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Journal : Jurnal ULTIMATICS

Trends and Keyword Networks in Machine Learning-Based Click Fraud Detection Research Kevin, Kevin; Hermawan, Aditiya
ULTIMATICS Vol 17 No 2 (2025): Ultimatics : Jurnal Teknik Informatika
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, Universitas Multimedia Nusantara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31937/ti.v17i2.4131

Abstract

The rapid advancement of the digital economy has significantly increased the use of online advertising while concurrently giving rise to critical challenges, particularly in the form of click fraud”a manipulative act that harms advertisers by generating fraudulent clicks on digital advertisements. As click fraud attack patterns grow increasingly complex, machine learning (ML)-based research has emerged as a principal approach for detecting and mitigating these threats. This study aims to map the research landscape of ML-based click fraud detection through a bibliometric analysis to identify publication trends, patterns of international and institutional collaboration, and key thematic domains within this field. Employing a bibliometric methodology, the study analyzed 61 publications retrieved from Dimensions.ai spanning the years 2015–2024. The data were collected, refined using OpenRefine, and visualized with VOSviewer to examine keyword co-occurrences and research trends. The findings reveal a marked increase in publication volume since 2019, with dominant contributions from India, China, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. Furthermore, four principal research clusters were identified: cybersecurity, the relationship between click fraud and the digital advertising industry, dataset processing and evaluation techniques, and the development of ML-based detection systems. Each cluster offers practical contributions in areas such as system protection strategies, ad budget optimization, improved detection accuracy, and the development of scalable, real-time detection solutions. Recent trends highlight growing scholarly interest in model performance evaluation and the challenges posed by class imbalance (class skewness). This study concludes that more effective data management and the development of adaptive ML models capable of addressing evolving attack patterns are pivotal for future research. By providing a clearer mapping of current trends, this study aims to support the scientific community in developing more accurate and efficient click fraud detection strategies, thereby strengthening the integrity of the global digital advertising ecosystem.
Multimodal Wearable-Based Stress Detection Using Machine Learning: A Systematic Review of Validation Protocols and Generalization Gaps (2021 – 2025) Pannavira; Hermawan, Aditiya
ULTIMATICS Vol 17 No 2 (2025): Ultimatics : Jurnal Teknik Informatika
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, Universitas Multimedia Nusantara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31937/ti.v17i2.4488

Abstract

Stress is a major determinant of mental health and productivity. Consequently, continuous, unobtrusive stress detection using wearable sensors and machine learning (ML) has become a key priority in digital health. This paper presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of 19 peer-reviewed articles, selected from 36 initial papers via structured inclusion/exclusion criteria focusing on studies from 2021-2025 that report quantitative ML performance. We employed a quantitative and qualitative synthesis to analyze and map five key dimensions: sensing modalities, ML/DL algorithms, datasets, validation protocols, and societal feasibility. Findings reveal a clear state-of-the-art: multimodal physiological fusion (notably PPG, EDA, and ACC) paired with hybrid deep models (CNN-LSTM) consistently achieves the highest accuracy (85–96%) on benchmark datasets. Our research reveals a significant lab-to-field gap. Most studies utilize intra-subject or k-fold cross-validation, whereas the more robust Leave-One-Subject-Out (LOSO) validation is hardly employed, constraining model applicability. Furthermore, fewer than 15% of studies explicitly address vital practical constraints such as privacy, computational efficiency (Edge AI), or power consumption. This review methodically quantifies the gap, emphasizing that current models, despite their accuracy, are not yet suitable for real-world implementation. We conclude with actionable directions toward generalizable, lightweight, and privacy-aware stress-aware systems.