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All Journal Yustisia Lentera Hukum Wacana, Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora Arena Hukum Jurnal Media Hukum Jurnal IUS (Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan) Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM Sriwijaya Law Review INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW STUDIES INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON LANGUAGE, RESEARCH AND EDUCATION STUDIES PETITA: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum dan Syariah (PJKIHdS) Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum SOEPRA Jurnal Hukum Kesehatan Jurnal Ius Constituendum Kosmik Hukum Jurnal Suara Hukum Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences Risalah Hukum NOMOI Law Review International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Science International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Batulis Civil Law Review YURISDIKSI : Jurnal Wacana Hukum dan Sains International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS) Audito Comparative Law Journal (ACLJ) Ius Poenale International Journal of Humanities Education and Social Sciences Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Konstitusi Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan Indonesia Law Reform Journal (ILREJ) SASI Asian Journal of Management, Entrepreneurship and Social Science Journal of International Islamic Law, Human Right and Public Policy Jurnal Dinamika Hukum Sosiora Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies
Milda Istiqomah
Faculty Of Law, Brawijaya University
Religion Arts Humanities Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Environmental Science Health Professions Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Neuroscience Social Sciences Other

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Graduated Capacity for Responsibility of Children Under Twelve in the Indonesian Juvenile Criminal Justice System: : A Mental-Capacity-Based Reformulation Syakhiya Aprilia Wardani; Milda Istiqomah; Faizin Sulistio
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i1.1478

Abstract

Indonesian juvenile criminal law treats children below the age of twelve as outside the category of children in conflict with the law and restricts the available legal response to non-penal measures. Article 21 of Law No. 11 of 2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, together with Government Regulation No. 65 of 2015, allows the return of such children to their parents or guardians, or their placement in education, guidance, or social-welfare programmes. This model protects young children from punitive criminalization, but it also creates a normative difficulty when an under-twelve child commits a serious unlawful act, including sexual violence or homicide, because the law provides no meaningful gradation based on the gravity of the act, the child's individual mental capacity, or the victim's need for justice and protection. This article applies normative juridical research using statutory, conceptual, and policy-oriented approaches. It analyses Indonesian child justice law through the doctrine of fault, Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive and moral development, contemporary developmental science, and international child-rights standards. The article argues that chronological age remains indispensable as a protective threshold, but it should not operate as the sole determinant of legal response. A new category of diminished legal responsibility is proposed for children under twelve who are shown, through multidisciplinary assessment, to possess cognitive and moral understanding beyond their biological age. The category should not authorize imprisonment or criminal conviction. Instead, it should enable proportionate, restorative, rehabilitative, and victim-sensitive measures tailored to the child's maturity, risk profile, family environment, and the seriousness of the unlawful act.
Criminal Liability and the Non Punishment Principle for Trafficking Victims in Indonesia Natalia; Setyo Widagdo; Milda Istiqomah; Dhiana Puspitawati
Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan Vol. 14 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan
Publisher : Magister of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/ius.v14i1.1820

Abstract

 The non-punishment principle for trafficking victims is recognized in Article 18 of Law Number 21 of 2007 on the Eradication of the Crime of Trafficking in Persons, which stipulates that victims who commit criminal acts as a result of coercion by traffickers shall not be subject to punishment. However, this provision does not clearly define the doctrinal parameters of coercion, nor does it explain how criminal liability should be assessed when an unlawful act is committed within conditions of exploitation, dependence, intimidation, or constrained autonomy. This article examines the relationship between criminal liability and the non-punishment principle for trafficking victims in Indonesia. It employs normative legal research by analyzing statutory regulations, criminal law doctrine, international instruments, and relevant scholarly literature. The study finds that the non-punishment principle should not be understood merely as a procedural exemption from punishment, but rather as a doctrinal mechanism for excluding culpability where the victim’s conduct is directly connected to trafficking-related coercion. It further argues that Indonesian law requires a more clearly articulated framework for assessing coercion, including the causal relationship between trafficking and the offense, the degree of the victim’s constrained autonomy, and the evidentiary burden borne by victims. The contribution of this article lies in proposing a more precise doctrinal approach to distinguishing punishable conduct from victimization-driven conduct in trafficking cases, thereby ensuring that Article 18 functions as an effective instrument of victim protection rather than a formal guarantee that remains difficult to implement in practice.
The Urgency of Gender-Based Counterterrorism Policy Regulation in Indonesia Milda Istiqomah; Fachrizal Afandi
Sriwijaya Law Review Volume 6 Issue 2, July 2022
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28946/slrev.Vol6.Iss2.1628.pp205-223

Abstract

Gender-based counterterrorism in Indonesia still has not yet obtained greater attention from policy stakeholders. The role of women in handling terrorism cases is still lacking and results in the absence of gender sensitivity. This research aims to analyse regulations regarding policies on terrorism that are spread out not only at the level of laws but also at a more technical level of regulations. This research also involves the analysis on the urgency for policy regulation for gender-based counterterrorism. This research combines both legal/juridical-normative research and juridical-empirical/socio-legal research. The results of this research indicate that counterterrorism regulation in Indonesia is still general or gender-neutral. From an institutional perspective, the institutions that handle the criminal act of terrorism, which are the National Counter-Terrorism Agency (BNPT) and Special Detachment 88 for Anti-Terrorism (Densus 88 AT), have not accommodated a gender perspective. Consequently, the involvement of female law enforcement officials is still limited. Further, the issue of “silo mentalities" among these institutions has resulted in partial counterterrorism policies that are issued by each institution. Policy stakeholders should cooperate with other government institutions and increase the involvement of women in counterterrorism strategies to ensure that counterterrorism policies integrate a gender perspective.
Reconstructing Electoral Law Policy to Strengthen the Prevention and Enforcement of Money Politics in Indonesia Milda Istiqomah; Hazmi Rusli; Bunga Veronika Milania Agustin; Heru Kurniawan
Kosmik Hukum Vol. 26 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30595/kosmikhukum.v26i2.30250

Abstract

Elections constitute a fundamental manifestation of democracy, serving as a crucial mechanism connecting candidates and voters. However, electoral contests continue to be undermined by violations, particularly money politics and political dowries. Article 228 explicitly prohibits the giving and receiving of political dowries in the nomination of presidential and vice-presidential candidates, yet the practice of vote-buying through money or goods persists and has increasingly become embedded as a political culture. This phenomenon threatens democratic integrity, weakens clean governance, and undermines the realization of fair elections. This study examines campaign finance regulation as a preventive legal policy against money politics practices. Employing a normative juridical research method, the study relies on primary and secondary legal materials through a statute approach and a comparative approach. The statute approach is conducted by analyzing the regulatory framework governing campaign finance, criminal provisions, and law enforcement mechanisms related to electoral violations. Meanwhile, the comparative approach is carried out through a micro-level examination of campaign finance limitation policies in the United States in order to construct a preventive model applicable within the Indonesian context. Using deductive legal reasoning and legal syllogism, the research positions legal norms as the major premise and correlates them with relevant legal facts to formulate conclusions. The findings indicate that limiting campaign funds serves as a strategic instrument to reduce excessive monetary influence in politics. Strengthening contribution limits, transparency mechanisms, and law enforcement is therefore essential to prevent money politics and safeguard electoral integrity and democratic accountability.
Effectiveness of International Legal Instruments in Preventing and Eradicating Human Trafficking: Palermo Protocol Implementation Study Natalia Maharani; Setyo Widagdo; Milda Istiqomah; Dhiana Puspitawati; Ariesta Wibisono Anditya
Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Konstitusi Vol. 9 Issue 1 (2026) Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi
Publisher : Faculty of Sharia, Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Profesor Kiai Haji Saifuddin Zuhri Purwokerto, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24090/volksgeist.v9i1.15370

Abstract

Human trafficking is a complex, transnational crime intrinsically linked to human rights violations, requiring a holistic legal response at both international and domestic levels. The Palermo Protocol has served as an essential international legal instrument; yet, it continues to face numerous problems. This research aims to assess the effectiveness of the Palermo Protocol as an international legislative instrument for the prevention and eradication of human trafficking by analyzing its implementation in Indonesia and the Philippines. The research methodology utilized is normative juridical, integrating legislative, conceptual, and comparative legal frameworks. The results indicate that the Palermo Protocol is relatively effective in promoting legal harmonization and establishing institutional frameworks in ratifying nations; yet, it has not completely bridged the gap between international standards and their practical implementation. In Indonesia, fragmented authority, the limited competence of law enforcement officials, and an inadequate integrated data system present substantial obstacles to victim identification and protection. The Philippines, on the other hand, has a more cohesive legal and institutional framework that makes it easier to adopt international norms. However, it still struggles to do so because it relies on external resources and faces structural problems such as poverty, labor migration, and gender inequality. This study finds that the Palermo Protocol works well as a global standard, but it hasn't done much to lower the number of people who are trafficked. Consequently, improving the protocol's effectiveness requires evolving from a passive, normative framework into an active, accountable, victim-centered legal system harmonized with extensive socio-economic policies.
Co-Authors Abdul Madjid Abdul Madjid Ade Putra R Aji, Muhammad Kharisma Bayu Ali, Hilmy Faidulloh Alimardani, Armin Anang Riyan Ramadianto Anang Riyan Ramadianto Andi Pambudi Utomo Anindita, Raras Natasya Ariesta Wibisono Anditya Bagus Sujatmiko BAMBANG SUGIRI Bambang Sugiri Bayu Akbar Wicaksono Bunga Veronika Milania Bunga Veronika Milania Agustin Denny Ardian Priambodo Dhiana Puspitawati Dhiana Puspitawati Dzulkarnain Alghafuru Syahputra Eka Yudha Kurniawan EMMILIA RUSDIANA EMMILIA RUSDIANA, EMMILIA Fachrizal Afandi Faizin Sulistio Faizin Sulistio Fajri, M. Hisyam Nur Fayadh Ayyasi Regar Furqani, Alvie Naufal Harsuko Riniwati Hazmi Rusli Heru Kurniawan Heru Kurniawan I Nyoman NURJAYA I Nyoman Nurjaya Ifahda Pratama Hapsari Kevin Krissentanu Winner Marjono Marjono Muchamad Ali Safaat Muhammad Cakranegara Muhammad Haykal Natalia Natalia Maharani Nurini Aprilianda Pratama, I Gusti Agung Ananta Pratama, I Gusti Ananta Prija Djatmika Prija Djatmika, Prija Ramadianto, Anang Riyan Rika Kurniaty Rika Kurniaty Rizky Kurnia Rizky Kurnia Rohmat Rohmat Rohmat rohmat Roytomi Isabilton Said, Muhamad Helmi Md Septiawan Ridho Permadi Setiawan Noerdajasakti Setyo Widagdo Siagian, Nurul Inayah Sidik Wiyono Sjafi’i, Imam Rahmat Sriti Hesti Astiti, Sriti Hesti Sugiri, Bambang Syakhiya Aprilia Wardani Tantoi, Lalu Alex Taqwa, Faisal Akbaruddin Theo Sifra AHASIA Usuluddin, Fachruddin Wanto, Alfi Haris Widyaningsih, Aryana Sekar Yanu Romansyah Melvando Yenny Etta Widyanti Yessika Florencia Yuliati - Yuliati Yuliati Yuliati Yuliati Zaldi Nasrudin