illocutionary forces of assertive speech acts found in the speeches are affirming, alleging, asserting, avowing, claiming, declaring, denying, maintaining, propounding, saying, and stating. The act of stating is the most commonly used (44%). The findings suggest that Trump uses the act of stating mostly because he wants the hearer to believe him that the policies he has made are the best for the United States.]]>
<![CDATA[A Gender-based Study of Apology Strategies Employed by Indonesian Students ]]>
<![CDATA[Sandyarini Melati Irawan]]>;
<![CDATA[Tofan Dwi Hardjanto]]>
<![CDATA[ Lexicon Vol 8, No 1 (2021) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Gadjah Mada ]]>
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DOI: 10.22146/lexicon.v8i1.65770
<![CDATA[This study investigates the apology strategies used by Indonesian university students and examines whether there is any gender difference in the apologies made by these students. The data were collected using Discourse Completion Task (DCT) containing eight situations. The DCT was distributed to 42 English Department students comprising 21 female students and 21 male students. Altogether, 336 apology utterances were collected. The results showed that the students most frequently used a combination of apology strategies (68.4%), especially a combination of Illocutionary Force Indicating Device (IFID) and Explanation or Account of Cause (EoC). Furthermore, there seems to be no difference in the types of strategies used by female and students. Both groups tended to use a combination strategies and IFID. However, in terms of intensity, female students tended to apologize more intensely than the males and this was evident from their more frequent use of apology intensifications.]]>
<![CDATA[Self-References in English Press Releases of Indonesian Coal Mining Companies ]]>
<![CDATA[Emma Natasha Octoveria]]>;
<![CDATA[Tofan Dwi Hardjanto]]>
<![CDATA[ Lexicon Vol 9, No 1 (2022) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Gadjah Mada ]]>
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DOI: 10.22146/lexicon.v9i1.65931
<![CDATA[Corporate press release is a pivotal public relation tool, especially for those operating on a mass scale and have high risks, such as for coal mining companies. They are aimed to effectively function in both maintaining a good public image and minimize public backlash regarding companies’ operation. Considering the importance of press releases, how companies employ careful linguistic choices in press releases is worth exploring. One of the aspects to analyze is the use of self-references, in both forms and the use. In this research, the forms of self-references in corporate press releases are investigated. The metadiscourse functions of self-references employed in their press releases also become matters of discussion. The data were obtained from English press releases of two Indonesian coal mining companies, PT Adaro Energy Tbk (Adaro) and PT Bumi Resources (Bumi) from the year 2019 to 2020. These data were quantitatively analyzed with a concordance software named WordSmith Tool (Scott, 2004) that enables a concordance feature to discover the frequencies of self-references used by Adaro and Bumi in their press releases. To discover the use of self-references used by Adaro and Bumi in their press releases, a qualitative analysis was conducted. Specifying on the metadiscourse functions, a taxonomy of writer-reader interactions by Adel (2006) was employed. The result shows that forms of self-references in press releases of Adaro and Bumi are different, despite both operating under the same industry. Moreover, it is discovered that different forms of self-references in press releases are used differently in metadiscourse functions.]]>
