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Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) in topical preparations: a narrative review of components, manufacturing methods, characteristics and activities Rizikiyan, Yayan; Sugihartini, Nining; Rais, Ichwan Ridwan
JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA Vol. 23 No. 1 (2025): JIFI
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Pancasila

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35814/jifi.v23i1.1643

Nanostructured Lipid Carries NLCs have gained attention in formulation science and nanotechnology due to their biocompatible material and ability to enhance skin penetration. The goal is to create products that can effectively deliver active compounds to desired skin layers with minimal side effects. This review focuses on the use of functionalized NLCs in dermocosmetics, specifically looking at their composition, manufacturing method, characteristics, and role in delivering active compounds. The review obtained articles from databases such as Scopus, Pubmed, and Google Scholar, covering the years 2014-2024. Data search was conducted in May 2024. The search used keywords such as "NLC OR formulation OR dermal OR activityâ€. By considering factors such as NLC composition, manufacturing method, and impact on compound delivery, researchers aim to optimize NLCs for use in topical preparations. This research contributes to the development of dermocosmetics that can address various skin problems more effectively. The search results from 32 articles gave an overview of the widely used NLC components: solid lipids: glycerol monostearate, compitrol 888 ATO, and tristearin; liquid lipids: myglyol, transcutol, and oleic acid; surfactants: poysorbat 80 and polysorbate 20. The widely used methods were ultrasonication and high pressure homogenization. Frequently performed characterizations include particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and Entrapment Efficiency (EE). The pharmacological activity of active components loaded into NLCs increased than without NLCs. The active ingredient formulated in NLC can produce better activity compared to the active substance formulated directly in the conventional preparation. The application of nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) nanoparticles on the skin is very beneficial. These nano systems have shown promising results and more commercial formulations, so it is expected to be done in further research.

In vitro evaluation of antioxidant properties of Moringa oleifera, Centella asiatica, and Nigella sativa: individual and combined effects Capritasari, Rafiastiana; Setianto, Arif Budi; Akrom; Rais, Ichwan Ridwan; Anwar, Muslih; Sun, Suny
Pharmaciana Vol. 15 No. 3 (2025): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v15i3.30597

Oxidative stress, a condition linked to various degenerative diseases, occurs when reactive species build up in the body. These harmful molecules often come by environmental factors like air pollution as well as by unhealthy lifestyle habits. Fortunately, nature gives a defense system: plants produce flavonoids and other phenolic substances that act as natural antioxidants, handling to neutralize reactive species and protecting the body by their damaging effects. The objective of the study was to determine the phytochemical content of extracts of M. oleifera leaf, C. asiatica leaf, and N. sativa Oil and their operation as antioxidants. The study applied both qualitative and quantitative phytochemical tests to measure flavonoid levels in the extracts. Bioactive substances were then identified through GC-MS and LC-HRMS, while antioxidant operation was assessed utilizing the DPPH method. The outcomes were drawn that Moringa oleifera and Centella asiatica extracts contained flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and steroids, while Nigella sativa oil contained terpenoids. Among the three, LC-HRMS screening drawn that Moringa oleifera extract had the highest diversity of flavonoid substances. The outcomes of GC-MS obtained 13 components identified in Nigella sativa oil, one of that was thymoquinone. The antioxidant operation IC50 scores were as follows: 57.943 ± 3.481 µg/mL (M. oleifera), 66.578 ± 1.979 µg/mL (C. asiatica), 56.174 ± 1.604 µg/mL (N. sativa), and 51.128 ± 1.724 µg/mL (polyherbal combination). All the samples demonstrated strong antioxidant operation, and notably, the combination of extracts proved to be more effective than when each to be utilized individually.

Optimization of Water-Ethanol Solvent Composition of Red Betel Leaf Extraction (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) Using Simplex Latice Design Method on Antioxidant Activity Sri Mulyaningsih; Ria Indah Pratami; Ichwan Ridwan Rais
Jurnal FARMASIMED (JFM) Vol 8 No 1 (2025): Jurnal Farmasimed (JFM)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Institut Kesehatan Medistra Lubuk Pakam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35451/5d1c7339

Background: Free radicals cause oxidative stress that contributes to degenerative diseases and premature aging. Red betel leaves (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) contain phenolic and flavonoid compounds with high antioxidant potential. Objective: This study aimed to determine the optimal water-ethanol solvent composition for red betel leaf extraction based on total phenol content and antioxidant activity. Method: Red betel leaf extraction was carried out by ultrasonication using several ratios of water and 96% ethanol solvents, then optimized using Simplex Lattice Design. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-azinobis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid (ABTS) method, which was measured using a microplate reader. Total phenol content was determined using a spectrophotometric method. Results: Red betel leaves extracted with water-ethanol solvent (0:100) showed the highest total phenol content of 152.23 ± 0.2 mg GAE/g with an IC50 of 74.18 ppm, which is categorized as strong. ANOVA analysis showed a significant model (p < 0.05) with R² > 0.90, confirming a strong correlation between phenolic content and antioxidant activity. SLD optimization produced a desirability value close to 1.0, indicating that ethanol is the most optimal solvent. Conclusion: Red betel leaves have strong potential as a source of natural antioxidants with ethanol as the optimal solvent for the extraction of bioactive compounds.

Acute Toxicity Test of Black Rice and Soybean Extract Complex Liza Syafitri; Nina Salamah; Ichwan Ridwan Rais; Kintoko Kintoko; Sri Mulyaningsih; Moch Saiful Bachri
Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari Vol 17 No 2 (2026): Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari
Publisher : Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Garut University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52434/jifb.v17i2.43524

The present study was conducted to assess the acute oral toxicity of a copigment complex formulated from extracts of black rice (Oryza sativa L., indica) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Despite extensive individual pharmacological investigations of these botanical sources, no safety data have previously been documented for their combined copigment complex intended as a functional beverage constituent. Following the Acute Toxic Class methodology (OECD 423), the complex was orally administered as a single dose at 300, 2000, or 5000 mg/kg body weight (BW) to female Swiss Webster mice (n=3 per dose group), alongside a vehicle control group administered 1% Na-CMC. A comprehensive 14-day monitoring program assessed mortality, a range of clinical indicators (including tremor, convulsions, salivation, diarrhea, lethargy, locomotion, coat condition, and ocular appearance), and body weight at Days 0, 7, and 14. No animal deaths occurred across any group. Transient, mild hypoactivity was noted in animals receiving 5000 mg/kg at 1–2 hours post-dose, which resolved completely by 4 hours post-administration. No additional adverse clinical manifestations or weight loss were detected. Based on these findings, the median lethal dose (LD50) is projected to surpass 5000 mg/kg BW, corresponding to GHS Category 5 (practically non-toxic). The results collectively establish a safety foundation for the use of this copigment complex as a functional ingredient in isotonic beverage products, while acknowledging the need for further subchronic and chronic toxicological investigations.

Copigmentation of Black Rice Anthocyanin Extract and Steam Soybean Polyphenols: Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Syafitri, Liza; Rais, Ichwan Ridwan; Salamah, Nina
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Introduction: Black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) and soybean (Glycine max L. merr) have potential as sources of natural antioxidants due to their bioactive compounds. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of black rice extract co-pigmented with steamed soybean extract and determine the effect of solvent variation on the antioxidant activity. Methods: The extraction process was carried out using several solvent variations, namely 70% ethanol, a combination of 70% ethanol with 3% citric acid solution, and a combination of 70% ethanol with 5% citric acid solution. Extract characterization includes yield, organoleptic properties, total polyphenols, total anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity for black rice extract. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Results: The results showed that black rice extract with a combination of 70% ethanol solvent and 5% citric acid had the highest antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 136.456±0.022 ppm (medium category), followed by extracts with a combination of 70% ethanol and 3% citric acid (IC₅₀ = 2414±0.003 ppm), black rice extract with 70% ethanol (IC₅₀ = 2621±0.006 ppm), and soybean extract with 70% ethanol (IC₅₀ = 3252±0.006 ppm). Copigmentation of anthocyanin and polyphenol extracts with a ratio of 80:20 (black rice: soybean) produced the strongest antioxidant activity (IC50= 107± 0.0398 ppm) and the highest total polyphenol content (112.87±0.175 GAE/g). Conclusions: This study shows that copigmentation effectively improves the stability and functional activity of the combination of black rice extract and steam soybean extract.

Copigmentation of Black Rice Anthocyanin Extract and Steam Soybean Polyphenols: Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Syafitri, Liza; Rais, Ichwan Ridwan; Salamah, Nina
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Introduction: Black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) and soybean (Glycine max L. merr) have potential as sources of natural antioxidants due to their bioactive compounds. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of black rice extract co-pigmented with steamed soybean extract and determine the effect of solvent variation on the antioxidant activity. Methods: The extraction process was carried out using several solvent variations, namely 70% ethanol, a combination of 70% ethanol with 3% citric acid solution, and a combination of 70% ethanol with 5% citric acid solution. Extract characterization includes yield, organoleptic properties, total polyphenols, total anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity for black rice extract. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Results: The results showed that black rice extract with a combination of 70% ethanol solvent and 5% citric acid had the highest antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 136.456±0.022 ppm (medium category), followed by extracts with a combination of 70% ethanol and 3% citric acid (IC₅₀ = 2414±0.003 ppm), black rice extract with 70% ethanol (IC₅₀ = 2621±0.006 ppm), and soybean extract with 70% ethanol (IC₅₀ = 3252±0.006 ppm). Copigmentation of anthocyanin and polyphenol extracts with a ratio of 80:20 (black rice: soybean) produced the strongest antioxidant activity (IC50= 107± 0.0398 ppm) and the highest total polyphenol content (112.87±0.175 GAE/g). Conclusions: This study shows that copigmentation effectively improves the stability and functional activity of the combination of black rice extract and steam soybean extract.

Correlation between Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content of Baeckea frutescens L. Fractions and ABTS Radical Inhibition Activity Nurkhasanah Mahfudh; Frezqa Azizah Seputri; Ichwan Ridwan Rais; Lestari Lestari; Mustofa Ahda; Awis Sukarni Mohmad Sabere
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 3 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i3.10286

Baeckea frutescens L., locally known in Kalimantan as ujung atap, is a medicinal plant that grows in sandy areas of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. It has been traditionally used and is currently recognized for its strong antioxidant potential, primarily due to its content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. This study aimed to identify antioxidant-active fractions from B. frutescens leaf extract and evaluate the correlation between ABTS radical-scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC). Its leaves were extracted by maceration with 70% ethanol, followed by successive fractionation with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. This study showed that the methanol fraction has the highest TPC (224.532 ± 0.832 mg GAE/g) and TFC (45.452 ± 0.113 mg QE/g), along with ABTS radical-scavenging activity, with the lowest IC50 value of 23.411 ± 0.394 µg/mL, indicating the strongest antioxidant activity. Ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions followed in descending order. All fractions demonstrated very strong antioxidant activity (IC50 < 50 µg/mL). Furthermore, this study reported a strong positive correlation between TPC and TFC (r = 0.926). In addition, the IC50 from this herb has strong negative correlations with TPC and TFC, which have r = -0.914 and r = -0.887, respectively. These results highlight the significant role of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in contributing to the antioxidant properties of B. frutescens leaf extract fractions.

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