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Penguatan Ideologi Partai Politik dalam Upaya Peningkatan Kualitas Demokrasi Indonesia Eduard Awang Maha Putra; Lalu Aria Nata Kusuma; Fahrurrozi Iman Jayadi Syahid; Novia Salfat Anggraini
Lex Renaissance Vol 9 No 2 (2024): DESEMBER 2024
Publisher : Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/JLR.vol9.iss2.art8

Abstract

The shift in the role of ideology in political parties, which was initially a guideline or direction for political parties, has begun to shift and be sidelined by an excessive orientation towards power, patrons, or certain political figures and popularity. Currently, many members of political parties are present without a sufficiently deep understanding of the ideology and main ideas of their party, so this study aims to reconstruct the strengthening of political party ideology to improve the quality of Indonesian democracy. The formulation of the problem discussed in this study is the shift in the role of ideology in political parties in Indonesia; and how the ideal reconstruction of the strengthening of political party ideology. The research method used is normative legal research, using a legislative approach and a conceptual approach. The results of the study show that the relationship between ideology and political parties, namely ideology is a set of ideas that influence the goals and programs of political parties. The history of the development of political party ideology in Indonesia began in the early post-independence period which emphasized stream politics in policy making. However, most political parties today do not pay attention to the quality of their members but only prioritize popularity, wealth, and strong personalities to attract public votes. Strengthening the ideology of political parties that will have an impact on improving the quality of democracy in Indonesia can be done in several ways, namely by limiting the term of office of the general chairman of political parties, optimizing political education for party cadres, and providing additional requirements that stipulate that party cadres who can be nominated by political parties in the General Election are cadres who have been members of the party for a certain time.Key Words: Ideology, Political Parties, Democracy AbstrakPergeseran peran ideologi pada partai politik yang awalnya merupakan pedoman atau arah bagi partai politik pada faktanya mulai bergeser dan dikesampingkan oleh orientasi berlebihan terhadap kekuasaan, patron atau tokoh politik tertentu dan popularitas. Saat ini banyak anggota partai politik hadir tanpa adanya pemahaman yang cukup mendalam terkait ideologi dan pokok-pokok pikiran partainya, sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merekonstruksi penguatan ideologi partai politik dalam upaya peningkatan kualitas demokrasi Indonesia. Adapun rumusan masalah yang dibahas pada penelitian ini yaitu bagaimana pergeseran peran ideologi pada partai politik di Indonesia; dan bagaimana rekonstruksi ideal terhadap penguatan ideologi partai politik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif, dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa hubungan antara ideologi dan partai politik yakni ideologi merupakan seperangkat gagasan yang memengaruhi tujuan dan program partai politik. Sejarah perkembangan ideologi partai politik di Indonesia dimulai sejak awal pasca kemerdekaan yang lebih menonjolkan politik aliran dalam pengambilan kebijakan. Namun kebanyakan partai politik dewasa ini tidak memperhatikan kualitas daripada anggotanya melainkan hanya mementingkan popularitas, harta kekayaan, dan ketokohan yang kental untuk menggaet suara masyarakat. Penguatan ideologi partai politik yang akan berdampak pada peningkatan kualitas demokrasi di Indonesia dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa cara yakni melalui limitasi masa jabatan ketua umum partai politik, mengoptimalkan pendidikan politik untuk kader partai, dan memberikan persyaratan tambahan yang mengatur bahwa kader partai yang dapat diusung oleh partai politik dalam Pemilu adalah kader yang telah menjadi anggota partai pada jangka waktu tertentu.Kata Kunci: Ideologi, Partai Politik, Demokrasi
Kewenangan Pemerintah Dalam Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat (PPKM) Ditinjau Dari Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2018 Tentang Kekarantinaan Kesehatan Eduard Awang Maha Putra; Sofwan Sofwan; Haeruman Jayadi
Jurnal Diskresi Vol. 1 No. 1 (2022): Jurnal Diskresi
Publisher : Bagian Hukum Tata Negara Fakultas Hukum, Ilmu Sosial, dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/diskresi.v1i1.1311

Abstract

Penelitian dengan judul Kewenangan Pemerintah Dalam Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat (PPKM) Ditinjau Dari Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2018 Tentang Kekarantinaan Kesehatan bertujuan untuk mengetahui kewenangan pemerintah dalam penerapan PPKM ditinjau dari UU Kekarantinaan Kesehatan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode normatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa pemerintah tidak memiliki kewenangan untuk mengeluarkan kebijakan PPKM apabila ditinjau dari UU Kekarantinaan Kesehatan dikarenakan tidak terdapat istilah PPKM dalam UU tersebut. PPKM sendiri didasari oleh kewenangan diskresi yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk peraturan kebijakan yakni instruksi menteri dalam negeri, sehingga kebijakan PPKM dapat dikatakan sebagai suatu tindakan pemerintah yang sah dalam penanganan kasus Covid-19.
Pemberdayaan Komunitas Sahabat UMKM NTB Melalui Workshop Pembuatan P.T Perseorangan di Kota Mataram Putra, Eduard Awang Maha; Mandala, Opan Satria; Prayuda, Hilman; Alfurqan, Imam; Renda, Rapi
Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat IPTEKS Vol. 2 No. 1: Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat IPTEKS, Desember 2024
Publisher : CV. Global Cendekia Inti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71094/jppmi.v2i1.77

Abstract

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are critical to driving economic growth, particularly by creating jobs, increasing household incomes, and reducing poverty. In Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB), 786 registered MSMEs operate across various sectors such as trade, agriculture, and industry. However, many MSMEs face challenges due to a lack of legal business status, which limits their access to financing, market opportunities, and consumer trust. To address this issue, the Sahabat UMKM NTB Community, in collaboration with the government, organized a workshop focused on establishing Individual Limited Companies (PT Perseorangan). This initiative aimed to raise awareness about the importance of business legality, provide technical guidance on registration procedures, and offer hands-on assistance in obtaining legal business status. The program utilized socialization sessions, practical training, and continuous mentorship to support MSME actors in navigating the registration process via the DJAHU system. As a result, several MSMEs successfully obtained legal status, improving their credibility, access to financing, and market reach. This program underscores the significance of collaborative efforts between government, local communities, and technology in empowering MSMEs, enabling them to contribute more effectively to regional and national economic development.
PENERAPAN METODE RIA DALAM PEMBENTUKAN PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL: UPAYA OPTIMALISASI KETERLIBATAN RAKYAT DALAM MEWUJUDKAN NEGARA KESEJAHTERAAN Hamdani, Fathul; Fauzia, Ana; Putra, Eduard Awang Maha
Jurnal Yuridis Vol 10 No 1 (2023): Jurnal Yuridis
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35586/jyur.v10i1.6377

Abstract

From the Welfare State perspective, the state is also referred to as a social services state or an agency of services. The form of social services from the state in the context of realizing general welfare is that the government in building international cooperation must always consider national interests through community participation. This study aims to evaluate the practice of forming international agreements concerning people's participation, and analyzing how the RIA method can increase people's involvement in the formation of international agreements. Writing this article applies normative legal research methods, with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The research results show that the involvement of the House of Representatives as a form of people's participation in the formation of international agreements can be said to be quite minimal. In contrast to some countries such as Germany, the House of Representatives or parliament must be provided with information regarding the negotiation process that is being carried out by the Government. Likewise in the United States, Parliament can participate in the negotiation process on international agreements for certain fields. Even though Article 2 of the Law on International Agreements mentions a mechanism for consultation by the government regarding international agreements that concern the public interest. However, there is no further explanation of whether the Consultation mechanism is voluntary or an obligation for the executive. Therefore, one of the methods that can be applied to increase public participation, especially through the involvement of the House of Representatives is to apply the RIA method.
Perizinan dalam Pengelolaan SDA Pasca Pengesahan Revisi UU Minerba: Perspektif Hukum Administrasi dalam Konteks Welfare State Soraya, Joice; Hamdani, Fathul; Putra, Eduard Awang Maha; Azwar, Lalu Muhammad
RIO LAW JURNAL Vol 5, No 1 (2024): Februari-Juli 2024
Publisher : Universitas Muara Bungo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36355/rlj.v5i1.1322

Abstract

ABSTRAK Seiring dengan disahkannya revisi UU Minerba, instrumen perizinan merupakan prinsip dasar yang mendasari pengelolaan sumber daya alam khususnya sumber daya mineral. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bagaimana aspek perizinan terhadap pengelolaan sumber daya alam pasca disahkannya revisi UU Minerba, dan bagaimana fungsi perizinan dalam pengelolaan SDA pasca pengesahan revisi UU Minerba ditinjau dari perspektif hukum administrasi. Metode yang diaplikasikan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif, dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konsptual. Hasil penelitian mengetengahkan bahwa kewenangan dalam memberikan perizinan, khususnya sumber daya mineral mengarah ke arah yang lebih sentralistik. Misalnya seperti Pasal 35 ayat (1) yaitu usaha pertambangan dilaksanakan atas  kewenangan izin berusaha dari Pemerintah Pusat. Kemudian dalam UU Minerba yang baru Tahun 2020. Kemudian terdapat penyederhanaan izin, dimana sebelumnya IUP eksplorasi dan operasi-produksi dipisahkan sehingga pengusaha tambang harus mendaftar dua kali untuk kedua izin tersebut. Namun kini, cukup sekali. Oleh karena itu, dengan disahkannya revisi UU Minerba, maka iklim berusaha khususnya terkait perizinan menjadi lebih disederhanakan guna mewujudkan kepastian berinvestasi dan kemudahan berusaha di bidang pertambangan minerba. Sentralisasi usaha pertambangan menunjukkan semangat debirokratisasi atau penyederhanaan birokrasi agar usaha pertambangan berjalan lebih efektif dan efisien.Kata Kunci: Hukum Administrasi, Pengelolaan SDA, Perizinan, Revisi UU Minerba, Welfare State
PENEGAKAN HUKUM TERHADAP KASUS KAKEK SAMIRIN DALAM PERSPEKTIF SOSIOLOGI HUKUM Maha Putra, Eduard Awang; Ossita S , Gea; Muhammad Azwar , Lalu
Realism: Law Review Vol. 2 No. 1 (2024): Realism: Law Review
Publisher : Sabtida

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71250/rlr.v2i1.31

Abstract

AbstractThis research aims to analyze the law enforcement of the case against Grandfather Samirin from the perspective or view of Legal Sociology, as well as what kind of settlement mechanism can provide a sense of legal justice for poor people like Grandfather Samirin. This research method applies normative legal research methods, using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The results showed that the law enforcement used by law enforcers in the case of Grandfather Samirin was solely oriented towards a positivistic legalistic approach so that the actions taken by Grandfather Samirin were violations of the law as regulated in Article 107 letter d of the Plantation Law. However, in the view of legal sociology, the case of Samirin's grandfather is a small case with a small material value, even though it is carried out by a marginalized social group, poor and illiterate people, therefore, the presence of state law instead of giving birth to legal justice, on the contrary, creates legal injustice. Therefore, legal cases affecting the poor should use a more sociological and humanist approach. In the case of a law violation committed by Grandfather Samirin, he should not be prosecuted but can be resolved through a restorative justice approach. Keywords: Law Enforcement, Sociology of Law, Legal Positivism. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penegakan hukum terhadap kasus yang menimpa Kakek Samirin dalam perspektif atau pandangan Sosiologi Hukum, serta mekanisme penyelesaian seperti apa yang dapat memberikan rasa keadilan hukum bagi masyarakat miskin seperti Kakek Samirin. Metode Penelitian ini mengaplikasikan metode penelitian hukum normatif, dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus. Hasil penilitian menunjukan bahwa penegakan hukum yang digunakan para penegak hukum pada kasus Kakek Samirin hanya semata-mata berorientasi pada pendekatan legalistik positivistik sehingga tindakan yang dilakukan Kakek Samirin ialah pelanggaran hukum sebagaimana yang diatur dalam Pasal 107 huruf d UU Tentang Perkebunan. Namun dalam pandangan sosiologi hukum, kasus Kakek Samirin adalah perkara kecil dengan nilai meterial yang kecil, pun demikian dilakukan oleh kelompok sosial yang marginal, warga miskin yang buta bukum, karena itu, hadirnya hukum negara bukannya melahirkan keadilan hukum, justru sebaliknya menimbulkan ketidakadilan hukum. Karena itu, kasus hukum yang menimpa masyarakat miskin sebaiknya lebih menggunakan pendekatan yang lebih sosiologis dan humanis. Dalam kasus pelanggaran hukum yang dilakukan Kakek Samirin tidak semestinya dituntut secara hukum melainkan bisa dilakukan penyelesaian melalui pendekatan keadilan restorative justice. Kata Kunci : Penegakan Hukum, Sosiologi Hukum, Positivisme Hukum.
ALIH FUNGSI LAHAN HUTAN LINDUNG SEBAGAI TEMPAT PEMBUANGAN LIMBAH PERTAMBANGAN: PERSPEKTIF FUNGSI PERIZINAN SEBAGAI INSTRUMEN REKAYASA PEMBANGUNAN Putra, Eduard Awang Maha; Hamdani, Fathul; Azwar, Lalu Muhammad
Realism: Law Review Vol. 2 No. 2 (2024): Realism: Law Review
Publisher : Sabtida

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71250/rlr.v2i2.34

Abstract

In August 2023, news circulated in one of the local mass media that PT Sumbawa Timur Mining proposed the use of 5,300 hectares of protected forest area in Dompu Regency, NTB to the NTB Provincial Government as a place for dumping tailings from mining, which then caused pros and cons. Through this research, the author aims to examine the regulation of the conversion of protected forest areas into mining areas in Indonesia and analyze the conversion of protected forest areas in Dompu Regency into dumping areas from the perspective of the licensing function as an instrument of development engineering. The method used in this research is normative legal research with statutory, conceptual and case approaches. The results show that the Forestry Law has opened up opportunities for the use of forest areas for development purposes outside of forestry activities in production forest areas and protected forest areas. Specifically, mining activities in protected forest areas are only allowed for mining activities carried out with a closed mining pattern. Meanwhile, tailings disposal can only be carried out in waste containment dams and sea facilities with certain specifications, so that tailings disposal cannot be disposed of carelessly in protected forest areas.
Persoalan Lingkungan Hidup dalam UU Cipta Kerja dan Arah Perbaikannya Pasca Putusan MK Nomor 91/PUU-XVIII/2020 Hamdani, Fathul; Fauzia, Ana; Maha Putra, Eduard Awang; Walini, Eno Liska; Pambudi, Bagus Ageng; Akbariman, Lalu Nahudatu
Indonesia Berdaya Vol 3, No 4: August-October 2022
Publisher : UKInstitute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/ib.2022302

Abstract

One the things in the Law Number 11 year of 2020 about Job Creation that cause problem is the deletion of an article concerning Environmental Permit Obligations. Environmental Permit Obligation is not strictly regulated in the Law of Job Creation. However, a petitioner must get a ruling about Environmental Eligibility to be permitted in running a business. Environmental Permission’s Nomenclature and Substance in Law of Environmental Protection and Management is changed into Environmental Agreement in the Law of Job Creation. The purpose of writing this article is to analyze environmental disputes in the Law of Job Creation, analyze environmental issue connected to Human Right, and also suggest improvement concerning environmental provision after the constitutional court’s decision number 91/PUU-XVIII/2020. The result of the research indicate that in order for a legal product that is born to be functional in the order of life of the nation and state, the legal product must accommodate what is the soul of the nation, which must be in accordance with and in harmony with the values contained in the Constitution. In addition, the right to the environment is one of the human rights regulated by the constitution, so that the revision of the Job Creation Law after the Constitutional Court’s decision related to the environment must prioritize human rights and sustainable development, especially by accommodating related environmental permit obligations in the form of Environmental Impact Assessment. Abstrak: Salah satu hal di dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja (UU Cipta Kerja) yang memunculkan persoalan adalah dihapusnya pasal mengenai kewajiban izin lingkungan. Dalam UU Cipta Kerja, izin lingkungan tidak diatur secara tegas. Namun, untuk mendapatkan izin berusaha, pemohon harus mendapatkan keputusan mengenai kelayakan lingkungan. Izin Lingkungan dalam UU PPLH diubah nomenklatur dan substansinya menjadi persetujuan lingkungan dalam UU Cipta Kerja. Tujuan dari penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk mengkaji permasalahan lingkungan hidup dalam UU Cipta Kerja, mengkaji isu lingkungan hidup dalam kaitannya dengan hak asasi manusia, serta memberikan saran perbaikan mengenai ketentuan lingkungan hidup pasca Putusan MK Nomor 91/PUU-XVIII/2020. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa agar suatu produk hukum yang dilahirkan menjadi fungsional dalam tatanan kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara, maka produk hukum tersebut harus mengakomodir apa yang menjadi jiwa bangsa, yakni harus sesuai dan selaras dengan nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam Konstitusi. Selain itu , hak atas lingkungan hidup adalah salah satu hak asasi yang diatur oleh Konstitusi, sehingga revisi UU Cipta Kerja pasca putusan MK terkait lingkungan hidup harus mengedepankan hak asasi manusia dan pembangunan yang berkelanjutan, khususnya dengan mengakomodir terkait kewajiban izin lingkungan berupa Amdal.
Pelayanan Publik dalam Pelaksanaan Perlindungan Warga Negara melalui Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial (BPJS) Kesehatan Putra, Eduard Awang Maha; Bahri, Putri Rizkika; Ananda, Suci Rizki; Safitri, Baiq Riska Anggi
Indonesia Berdaya Vol 5, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : UKInstitute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/ib.2024805

Abstract

The manifestation of public services in health services is the establishment of the Social Security Organizing Agency (BPJS), but the concept and practice in the field are often contradictory. So this study aims to analyze the Concept and Practice of Public Services by BPJS Health. The writing method used is normative legal writing, using statutory and conceptual approaches. The results showed that BPJS Kesehatan as a health service institution was formed based on Law No. 24 of 2011 concerning BPJS and BPJS Kesehatan is obliged to have Public Service Standards. In practice, health services for patients with self-financing and insurance tend to be prioritized, while BPJS Health patients are always neglected. The factors causing the low quality of health services for BPJS Kesehatan patients are in terms of regulations, namely the absence of regulations related to standardization in the limitation of service quota provision. The law enforcement factor is due to the lack of maximum or optimal internal supervision functions from the Ministry of Health, Hospital Supervisory Board, and BPJS Health in ensuring that service restrictions do not occur in all Health Facilities. The facility factor, which is still inadequate and limited health workers and inadequate facilities provided such as limited rooms, medical equipment, and medicines—the community factor influences because in practice there are often bribes between some elements of the community.Abstrak: Manifestasi pelayanan publik dalam pelayanan kesehatan yakni dibentuknya Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial (BPJS) akan tetapi antara konsep dan prakteknya di lapangan kerapkali bertolak belakang. Sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis Konsep dan Praktek Pelayanan Publik oleh BPJS Kesehatan. Metode penulisan yang digunakan adalah penulisan hukum normatif, dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa BPJS Kesehatan sebagai lembaga pelayanan kesehatan dibentuk atas dasar UU No. 24 Tahun 2011 tentang BPJS dan BPJS Kesehatan berkewajiban untuk memiliki Standar Pelayanan Publik (SPP). Dalam prakteknya pelayanan kesehatan pasien dengan pembiayaan sendiri dan asuransi cenderung lebih diutamakan, sementara pasien BPJS Kesehatan selalu dianaktirikan. Adapun faktor-faktor penyebab rendahnya kualitas pelayanan kesehatan bagi pasien BPJS Kesehatan yakni dari segi regulasi tidak adanya regulasi terkait dengan standarisasi dalam batasan pemberian kuota layanan. Dari faktor penegak hukum disebabkan kurang maksimal atau optimalnya fungsi pengawasan internal dari Kemenkes, Badan Pengawas Rumah Sakit dan BPJS Kesehatan dalam memastikan agar pembatasan layanan tidak terjadi di seluruh Fasilitas Kesehatan. Dari faktor sarana yakni masih kurang memadai dan terbatasnya tenaga kesehatan dan tidak memadainya fasilitas yang diberikan seperti terbatasnya ruangan, alat medis, dan obat-obatan. Faktor masyarakat mempengaruhi karena dalam praktiknya kerap kali terjadi sogok menyogok antara beberapa oknum masyarakat.
Legal Vacuum in Indonesian Administrative Law: Urgency of Policy Regulation: Kekosongan Hukum dalam Hukum Administrasi Indonesia: Urgensi Peraturan Kebijakan Putra, Eduard Awang Maha; Wibowo, Gatot Dwi Hendro; Minollah, Minollah
Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review Vol. 19 No. 1 (2024): February
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/ijler.v19i1.991

Abstract

This study delves into the critical need for explicit policy regulation within the Indonesian Government Administration Law (Law Number 30 of 2014), addressing a significant legal vacuum. Despite the law encompassing regulations related to discretion, it notably lacks specific terms or phrases for 'beleidsregel' (policy regulations), leading to legal uncertainties. Employing a normative legal research methodology, the research utilizes statutory and conceptual approaches to explore the interplay between the principle of discretion (freies ermessen) and policy regulations in the context of state administrative law. The findings reveal that while the principle of discretion and policy regulations are distinct entities, they are inextricably linked. The principle of discretion provides the foundational authority for state administrative officials to establish policies, whereas policy regulations represent the formal embodiment of these policies. The absence of beleidsregel in the current legislation leads to reliance on expert opinions (doctrine) and varying legal interpretations, fostering legal uncertainty (rechtsonzekerheid) and potential chaos (rechtsverwarring) in government administration. The study highlights the urgent need to regulate policy regulations within the Government Administration Law to ensure legal certainty and prevent administrative chaos, emphasizing the importance of formal legal frameworks in guiding and controlling the application of policy regulations by state officials. This research underscores the necessity of legislative reform to address the existing normative vacuum and stabilize the legal environment for effective governance in Indonesia.Highlights: The study emphasizes the lack of specific policy regulation terms in Indonesian Government Administration Law, leading to a legal vacuum. It highlights the crucial link between the discretion principle and policy regulations, underscoring their interdependence in state administrative law. The research identifies the urgent need for legislative reform to provide legal certainty and prevent administrative chaos due to the current absence of policy regulation guidance. Keywords: Policy Regulations, Legal Vacuum, Indonesian Administrative Law, Discretion Principle, Government Administration