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Can ESG Reduce Credit Risk? An Empirical Investigation Across ASEAN-5 Markets Zaini, Arrafif Pratama; Ulpah, Maria
The Indonesian Capital Market Review Vol. 17, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Based on stakeholder theory and signaling theory, companies with strong ESG performance send signals to various stakeholders, thus building trust and influencing better credit risk evaluation. This study empirically examines the effect of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance on the credit risk of non-financial public companies in ASEAN-5 countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand) over the period 2019-2023. Corporate credit risk is measured using 2 main approaches: the accounting-based and market-based models. Merton's KMV model calculates the probability of default (PD) using a market-based approach. In contrast, the Altman Z-Score predicts bankruptcy risk based on financial ratios in the accounting-based approach, providing a solid framework for evaluating credit risk. These findings suggest that environmental sustainability and good governance are the main factors that drive the reduction of credit risk in ASEAN-5. It has different implications from previous research on social initiatives that do not reflect credit risk.
Active versus Passive Equity Fund Performance in Indonesia: Evidence from Risk-Adjusted Measures and Manager Fees (2018–2025) Sitorus, Erika Marthalina; Ulpah, Maria
Owner : Riset dan Jurnal Akuntansi Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026): Article Research January 2026
Publisher : Politeknik Ganesha Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33395/owner.v10i1.3015

Abstract

This study examines whether actively managed Indonesian equity mutual funds deliver superior net-of-fee, risk-adjusted performance compared to the Jakarta Composite Index (JCI) as a proxy for passive investment. Using a quantitative approach, the analysis covers 119 conventional Indonesian equity mutual funds over the period 2018–2025, encompassing pre-COVID, COVID, and post-COVID market regimes. Risk-adjusted performance is evaluated using the CAPM-based Single Index Model and a matrix of Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, and Jensen’s alpha, with non-parametric statistical tests applied to assess performance differentials. The results indicate that, after fees, active equity mutual funds underperform the JCI benchmark across most performance measures, with median Sharpe ratios and Jensen’s alphas not statistically different from or lower than the benchmark. Evidence of partial market efficiency and widespread closet indexing is observed, while any behavioural mispricing appears insufficient to generate persistent alpha capable of offsetting higher management and expense fees. These findings suggest that active management does not provide significant added value in the Indonesian equity market over the long term. Investors may benefit more from passive investment strategies, while regulators are encouraged to enhance fee transparency and performance disclosure to support informed investment decisions.