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All Journal Jurnal Reviu Akuntansi dan Keuangan Jurnal Ekonomi JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) Jurnal Aplikasi Bisnis dan Manajemen (JABM) E-Journal EKOMBIS REVIEW: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi dan Bisnis Ikonomika : Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam Mandala: Jurnal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Etika Demokrasi International Journal of Social Science and Business Jurnal Manajemen Strategi dan Aplikasi Bisnis Journal of Humanities and Social Studies Maker: Jurnal Manajemen Dinasti International Journal of Education Management and Social Science Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Kesatuan Journal of Social Science Dinasti International Journal of Economics, Finance & Accounting (DIJEFA) Quantitative Economics and Management Studies Journal of Terrorism Studies Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan Journal of the Community Development in Asia Journal of Social Science Proceeding of International Conference on Science, Education, and Technology Enrichment: Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development Jurnal Kajian Stratejik Ketahanan Nasional Journal of Law and Legal Reform Jurnal Ad'ministrare: Jurnal Pemikirian Ilmiah dan Pendidikan Administrasi Perkantoran International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
Subroto, Athor
Universitas Indonesia
Religion Arts Humanities Chemistry Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Energy Engineering Environmental Science Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mathematics Physics Social Sciences Other

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Indonesian Maritime Diplomacy: Building Strategic Alliances for Sovereignty at Sea Saputra, Rizki Marman; Rusliwa Somantri, Gumilar; Subroto, Athor; Marsetio, Marsetio
Jurnal Ad'ministrare: Jurnal Pemikirian Ilmiah dan Pendidikan Administrasi Perkantoran Volume 11, Issue 2, 2024
Publisher : Pendidikan Administrasi Perkantoran, Universitas Negeri Makassar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71309/administrare.v11i2.3317

Abstract

This research aims to analyze Indonesia's maritime diplomacy strategy to build strategic alliances to maintain Indonesia's maritime sovereignty. The research method used is a literary study presented descriptively intending to study individuals, groups, organizations, or complex events bound by a certain context. The data collection technique used analyzes documents relevant to the research theme, both from newspapers, national journals, and books with an analytical focus as explained in the theory of Liberal Institutionalism, namely international cooperation and global institutions. Meanwhile, the data analysis techniques used in this research are data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The research results show that through effective maritime diplomacy and strategic alliances, Indonesia has succeeded in strengthening its geopolitical position in the Asia-Pacific region, increasing the security of maritime trade routes, and maximizing maritime economic potential. These results show that the Liberal Institutionalism approach can significantly contribute to maintaining Indonesia's maritime sovereignty and security. It is important to pay attention to security, economic and environmental aspects. To maintain this sovereignty, international cooperation is needed through strategic alliances with various countries. This study shows how Indonesia has succeeded in building this alliance.
Defense Budget Gaps and Legal Implications of Alternative Financing in Indonesia: A Legal Reform Perspective Marsudiyanto, Aris; Subroto , Athor; Brodjonegoro, Bambang Permadi Soemantri; Ghafur, A. Hanief Saha
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 5 No. 4 (2024): Contemporary Issues on Law Reform in Indonesia and Global Context
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v5i4.18076

Abstract

This paper examines the critical defense budget gap in Indonesia, which has become a pressing issue over the past decade. With global challenges, particularly the escalating wars in the Middle East, Indonesia faces growing security concerns that necessitate a stronger defense program. However, the country’s defense budget allocation, ranging from 0.5 to 0.9 percent of GDP, remains insufficient to meet the required defense expenditures. Using the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) approach, we predict future budget availability and compare it with the projected defense needs, revealing a significant gap. To address this, the paper explores alternative financing mechanisms, such as optimizing military assets, enhancing the defense industry, leveraging Public-Private Partnerships (PPP), and integrating these strategies. The urgency of addressing this funding shortfall is heightened by Indonesia’s need for robust defense capabilities in an increasingly unstable geopolitical environment. This study’s novelty lies in analyzing the legal implications of these alternative financing options, an area that has received limited attention in defense policy discourse. It critically examines the legal challenges posed by these financing mechanisms, particularly in relation to Indonesia’s existing laws, including Law No. 17 of 2003 on State Finances, Law No. 3 of 2002 on National Defense, and various regulations governing defense industry and national security. The paper’s contribution lies in offering a comprehensive legal analysis of alternative financing in Indonesia’s defense sector, proposing necessary legal reforms to facilitate these strategies. By providing policy recommendations, this study aims to inform lawmakers, defense planners, and legal scholars about the complexities and potential solutions to closing Indonesia’s defense budget gap while ensuring compliance with national legal frameworks.
The Niche Model of Defense Industry Analysis: Seeking The Suffiency of Indonesia’s Needs Main Equipment and Weaponery System (Alutsista) Saputra, Rizki Marman; Somantri, Gumilar Rusliwa; Subroto, Athor; Marsetio
Mandala: Jurnal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Vol 7 No 1 (2024): Mandala: Jurnal Hubungan Internasional
Publisher : Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Ilmu Politik, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33822/mjihi.v7i1.8038

Abstract

The niche industry model in Indonesia's defense industry refers to the development and specialization strategies adopted by defense companies in the country. In response to global dynamics and national defense needs, this model emphasizes focusing on specific market segments or technologies to achieve competitive advantages. This study explains how the niche industry model can enhance the competitiveness of Indonesia's defense industry through specialization in the development, production, and marketing of products or services tailored to specific defense needs. The analysis of this niche industry model involves evaluating various aspects, including technological sustainability, price competitiveness, security, and the ability to meet specific military needs. In the context of Indonesia, where the defense budget is limited, this model creates opportunities for local companies to focus on specific areas such as non-traditional weapon systems, intelligence technology, or cyber security equipment. The success of the niche industry model in Indonesia's defense industry is also closely related to collaborative efforts between the government, industry, and research institutions. This synergy facilitates the exchange of information, resources, and policy support necessary to foster technological development and innovation within this framework. While the niche industry model offers potential competitive advantages, challenges such as developing high-quality human resources, policy changes, and risk management need to be addressed. This study provides an in-depth view of the niche industry model in the context of Indonesia's defense industry, highlighting the opportunities and challenges faced and providing recommendations to support the sustainability and growth of this sector.
Historical Trajectories of Indonesia’s Fiscal Gap and Military Spending, 2003–2023 Aris Marsudiyanto; Athor Subroto; Bambang Permadi Soemantri Brodjonegoro; A. Hanief Saha Ghafur
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol. 35 No. 2 (2025): Military History
Publisher : istory Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration with Masyarakat Sejarawan Indonesia (Indonesian Historical Society)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v35i2.32010

Abstract

Abstract: Military spending reflects a nation's priorities and its geopolitical orientation, but in Indonesia it has been compromised by chronic fiscal deficits. The aim of this research was to analyze the historical trajectories of Indonesia’s fiscal gap in military spending from 20023 to 2023 by situating national development within broader global conflicts, including Russia-Ukraine war. A historical method was employed by applying synchronic and diachronic analysis, drawing on archival data from the state budget, official reports from the Ministry of Finance, publications from the SIPRI, and policy documents. The findings demonstrated that historical patterns of defence expenditure consistently revealed a widening fiscal gap between projected requirements and available fiscal capacity. Global geopolitical tensions intensified military modernisation and imposed additional burdens on national budgets. The study concludes that Indonesia’s defence financing challenges cannot be examined solely through contemporary fiscal debates but must be interpreted within a long-term historical narrative of deficit budgeting and external shocks. The contribution of this research lies in advancing historical scholarship on fiscal policy and defence spending while providing policymakers with insights into alternative financing strategies grounded in past experiences and institutional legacies. Abstrak: Belanja militer mencerminkan prioritas suatu negara sekaligus orientasi geopolitiknya, namun di Indonesia hal ini terhambat oleh defisit fiskal yang bersifat kronis. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis trajektori historis kesenjangan fiskal dalam pembiayaan pertahanan Indonesia selama periode 2003–2023 dengan menempatkan dinamika nasional dalam konteks konflik global, termasuk perang Rusia–Ukraina. Metode sejarah digunakan dengan menerapkan analisis sinkronik dan diakronik, berdasarkan data arsip Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara, laporan resmi Kementerian Keuangan, publikasi SIPRI, serta dokumen kebijakan. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pola historis pengeluaran pertahanan secara konsisten mengungkapkan pelebaran kesenjangan fiskal antara kebutuhan yang diproyeksikan dan kapasitas fiskal yang tersedia. Ketegangan geopolitik global semakin mendorong modernisasi militer dan menambah beban pada anggaran nasional. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa tantangan pembiayaan pertahanan Indonesia tidak dapat dipahami hanya melalui perdebatan fiskal kontemporer, melainkan harus ditafsirkan dalam narasi historis jangka panjang mengenai defisit anggaran dan guncangan eksternal. Kontribusi riset ini terletak pada pengembangan kajian sejarah kebijakan fiskal dan belanja militer, sekaligus memberikan wawasan bagi pembuat kebijakan terkait strategi pembiayaan alternatif yang berpijak pada pengalaman historis dan warisan institusional.
Deterrence Effect in The Making: The Strategic Role of Indonesia’s Maritime Law in ASEAN Rizki Marman Saputra; Gumilar Rusliwa Somantri; Athor Subroto
International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): July-December, 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ildisea.v4i2.25028

Abstract

Indonesia’s maritime influence constitutes a central pillar of security stability in Southeast Asia, particularly in the strategically significant waters of the Malacca Strait. This article examines Indonesia’s contribution to regional deterrence through three core research questions: (1) How does the Indonesian Navy’s capability shape its deterrence posture in the Malacca Strait? (2) What constraints hinder Indonesia from establishing a credible deterrence effect within the ASEAN security framework? and (3) How can Indonesia’s strategic location and maritime diplomacy be optimized to enhance regional stability?. Using a qualitative methodology that integrates expert interviews and document analysis, the study finds that Indonesia’s deterrence posture remains constrained by limited defense modernization, inconsistent strategic communication, and uneven policy execution. Furthermore, structural issues such as budgetary constraints and the consensus-based nature of ASEAN diplomacy have reduced Indonesia’s ability to respond effectively to maritime provocations. Despite these challenges, Indonesia continues to act as a stabilizing anchor within ASEAN’s maritime security architecture. The findings highlight that advancing naval capability, institutionalizing maritime diplomacy based on international law, and integrating legal and strategic frameworks are crucial to building a layered deterrence effect. Ultimately, Indonesia’s Global Maritime Fulcrum (GMF) vision can evolve into a coherent maritime defense doctrine—transforming maritime law from a regulatory instrument into a strategic tool that reinforces both national sovereignty and ASEAN’s collective resilience in an increasingly contested Indo-Pacific order.
Factors Determining HIMBARA Bank Resilience: The Effect of Regulation, Adaptiveness, Assets, and Speed Abiwodo; Subroto, Athor; Umanto; Fatwa, Nur
Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Kesatuan Vol. 13 No. 6 (2025): JIAKES Edisi Desember 2025
Publisher : Institut Bisnis dan Informatika Kesatuan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37641/jiakes.v13i6.4648

Abstract

Banks play a central role in supporting economic growth by collecting and channeling public funds while maintaining customer trust. In Indonesia, state-owned banks face continuing pressure from economic uncertainty and rapid digital change, making their resilience a critical issue for national financial stability. This study aims to identify the key factors that determine the resilience of the four major state-owned banks and to examine how company performance and risk mediate these relationships. The research used questionnaires completed by 100 senior bank officials holding positions from Assistant Vice President level and above. Data were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling with Partial Least Squares. The results show that only six of the fourteen proposed hypotheses are supported. Regulation significantly improves company performance, while larger assets and faster response speed increase risk. Response speed directly strengthens bank resilience, and both company performance and risk significantly influence resilience. Adaptability, surprisingly, has no significant effect on any of the measured outcomes. The findings highlight that strong regulation, careful asset growth, and quick response capability are the most important drivers of resilience in Indonesian state-owned banks. Managers and regulators should focus on these three areas to ensure the banks remain stable and able to support long-term economic recovery.
Sentiment Analysis and Performance Forecasting Based on Online Review Hotel Harper M. T. Haryono Jakarta Rizki Aulia Kusumawisanto; Athor Subroto
Dinasti International Journal of Education Management And Social Science Vol. 5 No. 5 (2024): Dinasti International Journal of Education Management and Social Science (June
Publisher : Dinasti Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/dijemss.v5i5.2718

Abstract

This thesis examines the sentiment of online reviews for Hotel Harper to identify key areas for service improvement, predict occupancy rates using sentiment analysis and forecasting models, and provide strategic recommendations for enhancing the hotel's image and performance. The research involves literature review, data collection, sentiment analysis, and forecasting model development. Data from online reviews of Hotel Harper M.T. Haryono from 2020-2023, spanning periods before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic, were collected. The Naive Bayes algorithm classifies sentiments into positive, negative, and neutral categories. Data visualization and classification performance evaluation are also conducted. Sentiment data is combined with occupancy rate data to develop an ARIMA forecasting model, evaluated using MAPE and RMSE. Results indicate that room quality and cleanliness significantly influence user evaluations, necessitating improvements in these areas. Negative reviews pointing to service-related issues suggest the need for enhanced staff training. Consequently, Hotel Harper M.T. Haryono should conduct regular training sessions for staff, especially those interacting with guests, to improve service quality. The occupancy rate predictions show an upward trend from 2020 to 2023 with low error rates, enabling Hotel Harper M.T. Haryono to use this model for strategic planning and informed decision-making.
Fiscal Resilience and Defense Financing Innovation for Sustainable National Security Post Ukraine–Russia War Marsudiyanto, Aris; Subroto, Athor; Brodjonegoro, Bambang Permadi Soemantri; Ghafur, A. Hanief Saha
Proceedings of International Conference on Science, Education, and Technology Vol. 11 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

Global geopolitical escalation following the Ukraine–Russia conflict intensifies fiscal and security pressures across many regions, including Indonesia. Long-horizon macroeconomic evaluation demonstrates persistent structural limitations marked by slow revenue elasticity, recurring deficits, exchange-rate exposure, and rising debt-service commitments, all of which reduce flexibility for long-term defense modernization. Geopolitical disturbances amplify those constraints through elevated global military expenditure, higher procurement costs, and expanding cyber, maritime, and hybrid threats within the Indo-Pacific region. Sectoral vulnerabilities further weaken strategic readiness, particularly due to import dependency, limited domestic industrial capability, and increasing operational expenditure. Institutional rigidity also limits adoption of innovative financing mechanisms capable of supporting multi-source and multi-year commitments. Integrated analysis indicates the need for diversified financing pathways that reduce exposure to external shocks and enhance the predictability of defense investment. Potential strategies include defense-industry reinvestment, public-asset monetization, public–private partnerships, and hybrid financing frameworks aligned with long-term capability requirements. Sustainable security therefore depends on structural fiscal reform, institutional modernization, and coordinated integration of fiscal, security, and industrial policy to strengthen Indonesia’s strategic resilience in an increasingly volatile geopolitical landscape.
Transforming The Institutional and Governance Frameworks of Indonesia’s Downstreaming Policy Bahlil Lahadalia; Chandra Wijaya; Athor Subroto
Jurnal Aplikasi Bisnis dan Manajemen Vol. 11 No. 1 (2025): JABM, Vol. 11 No. 1, Januari 2025
Publisher : School of Business, Bogor Agricultural University (SB-IPB)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17358/jabm.11.1.10

Abstract

Background: Despite the significant benefits generated by Indonesia's downstreaming strategy, including a substantial increase in exports and investments, there remains considerable potential for further refinement. The implementation of this policy is hindered by ineffective coordination among various ministries and stakeholders. Purpose: This paper seeks to address the existing governance and institutional challenges that obstruct effective policy execution through an integrative literature review and comparative analysis. Finding/Result: Drawing insights from the successful industrial policies of China, South Korea, and the United States, this research found the existing discrepancy in the institutional and governance arrangements between Indonesia’s downstreaming policy and the best practice from other countries which accentuate the necessity for vigorous reforms.Conclusion: This research offers novel insights into the discourse on downstreaming policy by examining its institutional design and governance frameworks.Originality: The paper provides practical recommendations aimed at enhancing the institutional design and governance of downstreaming, thereby aligning the policy more closely with its stated objectives. Keywords: institutional policy, downstreaming industry, industrial policy, governance, coordination agency
Improving Government's Performance Management by Using the Balanced Scorecard on Stakeholders Perspectives Suyuti Marzuki; Bambang Shergi Laksmono; Athor Subroto
Journal of The Community Development in Asia Vol 3, No 3 (2020): September 2020
Publisher : AIBPM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32535/jcda.v3i3.888

Abstract

On the occasion of the Government Bureaucracy Reform implementation, especially the 7th program, Performance Accountability Strengthening, ministries and institutions (K/L) of the government continue to work to build a better performance management system. Recently, in the democratization and globalization era, the measurement of organization performance is an urgent task for a good government. Thus, a modern performance management is needed to provide transparency on performance accountability through a government performance management system mandated in the governance reform. Performance management is the process of developing shared understanding of (1) what will be achieved, (2) how to achieve the performance, and (3) what approach to improve performance achievement. Performance Accountability of Government Institution System (SAKIP) is a reform model to realize the good governance from the issuance of the MPR Decree XI/1998 and Law No. 28/1999 concerning clean and free of corruption state through the principles of good state administration (Law No. 28/1999), one of which is accountability. The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) with four perspectives is a highly effective method of measuring and managing performance to enhance accountability (the seventh principle) through the integration of government planning and budgeting systems, at the central, provincial and municipal levels. In addition, BSC is integrated between internal levels of government organizations from the vision of the government organization's mission as well as Strategic Objectives (SS) and the Key Performance Indicators (IKU). Furthermore, BSC with the cascade and alignment methods can be used as a tool to improve the organizational structure and functions. This study focuses on the measurement of accountability and improving the performance of government organizations in achieving the social impacts of development outcomes. The statistical test results of the significance outcomes of the MMAF (Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries) based on the maximum standard of the accountability value as defined by the Ministry of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform, is an average of above 0.5 (95%), while the achievement of organizational performance with the BSC stakeholders perspective is 132.51% (2015), 118.3% (2016), and 99.05% (2017).
Co-Authors Abiwodo Achmad Sanusi Adrianus Revi Dwiguna Aris Marsudiyanto Ayub Dwi Pranata Junus Bahlil Lahadalia Bambang Permadi Soemantri Brodjonegoro Brodjonegoro, Bambang Permadi Soemantri Chandra Wijaya Chandra Wijaya Dita Ayu Lestari Ghafur, A. Hanief Saha Ghafur, Hanief Saha Gugi Agusman Setiamitra Gumilar Rusliwa Somantri Izni Shafie, Dalili Kusuma Ariftama Kusumawisanto, Rizki Aulia Lahadalia, Bahlil Laksmono, Bambang Shergi Lili Yulyadi Arnakim Marsetio Marsetio Marsetio Marsudiyanto, Aris Muhamad Faris Naufal Austen Muhamad Syauqillah Noor Asyik Nur Fatwa, Nur Nurdin Sobari Nurish, Amanah Prasetya, Adhitya Yuda Prijono Tjiptoherijanto Priyanto, Sapto Puspa Dewani, Bella Putri, Rayinda Sephira Ratih Anggun Puspita Rizki Aulia Kusumawisanto Rizki Marman Saputra Rusliwa Somantri, Gumilar Saputra, Rizki Marman Setiamitra, Gugi Agusman Suyuti Marzuki Teguh Dartanto Umanto Widodo, Wiwit Wisesa, Rafi Zainal Abidin