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THE BALINESE WOMEN’S POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN THE GENERAL ELECTIONS CONDUCTED FROM 1997 TO 2004 (IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF CULTURAL STUDIES) Rahayu, Luh Riniti; Putra Astiti, Tjok. Istri; Suastika, I Made; Parimartha, I Gde
E-Journal of Cultural Studies Vol. 5, No. 2 Juli 2011
Publisher : Cultural Studies Doctorate Program, Postgraduate Program of Udayana University

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This study discusses the Balinese women’s political participation in thegeneral elections conducted in 1997, 1999 and 2004. During these years, in spiteof being supported by reformation, there was a gap with regard to the Balinesewomen’s participation in politics, which was assumed to result from numerousfactors. Therefore, the problems formulated in this study are (1) how the Balinesewomen politically participated in the general elections conducted in 1997, 1999and 2004; (2) what factors affected their political participation in the generalelections conducted in 1997, 1999 and 2004?; (3) what were the effects andmeanings of their political participation in the general election conducted in 1997,1999 and 2004 viewed from the values of equality in gender? Qualitative methodwith multidisciplinary approach from the perspective of cultural studies wasadopted in this study. Several critical social theories were employed forsharpening the analysis.The results of the study show that the Balinese women’s politicalparticipation in the general election conducted in 1997 was 11.11%; that therecruitment system still referred to the concepts applied in the New Order, that is,through the women’s organizations established by the government with highnepotism. While their political participation in the general election conducted in1999 decreased by 1.62% as a consequence of reformation, in the general electionconducted in 2004 it rose by 7.27%, resulting from the changes in the generalelection regulations. The factors which encouraged the Balinese women toparticipate in politics were that they were influenced by the men who werepoliticians and close to them such as their husbands and fathers, the women’smovements and the general election regulations. As far as the domestic domain isconcerned, their political participation was positive. What is meant is that theywere able to acquire asymmetric relation of power; however, negatively, they hadmultiple responsibilities resulting from the multiple roles they played. In thepolitical domain, they were dominated by men; in addition, their politicalparticipation gave the meanings of equality, being constitutional and beingprestigious.

NEWLY-PACKAGED BALI TOURIST PERFORMING ARTS IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF CULTURAL STUDIES Ruastiti, Ni Made; Parimartha, I Gde; Sedyawati, Edi; Suastika, I Made
E-Journal of Cultural Studies Vol. 3, No. 1 Januari 2009
Publisher : Cultural Studies Doctorate Program, Postgraduate Program of Udayana University

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This research is focused on the newly packaged tourist performing arts; they are anew concept and seem to be different from the general tourist performing arts. They arepackaged from various components of Balinese arts and managed as large scale-touristperforming arts in terms of materials, space, and time of their performances. The researchercalls them new types of Bali tourist performing arts because how they are presented isnew and different from the traditional tourist performing arts which are simply performed.In this research, the newly-packaged performing arts are analyzed in the perspective ofcultural studies.The research was carried out at three palaces in Bali; they are Mengwi Palace inBadung regency, Anyar Palace at Kerambitan, Tabanan regency, and Banyuning Palace atBongkasa, Badung regency. There are three main problems to be discussed: firstly, how dothe tourist performing arts emerge in all the palaces? Secondly, are they related to thetourist industry developed in the palaces?, thirdly, what is the impact and meaning of themfor the sake of the palaces, society, and Balinese culture? The researcher uses a qualitativemethod and an interdisciplinary approach as characteristics of cultural studies. The theoriesused are hegemony, deconstruction, and structuration.The result shows that the tourism development at all the palaces has made the localsociety become more critical. The money-oriented economy based on the spirit of gettingbenefit has made the emergence of comodification in all sectors of life. The emergence oftourist industry at the palaces has led to the idea of showing all of the useful art and culturalpotentials which at the palaces and their surroundings. Theoretically, the palaces can bestated to have deconstructed the concept of presenting the Bali tourist performing arts into anew one, that is, “the newly packaged Bali tourist performing arts”.It has been observed that all the palaces have developed t “Newly packaged Balitourist Performing Arts” but they are different in themes. At Mengwi Palace the theme is‘procession of religious rituals’, at Anyar Palace, Kerambitan, the theme is “ritualprocession of welcoming the kingdom’s guests” and at Banyuning Palace, Bongkasa, thetheme is “ritual procession of wedding”. The differences can be seen in the componentspresented in the performances.

IMPLEMENTATION OF HINDU RELIGION EDUCATION AT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF CULTURAL STUDIES Tanu, I Ketut; Suastika, I Made; Parimartha, I Gde; Subagia, I Wayan
E-Journal of Cultural Studies Vol. 3, No. 2 Juli 2009
Publisher : Cultural Studies Doctorate Program, Postgraduate Program of Udayana University

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Religious education was firstly implemented based on the Act of Number 4 year1950, concerning education and teaching. In one of its articles, it is stated that Indonesia is areligion-based country. The govern ment has the right and is obliged to arrange religiouseducation starting from Kindergarten to University and the time allocated for this is 2 (two)hours per week. However, an imbalance has occurred as far as Hindu Religion education isconcerned, that is, the students at particular educational institutions are not provided withHindu Religion education as intended by the Act.In Article 30 of the Act of Number 20 year 2003 concerning national educationsystem, on the other hand, it is stated that: any religious education can be carried out by thegovernment and or a community’s group belonging to a particular religion in accordancewith the applicable regulations. It is also stated that religious education is functioned toprepare the students to be able to comprehend and apply their religious teaching values and orto be experts in religions. In addition, it is also stated that religious education can be formallyand informally conducted in the forms of diniyah, pesantren, pesraman, phabaja, smnera,and the like.How Hindu Religion educa tion is implemented at Elementary School Number 17Dauh Puri and Dwijendra Elementary School Depasar cannot be separated from theinfrastructure, facilities, curri culum and teachers available, and the government’s policy.Therefore, this study is focused on 1) the existence of the components needed forimplementing Hindu Religion education, 2) the factors influencing the implementation ofHindu religion education, and 3) the meaningfulness and attempts done to implement HinduReligion education if related to the inventory of Balinese culture.This study is conducted to explain, describe, criticize, and analyze theimplementation of Hindu Religion education at Elementary School Number 17 Dauh Puri andDwijendra Elementary School Denpasar. The benefit that is intended to be achieved in thisstudy is to contribute to the inventory of Hinduism and to serve as something to be taken intoaccount when any decision related to Hindu Religion education is made.Researches on Hinduism have been conducted by some researchers. However, onlya few have been carried out related to Hindu Religion education. Further matters related toHindu Religion education provided at elementary school need to be done. The concepts madeavailable in this study are very essential. The reason is that such concepts serve as theguidelines in this study. The concepts employed are those related to the implementation ofeducation, general education, Hindu Religion education, Elementary School, and culturalstudies.The theories employed to answer the matters related to the implementation of HinduReligion education at Elementary School Number 17 Dauh Puri and Dwijendra Elementary School Depasar are: 1) the Derida’s theory of deconstruction, 2) Gramsci’s theory ofHegemony, and 3) Piaget’s constructivistic theory. In addition, a research model is alsoemployed in this study. The reason is that it serves as the researcher’s thinking flow indescribing and reporting the research.The methods employed in this study include the research planning, the researchlocation, the types and sources of data, the informant determination, the researchinstruments, the data collecting technique, the data analysis, and how the results arepresented. The purpose is to obtain objective data concerning the implementation of HinduReligion education at elementary school. The objective research method is able to describetotally and objectively how Hindu Religion education is implemented at Elementary SchoolNumber 17 Dauh Puri and Dwijendara Elementary School Denpasar.The novelty in this study is that the learning infrastructure and facilities needed tocarry out Hindu Religion education both at Elementary School Number 17 Dauh Puri andDwijendra Elementary School Depasar have not been in accordance with the minimumstandard of service , that the curriculum has not been totally oriented towards the schools’potentials and students, that the teachers have not been innovated in the learning process, andthat the government’s policy has not been made for multicultural education. In the process oflearning Hindu Religion, the schools have attempted to increase the quality of Hindu Religioneducation, to develop school-based management, and to apply multidisciplinary approach.

RELIGIOSITY IN ART INSPIRED BY SAMUAN TIGA AND TEJAKULA, BALI: UNITY IN DIVERSITY Butler, Diane Carol; Ardika, I Wayan; Sedyawati, Edi; Parimartha, I Gde
E-Journal of Cultural Studies Vol. 5, No. 2 Juli 2011
Publisher : Cultural Studies Doctorate Program, Postgraduate Program of Udayana University

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At the dawn of this third millennium, growing numbers of forums worldwide are focused on the issue of how to sustain the diversity of the nature and of cultures for the well-being of the Earth and humanity. Concurrently, intercultural and interreligious dialogue is deemed essential for social cohesion. This dissertation advances the contributions of religiosity in art through a qualitative reflective account and chronicle of the art and dialogues offered by people of diverse cultures and faiths from 1999 to 2004 during Sharing Art & Religiosity in the vicinity of Pura Samuan Tiga in Bedulu, Bali and Sharing Art Ocean– Mountain at the seacoast village of Tejakula, North Bali; seen in tandem with creative transformations that occurred through Sharing Art in and with other cultural environments of the world. Methodologically this study stemmed from and demonstrates the merits of public participatory practice-based art programs whereby activities are conceived by and implemented with the people of a locale. Participants generated the data and interpretations via mutual cooperation, dialogue, and creative praxis. The Balinese principle of Tri Hita Karana, that aims toward a harmonious human-nature-God/Source of Life relationship in accord with the place-time-conditions, provided a holistic perspective to analyze and derive meaning from the results. Findings indicate sharing in the arts, religiosity, and nature fosters a common field such that traditional and modern cultures can study and engage in creative dialogue together. Moreover, interreligious innovations that have continued to develop since the seminal deliberation of reconciliation between Bali Aga, Çiwaist, and Buddhist faith groups at Samuan Tiga circa CE 989 to 1011 and intercultural egalitarian innovations since the seventeenth century dialogue of indigenous and migrant mountain and maritime cultures in Tejakula – constitute a model for furthering bhinneka tunggal ika unity in diversity in the world today. Recommendations outline how the findings can be used for cooperative exchanges between villages and between villages and cities of diverse regions and countries to support interculture in cultural environments. Appendices provide two video compact discs; seventy- nine reflective essays by artists, religious/spiritual leaders, scholars, and educators from across the world; and nine transcriptions of initial public dialogues.

LOCAL POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN THE GENERAL ELECTION DIRECTLY CONDUCTED TO VOTE FOR DISTRICT HEADS (PILKADA) IN BADUNG REGENCY IN 2005 Oka Wisnumurti, Anak Agung Gede; Ardika, I Wayan; Parimartha, I Gde; Pasek Diantha, I Made
E-Journal of Cultural Studies Vol. 5, No. 2 Juli 2011
Publisher : Cultural Studies Doctorate Program, Postgraduate Program of Udayana University

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The general election directly conducted to vote for the regent and vice regent(Pemilihan Kepala Daerah, abbreviated to Pilkada) by the people in Badung Regency in2005 was the first one. The people’s direct involvement in the local political life movedhighly dynamically. The struggle for power by various strengths affected variousdimensions of the people’s lives; therefore, it is interesting to investigate the localpolitical dynamics in the Pilkada directly conducted in Badung Regency in 2005 in theperspective of cultural studies. There are three problems formulated in this study. Theyare (1) what was the dynamics of the Pilkada directly conducted in Badung Regency in2005 like?; (2) how the relation of strengths affected the local political dynamics in thePilkada directly conducted in Badung Regency in 2005?; (3) what were the implicationsand meanings of the local political dynamics of the Pilkada directly conducted in BadungRegency in 2005?The results of the study show that fluctuative changes took place continuouslywith regard to the form and functions of societal structure. Culturally, the people’sideology changed from being mono centric into being multi centric. The relation ofstrengths became segmented into three main strengths forming a new formation ofstrength referred to as trisula. This led to an institutional configuration, differentiation ofpower and locality sedimentation, and provided meanings to competition and tolerance,emancipatory, political comodification, adaptive leadership and local democratic culturalstrengthening.

gustimadengurah@yahoo.co.id Ngurah, I Gusti Made; Semadi Astra, I Gde; Suastika, I Made; Parimartha, I Gde
E-Journal of Cultural Studies Vol. 5, No. 1 Januari 2011
Publisher : Cultural Studies Doctorate Program, Postgraduate Program of Udayana University

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The dialogue of inter religious community members in the multiculturalcommunity of Denpasar has been beneficial to the organization of collective life. Inrelation to that, this study describes the phenomenon of cultural dialogues as an attemptto realize the idea of multiculturalism and to establish harmonious atmosphere in whichdifferences are mutually accepted and appreciated. Field qualitative method is employedin this study and the data needed were collected by the technique of observation, thetechnique of in-depth interview and documentary study. The results of the study showthat the idea of the dialogue has been based on heterogeneity, frequent conflicts andenthusiasm in establishing harmony. The policies which are referred to by the dialogueare regulated in various regulations issued by several ministers, the governor and themajor. Such policies serve as the legal umbrella of the dialogue, while the dialogicprograms are determined by the government and the Communicative Forum of InterReligious Community Members (Forum Komunikasi Antar-Umat Beragama, hereonabbreviated to FKUB). The operating techniques of how the dialogue is conducted areorganized by this forum. The dialogic fluency is motivated by the supporting factorswhich are hoped to bring much success. However, there are also some obstructions whichmay lead to failures. Attempts are made to develop it into a successful one and toavoid/eliminate its negative effects. In addition, the dialogue is also philosophically,dialectally and dynamically meaningful. Generally, the understanding of suchmeaningfulness can improve the quality of the multicultural life in Denpasar City. Itseems that the formal dialogue of inter religious community members has only beenintensively conducted by the religious leaders and the leaders of the related institutions. Ithas not been averagely conducted in the grass root level yet.

ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN BANYUMAS REGENCY: IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF CULTURAL STUDIES Hudijono, Singkir; Sirtha, I Nyoman; Parimartha, I Gde; Suastika, I Made
E-Journal of Cultural Studies Vol. 4, No. 1 Januari 2010
Publisher : Cultural Studies Doctorate Program, Postgraduate Program of Udayana University

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This study discusses about an Alternative Dispute Resolution in BanyumasRegency as a non-litigation dispute resolution. The problem observed was a breakthroughtaken by the Society in Banyumas Regency in overcoming the so far deadlock of lawenforcement and the attitude of not trusting the justice enforcement. It has been a publicsecret that the dispute resolutions employing the legal centralism paradigm have beendominated by the judicial network. This has caused the acknowledgement of the state lawto decrease, being a commodity that can be traded. The research aims at finding out anddescribing how the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) emerges as an alternativemechanism in deconstructing the legal centralism; interpreting and describing what ismeant by the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in the development of progressive law.This research was conducted employing qualitative method. In this context, theresearcher explored various pieces of related information with the reason that the societyin Banyumas Regency has chosen the alternative dispute resolution mechanism as themechanism in deconstructing the legal centralism. The research was conducted asfollows: the problems were identified, the theories for analyzing the data were selected,the primary and secondary data were collected, the collected data were analyzed andinterpreted, and finally, the results of the research were written and constructed. Thetheories employed were critical legal studies, deconstruction, and large narration criticismtheories.The results of the research show that: firstly, the alternative dispute resolution hasemerged because of the awakened local knowledge, as the form of anticipation to theineffective formal law domination. With regard to the effect of global intercourse, thealternative dispute resolution has emerged because of the refusal against the culturalhomogeneity. Secondly, the implementation of the alternative dispute resolution hasbecome the preferred mechanism in deconstructing the law centralism because it can beimplemented effectively and efficiently, and ensures the win-win solution. Thirdly,denotatively, the alternative dispute solution reduces the confronting and antagonisticconceptions. Connotatively, the alternative dispute resolution is the legal culture ofBanyumas society. It has functioned as the legal dynamisator creating and implementinglaw.

ENCULTURATION AND GENDER IN WOVEN FABRICT INDUSTRY AT SUBDISTRICT OF SANGKARAGUNG, DISTRICT OF NEGARA, JEMBRANA Sukardja, Putu; Parimartha, I Gde; Ardika, I Wayan; Suastika, I Made
E-Journal of Cultural Studies Vol. 3, No. 1 Januari 2009
Publisher : Cultural Studies Doctorate Program, Postgraduate Program of Udayana University

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This research reveals the process of enculturation and gender in the woven fabricindustry at Sangkaragung, district of Negara, Jembrana. The weaving tradition andenculturation process give the women at Sangkaragung a hope to change their ideology ingender and socio cultural construction. This study aims at discussing the factors makingthe women at Sangkaragung do weaving activities, the process of weaving enculturationand the development of gender taking place there, and the impacts and meaning of theweaving enculturation on their socio-cultural life.In analyzing the problems above, the theory of post-structuralism, the theory ofpractice, and the theory of social change were used. To find out the relevant data, aqualitative method was applied in which the data were collected by deep interviews,observation, and documentation.The result shows that the factors making the women do such activities are: mythson women and weaving activities; globalization and socio-cultural changes, and fulfillmentof daily needs. The process of weaving enculturation done through cultural transmissionand socialization in weaving results in acculturation and enculturation which then give adeeper understanding to the society of the pattern and system related to the weavingactivities. The weaving enculturation also causes some forms of changes at Sangkaragungsuch as work division between men and women. The weaving enculturation and thedevelopment of gender have affected the ways in which decisions are made in someaspects of life such as in the context of traditional and religious rituals, the expenditures forprimary family needs, health care, and children’s education. Although the women areacknowledged and appreciated that they have economically contributed to their families,full emancipation has not been given to them due to patriarchal, social and cultural systemswhich are still attached to the society.

LOCAL GENIUS AS SOCIO-CULTURAL CAPITAL FOR EMPOWERING THE BAJO ETHNIC PEOPLE RESIDING AT THE COASTAL AREA OF BUNGIN PERMAI VILLAGE, SOUTH EAST SULAWESI Ali Basri, La Ode; Parimartha, I Gde; Ardika, I Wayan; Meko Mbete, Aron
E-Journal of Cultural Studies Vol. 5, No. 1 Januari 2011
Publisher : Cultural Studies Doctorate Program, Postgraduate Program of Udayana University

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In this dissertation the local genius as socio-cultural capital for empowering theBajo ethnic people residing at the costal area of Bungin Permai Village, TinanggeaDistrict, South Konawe Regency, South Sulawesi Province is discussed. The Bajo ethnicpeople have a set of local genius within their socio-cultural system which is reflected intheir belief, tradition and custom and is used as the reference for conceiving andexplaining the objective and essence of life and the world. However, such local geniushas not functioned optimally yet as they are still marginalized.This research is focused on (1) what forms of local genius serve as the sociocultural capital for empowering the Bajo ethnic group residing at the coastal area?; (2)how the local genius is developed to empower the Bajo ethnic people residing at thecoastal area?; and (3) what factors which may support and obstruct the local genius usedas the socio cultural capital for empowering the Bajo ethnic people residing at the coastalarea? Qualitative method is employed in this study with the approach of cultural studies.The theories used are the post colonial theory, structural theory, generative theory,hegemony theory and semiotic theory. The techniques used for collecting the data neededare participative observation, in-depth interview, library research, and focus groupdiscussion. The data obtained are analytically and descriptively processed and arepresented in the forms of narration, tables and visual illustration.The results of the study show that the Bajo ethnic people residing at BunginPermai Village have a set of local genius which may be potentially used as the sociocultural capital for empowering their community such as (1) indigenous skills andknowledge; (2) working culture; and (3) local organizations. The development of theindigenous skills and knowledge (pengetahuan dan ketrampilan asli; hereon abbreviatedto PKA) and the revitalization of their local organizations may be used as the sociocultural capital for empowering their community. The factors supporting the local geniusused as the socio cultural capital to support the empowerment of the Bajo ethnic peopleresiding at the coastal area are (1) availability of marine resources around the area where they live; (2) the existence of their local organizations; (3) being supporting by thecommunity and the government. The factors obstructing the local genius used as thesocio cultural capital to support the empowerment of the Bajo ethnic people residing atthe coastal area are (1) capitalistic economic transformation taking place within theircommunity; (2) collision against the mainland community with regard to cultural values;(3) low quality human resources; (4) negative image of the Bajo community. Themeanings of the local genius as the socio cultural capital for empowering the communityare (1) cultural preservation; (2) community empowerment and independence.

RECONSTRUCTION OF HINDU PRIEST IN THE DYNAMICS OF THE INTER TRI SADHAKA AND SARWA SADHAKA IN BALI Redana, Made; Wirawan, A.A. Bagus; Parimartha, I Gde; Anom Kumbara, A.A. Ngurah
E-Journal of Cultural Studies Volume 12, Number 2, May 2019
Publisher : Cultural Studies Doctorate Program, Postgraduate Program of Udayana University

The reconstruction of Hindu Pandita in Bali marked a polarization of Hindu Pandita set in the difference of the clan (Soroh) and the belief system needs to be examined more deeply. The fact shows that there are still many Hindus who think that the Hindu Pandita belong to the Brahmin clan. This gap can be a stimulant misintensity against the issue of the Kapanditan and the condition to construct "Homo hierarchicus versus Homo ecqualis are engaged in Bali in war without End". The research aims to (1) understand the foundations of the thinking of the reconstruction of the Hindu Pandita (RPH) in the dynamics between Tri-Sadhaka and the unconscious Chi Wildlife Station in the Balinese people, (2) understand the driving factors of Hindu's pandy reconstruction in Bali in The dynamics between Tri-Sadhaka – Sarwa Sadhaka, and (3) analyzing the implications of Balinese Hindu's impartiation. This research uses a mix method with the priority of using qualitative methods, which are supported by quantitative methods with value inventory techniques. The theory used as a foundation is the theory of power relations, structuration, deconstruction. The results of this study pertain to three things; First, reconstruction of the fundamentals of Hindu Pandita Thinking in the dynamics between Trisadaka and Chi Wildlife Station Sadaka is the efforts of the description of attitudes and personalities, value-conscious competence, and integrality. In the sense of the Hindu Pandita, which is personally integral, intact, and that is considered sacred, glorious, since he was in prayer beads spiritually through the process of diksa. Secondly, the impetus factors of Hindu reconstruction in the dynamics between Tri-saddleted and a Godly Chi wildlife station in Balinese people concerning historical and geneological dimensions, increased knowledge and chastity factors as a mode of adaptation to Pandita, a social movement in the competition's status, and ideas for movement change. Thirdly, the implications in the dynamics of competition between Trisadaka and Sarwasadaka are concerned with the ideological, social and economic pragmatism and importance of power. Keywords: the reconstruction of Hindu priest, the dynamics, tri and sarwa sadhaka, economic pragmatism and power

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