Iswinarno Doso Saputro
Departemen Bedah Plastik Rekonstruksi Dan Estetik, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Airlangga/RSUD Dr. Soetomo, Surabaya

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FACTORS INFLUENCING SKIN NECROSIS RESULTING FROM EXTRAVASATION INJURIES AND THE RAPEUTIC APPROACHES IN THE PEDIATRIC INPATIENT WARD (JANUARY-DECEMBER 2019) Saputro, Iswinarno Doso; Budi, Agus Santoso; Noverta, Dhitta Aliefia
Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik Vol. 5 No. 1 (2020): Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik, June 2020
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (696.623 KB) | DOI: 10.20473/jre.v5i1.24321

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Highlights: Skin necrotic injuries from extravasation were associated with age, the type of fluid/drug administered, and the location of the peripheral venous line, but not with gender. Autolytic debridement remains a prevalent and commonly used initial treatment approach for these injuries. Abstract: Introduction: Extravasation injury, a common complication of intravenous therapy in children, Interestingly, the complications arising from extravasation injuries could be more severe than the underlying medical conditions, sometimes even requiring amputation. The study aimed to identify the factors influencing the occurrence of skin necrosis due to extravasation injuries and to categorize the treatment approaches employed at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital's pediatric facility in Surabaya from January to September 2019. Methods: This research takes a descriptive-analytic approach with a cross-sectional method. It involves examining data obtained from medical records. Specifically, the study focuses on the medical records of 44 pediatric patients who received treatment at Dr. Soetomo Hospital in Surabaya for skin necrosis resulting from extravasation injuries from January to December 2019. The analysis includes a retrospective review of patient information, looking at their characteristics, risk factors, the modalities used for wound care therapy, and the outcomes of their cases. Results: There were 44 cases of skin necrotic injury due to extravasation injury, with the largest percentage of neonates group (34%), male gender (66%), hypertonic fluids/drugs (73%), most regions of dorsum and wrist dextra (17%) and the most used therapeutic modality was autolytic debridement (45%). Conclusions: We found that the incidence of skin necrosis due to extravasation injury is influenced by factors such as the patient's age, the type of fluid or drug administered, and the location of the peripheral venous line. However, gender was not found to be a significant factor in the incidence of these injuries. Interestingly, the initial treatment approach that is still commonly employed is autolytic debridement.
MANDIBULR CONDYLE FRACTURE MANAGEMENT OUTCOME IN DEPARTMENT OF PLASTIC RECONSTRUCTIVE AND AESTHETIC SURGERY, DR. SOETOMO GENERAL ACADEMIC HOSPITAL (2015-2018) Zarasade, Lobredia; Saputro, Iswinarno Doso; Putri, Nadia Tamara
Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik Vol. 5 No. 1 (2020): Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik, June 2020
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (718.729 KB) | DOI: 10.20473/jre.v5i1.24323

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Highlights: The management of mandibular condyle fractures is determined based on patient age, fracture type, systemic health, other maxillofacial fractures, and dental conditions factors. Out of the total patients indicating successful management of mandibular condyle fractures at Dr. Soetomo Hospital. Abstract: Introduction: The high incidence of condyle mandible fractures is due to the role of the mandibular ramus which has stronger resistance compared to head condyle mandibular. The management of condyle fractures is still controversial because of the prognosis. Management of condyle fractures of the mandible should aim at maximally reducing morbidity, postoperative complications, and aesthetic and/ or functional impairment. Methods: The medical records of 56 patients with condyle mandible fractures who presented at the Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya from January 2015 to December 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. We analyzed characteristics of the patients (age), type of fractures, management of fractures, and outcome from management. Results: This study shows that a total of 56 patients, 22 were patients with mandibular condyle fractures only and 34 patients with mandibular condyle fractures with other maxillofacial fractures. The studied showed that male patients (84%) is more than female patients (16%). The mean age of the patients involved in this study was 28.25 ± 1.78 years, with the youngest being 12 years old and the oldest being 67 years old. The results of the overall study with good occlusion results in 48 patients, it was found that 22 patients were treated with closed reduction and 26 patients with open reduction were performed. Conclusions: The results of condyle mandibula fracture management in Dr. Soetomo Hospital has been according to the indication with the treatment indication along with the result of good management.
THE EFFECT OF PROPANOLOL ON C-REACTIVE PROTEIN IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE BURNS AT DR. SOETOMO GENERAL ACADEMIC HOSPITAL, SURABAYA, INDONESIA U H, Muhammad Aulia; Saputro, Iswinarno Doso; Hutagalung, Magda Rosalina
Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik Vol. 4 No. 1 (2019): Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik, June 2019
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (164.255 KB) | DOI: 10.20473/jre.v4i1.24352

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Highlights: The biochemical marker of inflammation and suggests a potential mechanism through which propranolol affects hypermetabolism in burn patients. The administration of propranolol giving effectivity of hypermetabolism which is characterized by decreasing in CRP levels.   Abstract: Introduction: The incidence of burns in Indonesia progressively  increases with the increase in its population and industries. From January to September 2000, 158 patients were treated in the burn unit of Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital with a mortality rate reaching 5.8%. Burns have a direct effect in causing both local and systemic changes in the body, not occurring in other injuries. In severe burns, a hypermetabolic state can occur, which increases cardiac workload and causes muscle atrophy and other morbidities. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of propranolol on the hypermetabolic state in severely burned patients by measuring various clinical & laboratory parameters. Methods: This is an experimental study using pre and post test control group design with the objective of assessing the treatment outcome with oral propranolol given in 15 consecutive days for burn patients involving 25%- 60% TBSA. Measurements were taken three times, on day 0.7 and 14. Discussion: Obtained 16 samples divided into 2 groups. In the treatment group, there was a significant decrease in CRP levels on days 0.7 and 14 (p <0.05). The Mid Arm Circumference variable did not obtain a significant decreasing on days 0.7 and 14. The albumin level studied showed a significant decreasing on day 0 & 7 days with a value of p=0.045. From the comparison between the two groups, there were significant differences in CRP levels on days 0 & 14, with the mean value of the treatment group -5.12 + 2.88 and the mean value of the control group 2.86 + 7.37, and the value of p = 0.019. Conclusions: This study successfully proved that the administration of propranolol can overcome the effects of hypermetabolism which is characterized by decreasing in CRP levels.
MULTIPLE BURR HOLE AS AN ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT FOR LARGE SCALP DEFECT N, Priscilla Valentin; Saputro, Iswinarno Doso
Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik Vol. 4 No. 1 (2019): Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik, June 2019
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (351.034 KB) | DOI: 10.20473/jre.v4i1.24353

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Highlights: The alternative treatment for large scalp defect can used multiple cranial burr holes. Multiple cranial burr holes is safe, swift and effective for the skull bone expose of the periosteum. Abstract: Introduction: Scalp defect with exposed bones is a serious injury that is often occurred after electrical burn injury. The coverage treatment may vary from local flap to free flap. Coverage becomes a major problem when flaps fails or is contraindicated and resulting in further morbidity. In this paper we report 1 patient with large scalp defect after electrical burn injury. Case Illustration: We report 1 patient with large scalp defect after electrical burn, which treated in our department. Fourteen days after the electrical burn injury, surgical debridement was done by the plastic surgeon, and multiple burr holes were made by the neurosurgeon in the nonviable bone. The distance between each burr holes was 15 mm. The defect was keep moist with absorbent. The scalp defects were treated with soft tissue debridement every 3 days in the policlinics to keep the wound presented viable. To date, the wound already treated for 90 days. Discussion: The granulation tissue appears in between the burr holes within 14 days. After the defect was covered with granulation tissues, a further closure such as skin graft application was necessary. No postoperative infection, osteomyelitis, or cranial bone sequestration was reported in this case. Conclusions: Multiple cranial burr holes can be chosen as an alternative treatment for large scalp defect. These technique, allow the formation of a vascular bed suitable for skin grafting. This technique is safe, swift and effective for cases of extensive exposure for the skull bone expose of the periosteum following trauma.
MARJOLIN'S ULCER: MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION FROM BURN SCAR Prasetyo, Arif Tri; Rizaliyana, Sitti; Saputro, Iswinarno Doso
Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik Vol. 3 No. 1 (2018): Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik, June 2018
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1430.888 KB) | DOI: 10.20473/jre.v3i1.24368

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Highlights: Marjolin's ulcer can develop into squamous cell carcinoma, typically resulting from chronic scar tissue due. Diagnosis and treatment follow standard malignant lesion protocols, with staging based on UICC classification using histopathological findings. Abstract: Introduction:  Marjolin's ulcer is a malignant lesion from a scar due to burn trauma, chronic osteomyelitis, chronic inflammation, or chronic fistulae. This type of ulcer is rare, usually progressively growing on unhealed wound, accompanied by chronic trauma especially burn scar. Marjolin's ulcer can form different types of pathologies`. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most type of histology. Previously, there was 3 Marjolin's ulcer reported in Indonesia. Case Illustration: Reporting 3 Marjolin's ulcer case on Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital since 2008 to 2016. Two patients have history of unhealed chronic wound and one patient has history of burn injury 27 years ago. From the histopathology examination, all the results are squamous cell carcinoma. All patient undergo wide excision surgery done by surgical oncologist. All the defect is closed by flap modality. One patient's defect is closed by latissimus dorsi flap, the other with anterolateral thigh free flap, and the latter is closed by latissimus dorsi free flap. Remain raw surface close by split thickness skin graft. Discussion: Marjolin's ulcer is malignant lesion from scar due to burn trauma, chronic osteomyelitis, chronic inflammation, or chronic fistulae. Marjolin's ulcer sometimes grow become squamous cell carcinoma although require a long time. Treatment this case is same the other malignancy. Diagnosis should be confirmed by clinical, radiological, and pathological. Staging can use the classification of UICC (Union for International Cancer Control) in accordance with the histopathological results.   Conclusion: Surgery serves as the primary approach for achieving local control, and radiotherapy plays a supplementary role, which must be supported by vigilant oncological monitoring.
KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE NECROTIZING FASCIITIS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY IN A 7-MONTH-OLD MALE: A CASE REPORT Zakanito, Marelno; Saputro, Iswinarno Doso
Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik Vol. 4 No. 2 (2019): Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik, December 2019
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (5061.981 KB) | DOI: 10.20473/jre.v4i2.28220

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Highlights: Diagnosing necrotizing fasciitis (NF) was challenging because its symptoms may overlap with other soft tissue infections. Necrotizing Fasciitis K. Pneumoniae, a Rare Life-threatening Case. Abstract: Introduction:  Klebsiella   pneumoniae   necrotizing   fasciitis   is   an uncommon soft tissue infection characterized by rapidly progressing necrosis involving the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and fascia. This condition may result in gross morbidity and mortality if not treated in its early stages. In fact, the mortality rate of this condition is high, ranging from 25 to 35%. We present a case of 7-month-old male with K. pneumoniae necrotizing fasciitis of the lower extremity. Case Illustration: A 7-month-old male presented with large areas over both left and right inferior side of the lower limbs to the emergency department of Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Physical examination revealed elevated heart rate of 136 times per minute and increased body temperature of 38oC. The large areas on both lower limbs were darkened, sloughed off, and very tender to palpation. A small area over the right hand was erythematous and sloughed off. Laboratory evaluation demonstrated decreased hemoglobin of 6.2 g/dL and elevated leukocyte of 28,850 g/dL. Blood cultures demonstrated that K. pneumoniae was present. Discussion: NF is usually hard to diagnose during the initial period. The findings of NF can overlap with other soft tissue infections including cellulitis, abscess or even compartment syndrome. The clinical manifestations of NF start around a week after the initiating event, with induration and edema, followed by 24 to 48 hours later by erythema or purple discoloration and increasing local fever In the next 48 to 72 hours, the skin turns smooth, bright, and serous, or hemorrhagic blisters develop. If unproperly treated, necrosis develops, and by the fifth or sixth day, the lesion turns black with a necrotic crust. Conclusions: K. pneumoniae necrotizing fasciitis is a rare but life- threatening disease. A high index of suspicion is required for early diagnosis and treatment of this condition
UPPER LIP VERMILION TRANSPOSITION FLAP PADA COMMISUROPLASTY DAN Z PLASTY PADA REKONSTRUKSI MACROSTOMIA Saputro, Iswinarno Doso
Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik Vol. 6 No. 2 (2021): Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik, Desember 2021
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (7931.002 KB) | DOI: 10.20473/jre.v6i2.31833

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Highlights: Penggunaan teknik upper lip vermilion flap pada Macrostomia memberikan hasil comisura yssang  lebih  natural dan tidak terjadi Penggunaan teknik Z  plasty  untuk penutupan kulit dapat mencegah terjadinya migrasi ke lateral dari comisura. Abstrak: Latar Belakang:  Macrostomia  adalah  kelainan  kongenital  yang  jarang  terjadi,    biasanya disertai  kelainan  lain.  Kelainan  ini  diperkirakan  terjadi  pada  1  dari  80.000 kelahiran.  Beberapa  literatur  telah  menjelaskan  tehnik  operasi  rekontruksi macrostomia,  meski  demikian  belum  ada  satu  standart  operasi  yang rekomendasikan, setiap tehnik memiliki  kelebihan  dan kekurangan. Ilustrasi Kasus: Penulis melaporkan  satu  kasus  operasi  rekontruksi  macrostomia  dengan menggunakan  tehnik  Kaplan  untuk  comisuroplaty,  otot  dijahitkan  secara overlapping serta menggunakan Z plasty untuk penutupan kulit. Pembahasan: Pada  kasus  ini, Peggunaan teknik vermilion bibir atas  yang ditransposisikan  ke  lower  lip  vermilion bibir bawah meghasil  comisura  yang  lebih natural  dan  lebih  simteris.  Otot  orbicularis  oris  dijahitkan  sesuai dengan  teknik  Boo-Chai,  sehingga  fungsi otot  dapat  lebih  optimal.  Penutupan  kulit pada kasus ini dengan menggunakan teknik Z  plasty  karena  dengan  teknik  ini  dapat mencegah terjadinya migrasi ke lateral dari comisura. Kesimpulan: Macrostomia untuk comisuroplasty dapat menggunakan  teknik  upper lip vermilion flap yang ditransposisikan  ke  lowwer lip vermilion flap dengan hasil comisura yang  lebih  natural  serta  migrasi  comisura lateral.  Untuk  otot  meggunakan  teknik  penjahitan Kajiwaka yang  menghasilkan fungsi  otot  yang  mendekati  normal.  Sedangkan, penutupan kulit  menggunakan teknik Z plasty yang menghasilkan scar estetik lebih baik.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA INFEKSI DAN LAMA PERAWATAN PASIEN LUKA BAKAR BERDASARKAN JENIS KUMAN DI RSUD DR SOETOMO SURABAYA Samiyah; Wardhani, Rr. Indrayuni Lukitra; Iswinarno Doso Saputro
Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik Vol. 7 No. 1 (2022): Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik, Juni 2022
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jre.v7i1.36369

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Highlights: Rata-rata waktu tersingkat  lama perawatan pasien luka bakar yang mengalami infeksi yaitu  selama  11  hari  dan paling lama yaitu 53 hari. Acinetobacter baumanii,  Staphylococcus  haemolyticus,  dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa merupakan jenis bakteri yang sering menginfeksi pasien  luka  bakar di RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya. Lama masa  perawatan dengan jenis bakteri yang menginfeksi pasien luka bakar memiliki hubungan yang signifikan. ABSTRAK: Latar Belakang:  Luka bakar merupakan salah satu masalah global di Indonesia. Infeksi pada pasien luka bakar merupakan salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi lama masa perawatan berkaitan dengan tingkat patogenisitas bakteri penyebab infeksi.  Tujuan  penelitian  ini  adalah  untuk  mengetahui  hubungan  antara  lama masa perawatan dengan jenis kuman penyebab infeksi pada pasien luka bakar yang dirawat di RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya periode Januari-Desember 2019. Metode: Penelitian  ini  merupakan  studi  deskriptif  analitik  dengan  desain kohort retrospektif. Data mengenai karakteristik pasien, derajat keparahan luka bakar,  penyakit  penyerta,  jenis  bakteri  yang  menginfeksi  pasien  luka  bakar, serta lama masa perawatan didapatkan dari rekam medis pasien. Data mengenai jenis  bakteri  yang  menginfeksi  pasien  luka  bakar  dan  lama  perawatan  pasien luka  bakar  ditentukan  korelasinya  dengan  menggunakan  uji  statistik  Rank Spearman-Rho. Hasil: Penelitian diperoleh sebanyak 42 data pasien luka bakar yang mengalami infeksi dan didominasi pasien berjenis kelamin laki-laki yaitu sebesar 61,9%.  Persentase rentang  usia terbanyak  adalah  26-35 tahun  yakni  23,8%. Persentase  derajat  keparahan  luka  bakar  terbanyak  adalah  derajat  II  yang didominasi  derajat  IIB  yakni  38,1%.  Gangguan  metabolik  merupakan  kondisi penyerta tersering yang dialami pasien luka bakar yakni sebanyak 50%. Rerata lama perawatan pasien luka bakar yang mengalami infeksi adalah 28,21±10,17 hari  dengan  waktu  paling  lama  adalah  53  hari.  Jenis  bakteri  yang  menginfeksi pasien  luka  bakar  pada  penelitian  ini  didominasi  oleh  Acinetobacter  baumanii (31%),  Staphylococcus  haemolyticus  (23,8%),  dan  Pseudomonas  aeruginosa (16,7%). Uji korelasi antara lama masa perawatan pada pasien luka bakar dan jenis  bakteri  yang  menginfeksi  pasien  luka  bakar  menunjukkan  hasil  yang signifikan (p = 0,012). Kesimpulan: Terdapat  korelasi  yang  signifikan  antara  lama  masa  perawatan dengan jenis bakteri yang menginfeksi pasien luka bakar.
ONION EXTRACT (Allium cepa) MEDERMA® UNTUK BEKAS LUKA OPERASI PADA WAJAH Amandita, Tiara; Iswinarno Doso Saputro
Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik Vol. 7 No. 1 (2022): Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik, Juni 2022
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jre.v7i1.36380

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Highlights: Penggunaan onion extract (Allium cepae) Mederma® gel pada bekas luka operasi di wajah selama 2 minggu menunjukkan perubahan signifikasi yang baik. Penggunaan onion extract (Allium cepa) Mederma® untuk bekas  luka operasi dapat menjadi terapi penanganan luka di daerah wajah. ABSTRAK: Latar Belakang:  Penanganan  pasien  dengan  trauma  wajah  terus  mengalami  perkembangan dalam  era  penatalaksanaan  terkini. Meskipun  proses  penyembuhan  luka berlangsung secara normal, adanya bekas luka pada proses penyembuhan luka merupakan  suatu  permasalahan  medis  yang  dapat  mengakibatkan  hilangnya fungsi, limitasi pertumbuhan jaringan, permasalahan estetik dan permasalahan pada psikologis.. Ilustrasi Kasus: Pasien  Wanita (35  tahun), datang  dengan  keluhan  luka  terbuka  pada wajah  sisi  kanan  akibat  kecelakaan  lalu  lintas.  Pada  pemeriksaan  fisik didapatkan  primary  survey  dengan  kondisi pasien  sadar  baik  dan  hemodinamik  stabil, sedangkan status  lokalis  pada  area maksilofacial  didapatkan  Vulnus  appertum regio  facialis  pada  sisi  dextra  sepanjang  6  cm, dengan tepi luka irregular,   dasar luka subkutis, disertasi  vulnus  excoriasi  pada  regio  cheek dextra. Pembahasan: Pada kasus ini, onion extract (Allium cepa) Mederma® diaplikasikan sebagai penanganan luka bekas operasi pada area wajah. Onion extract (Allium cepae) dapat mengurangi pembentukan bekas luka (scar) dengan menghambat proliferasi fibroblast dan produksi kolagen. Kombinasi Allium cepae dengan allantoin dan heparin  memberikan hasil yang baik serta memberikan kepuasan pada pasien. Kesimpulan: Observasi  dan  evaluasi  yang  dilakukan  pada  pasien  menunjukkan  hasil  yang baik  pada  bekas  luka,  sehingga  penggunaan  onion  extract  (Allium  cepa) Mederma®  pada  bekas  luka  operasi  pada  wajah  dapat  menjadi  pilihan  dalam terapi penanganan luka di daerah wajah.
CLINICAL PROFILE AND MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTROPHIC SCARS AT DR. SOETOMO GENERAL ACADEMIC HOSPITAL SURABAYA, INDONESIA Perdanakusuma, Arda Rahmanisa; Iswinarno Doso Saputro; Evy Evrianti
Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik Vol. 9 No. 2 (2024): Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik, December 2024
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jre.v9i2.65031

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Highlights: Most hypertrophic scar patients were aged 17 to 25, mainly female, and the scars were mostly caused by burns on the face and upper extremities. Surgical techniques were the most common treatment, with most scars measuring 1 to 5 cm². Abstract:  Introduction: Scars is a prevalent clinical concern that is often more complex than commonly perceived. Hypertrophic and keloid scars results from atypical wound healing responses following trauma, characterized by an excessive deposition of connective tissue. In Indonesia, there are remains a paucity of data on the clinical profile and management of hypertrophic scars. To address this gap, researchers conducted a descriptive study to systematically examine various variables associated with hypertrophic scars, aiming to enhance understanding and inform more effective management strategies. Methods: This research is a retrospective descriptive analysis utilizing secondary data from medical records of patients with hypertrophic scars treated at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital in Surabaya during the 2019 – 2020 period. The data were collected and processed according to key variables, including age, gender, occupation, etiology, anatomical location of the hypertrophic scars, scar size, and therapeutic interventions. Results:The number of patients with hypertrophic scars at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, from 2019 to 2020 was 68. Most patients were aged 17 to 25 years. The gender distribution was nearly equal, with 50% male and 50.9% female patients. Among the patients, 12.5% and 43% were students. Burns caused 37.5% and 25% of cases. The most common scar locations were the face (25%) and upper extremities (25%). Most scars measured 1 to 5 cm² (25%). The most common treatment was surgical techniques (80% and 48%). Conclusion: Most hypertrophic scar patients were aged 17 to 25 years, predominantly female, and students. The primary cause of the scars was burns, with the scars most commonly located on the face and upper extremities. The majority of scars measured between 1 and 5 cm², and surgical techniques were the most widely used therapy.