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All Journal Language Circle : Journal of Language and Literature Kajian Linguistik dan Sastra Pedagogia: Jurnal Pendidikan Vision: Journal for Language and Foreign Language Learning EDULITE: Journal of English Education, Literature and Culture Media Penelitian Pendidikan : Jurnal Penelitian dalam Bidang Pendidikan dan Pengajaran JP3 (Jurnal Pendidikan dan Profesi Pendidik) E-Dimas: Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat SALEE: Study of Applied Linguistics and English Education ELTALL: English Language Teaching, Applied Linguistic and Literature Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Patikala JUrnal Riset Ilmu Pendidikan LINGUAMEDIA Journal Lingua Franca Community Empowerment Journal Indonesian Journal of Education and Pedagogy Educalingua Journal International Journal of Research in Education (IJRE) ETERNAL: English Teaching Journal Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Profesional
Wiyaka Wiyaka
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Integrating AR/VR into 21st-century flipped classrooms: Enhancing engagement, HOTS, and English vocabulary mastery in young learners Lolyta, Bunga Ayu; Wiyaka, Wiyaka; Silitonga, Lusia Maryani
EduLite: Journal of English Education, Literature and Culture Vol 11, No 1 (2026): February 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Sultan Agung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30659/e.11.1.186-201

Abstract

The growing demand for 21st-century learning highlights the need for instructional approaches that actively engage young learners while supporting higher-order thinking and language development. Although flipped classrooms and AR/VR technologies have independently demonstrated educational benefits, limited research has examined their combined effects in early English learning contexts. This study investigated the impact of integrating AR/VR tools into a flipped classroom on young learners’ engagement, higher-order thinking skills (HOTS), and vocabulary mastery. A mixed-methods quasi-experimental design was employed involving 60 elementary school students assigned to an experimental group and a control group. Quantitative data were collected through pre- and post-tests and analyzed using ANCOVA and regression analyses. Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and analyzed thematically using MAXQDA 2024 to explore learners’ experiences and perceptions. The quantitative findings indicated that students in the experimental group achieved significantly higher outcomes than those in the control group in HOTS (F (1,57) = 15.401, p < .001, η² = .270), English vocabulary mastery (F (1,57) = 22.865, p < .001, η² = .290), and learner engagement (F (1,57) = 32.085, p < .001, η² = .334). The qualitative results supported these findings by revealing strong learning interest, active participation, and increased speaking comfort among learners. Students also demonstrated engagement in sentence construction and self-correction processes, reflecting emerging higher-order thinking skills. Furthermore, the visual and interactive features of AR/VR flashcards were perceived as helpful for vocabulary learning, although some learners reported occasional difficulties requiring assistance. Overall, the integration of AR/VR tools in a flipped classroom created an engaging and supportive learning environment that enhanced young learners’ engagement, thinking skills, and English vocabulary mastery. These findings highlight the pedagogical potential of AR/VR-supported instruction for elementary-level EFL learning.
Co-Authors Adeoye , Moses Adeleke Agus Setiawan Ajeng Setyorini Ardine, Maria Novia arisul ulumudin Arsat, Mahyudin Bin Arso Setyaji B, Th. Cicik Sophia Bayu Kurniawan Choirul Huda Desi Maulia Dini Rakhmawati Entika Fani Prastikawati Faradella, Niken Emiria Heri Prabowo Istiqomah, Wasiatul Fajar Joko Siswanto Kusumo Adi, AB Prabowo Lestari, Maria Yosephin Widarti Lestari, Yosephin Widarti Lisyowati, Wanda Lolyta, Bunga Ayu Maylano F, Reza Muhammad Syaipul Hayat Munasih, Dian Septia Ngasbun Egar Ngatmini Ngatmini NUR CHOLIFAH Nur Khoiri Nurhandini, Andhita Hening Nurzakiyah, Sisca Oktora, Anggraeni Rety Pipit Mugi Handayani, Pipit Pratama, Febi Gilang Putri, Dzinnuraini Maulina Rahayu, Widiyanti Rahmawati Sukmaningrum Rizky, Witania Amanda Septyaningrum, Lala Setyowati, Titik Silitonga, Lusia Maryani Siti Nur’Aini Sri Suciati Sri Wahyuni Suyoto Suyoto Ulfa Ulfa Wahyuni, Siska Dwi Widiyastuti, Windy Wijaya, Nada Niti Joko Yanuar Hery Murtianto