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INDONESIA
Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan indonesia
Published by Universitas Diponegoro
ISSN : 14124939     EISSN : 25027085     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Social,
Environmental Science Public Health
Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia (JKLI, p-ISSN: 1412-4939, e-ISSN:2502-7085, http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/jkli) provides a forum for publishing the original research articles related to: Environmental Health Environmental Epidemiology Environmental Health Risk Assessment Environmental Health Technology Environmental-Based Diseases Environmental Toxicology Water and Sanitation Waste Management Pesticides Exposure Vector Control Food Safety
Arjuna Subject : Profesi Kesehatan - Profesi Kesehatan (Lain-Lain)
Articles 448 Documents
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Analysis Of Acute Respiratory Infection Trends in the High-risk Zone of Exposure to Coal Dust in Meulaboh Putri, Enda Silvia; Sriwahyuni, Susy
Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia Vol 21, No 1 (2022): Februari 2022
Publisher : Master Program of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkli.21.1.34-42

Abstract

Judul : Analisis Tren Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut Pada Zona Wilayah Risiko Tinggi Paparan Debu Batubara di MeulabohLatar Belakang : Pertumbuhan dua industry (PT. Mifa Bersaudara Meulaboh dan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap Nagan Raya) dapat berkorelasi negative dengan tren kasus ISPA. Berdasarkan data kasus dari dua Puskesmas yang merupakan Puskesmas yang berada pada wilayah berdirinya dua perusahaan tersebut terjadi peningkatan kasus ISPA setiap tahunya. Penelitian ini bertujuan meneliti analisis tren ISPA pada zona wilayah risiko tinggi paparan debu batubara PT. Mifa Bersaudara Meulaboh dan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap Nagan Raya.Metode : Metode penelitian ini dengan mengkombinasi desain case control dan fenomologi, sampel penelitian ini berjumlah 100 orang masyarakat yang berdomisili (0-50 km) dari perusahaan, dan dengan teknik pengambilan sample purposive random sampling. Analisis data mengunakan uji chi-square dan wawancara mendalam.Hasil : Hasil penelitian menunjukan terjadi tren kasus ISPA sebesar 1% setiap tahunnya, terdapat hubungan kecurigaan paparan debu dan asap batubara dari kedua perusahaan tersebut terhadap gejala ispa pada masyarakat dengan risiko ISPA 13 kali pada zona wilayah risiko tinggi paparan debu batubara (P value < 0.0001, OR = 13.037 ).Simpulan : Terdapat perbedaan yang signifika yang dirasakan masyarakat dari sebelum dan seudah berdirinya dua perusahaan tersebut terutama terkait keluhan gangguan pernapasan, keluhan kondisi lingkungan yang menurun (polusi udara dan tercemarnya tanah), serta kurangnya perhatian perusahaan terhadap penanggualangan dan pencegahan efek yang akan ditimbulkan. ABSTRACT Introduction: The growth of two industries (such as PT. Mifa Bersaudara Meulaboh and Steam Power Plant Nagan Raya) can be negatively correlated with the trend of ARI cases. Based on data, cases from two Public Health Centers which are located around both the companies showed an increase in cases of ARI annually. This research aims to analyze ARI trends in the high risk zone of exposure to coal dust PT. Mifa Bersaudara Meulaboh and Steam Power Plant Nagan Raya. Method : The method of this research combined design of case control and fenomology. The sample was as much as 100 people who live (0-50 km) from the company, and technique sampling used purposive random sampling. Data analysis used the chi-square test and in-depth interviews. Result : The results found that there was trend of ARI cases as many as 1% each year. There was a suspicion relationship between exposure to fumes and coal dust from the two companies on symptoms of ARI in the community with the risk of ARI 13 times in the zone of high risk of exposure to coal dust (p value < 0.0001, OR = 13.037). Conlusion : There was a significant difference felt of the society both before and after the establishment of the two companies, mainly related to complaints of respiratory problems, degradation of environment condition such as air pollution and soil contamination as well as the company's lack of attention to cope with and prevent of its effects that will be caused.
Praktek Pengelolaan dan Pemusnahan Limbah Obat pada Sarana Pelayanan Farmasi Komunitas Wilayah Bandung Timur Nurfitria, Rizki Siti; Rasyidin, Khoerul; Hartini, Ni Nyoman Sri Mas; Anggriani, Ani
Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia Vol 21, No 1 (2022): Februari 2022
Publisher : Master Program of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkli.21.1.83-92

Abstract

Latar belakang: Limbah farmasi sebagai salah satu penyebab pencemaran lingkungan masih menjadi masalah dilematis pada sarana pelayanan farmasi komunitas dimana obat harus dimusnahkan secara mandiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kesesuaian pengelolaan dan pemusnahan limbah obat pada sarana farmasi komunitas wilayah Bandung Timur.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi deskriptif yang dilakukan melalui pengamatan langsung dan wawancara pada bulan April – September 2021. Responden merupakan penanggung jawab kegiatan pengelolaan dan pemusnahan limbah obat pada 47 sarana farmasi yang terdiri dari apotek dan klinik pratama yang ditentukan secara accidental sampling. Data diolah dan dianalisis secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif mencakup karakteristik limbah obat dan gambaran kesesuaian pengelolaan dan pemusnahan obat.Hasil: Semua sarana hanya menghasilkan limbah obat golongan obat keras, obat OTC, obat tradisional dengan bentuk sediaan solid mendominasi sebanyak rerata 330,2 item (41,9 g). Kegiatan pemusnahan limbah obat dilakukan secara mandiri sebesar 85,7% sedangkan 13,3 % penanganan dilakukan dengan cara diserahkan ke pihak lain. Sebagian besar sarana farmasi belum melakukan kerjasama dengan pihak ketiga. Sebesar 59,6% sarana telah memiliki alur pengelolaan limbah yang sesuai sedangkan sebelas apotek dan tiga klinik pratama memiliki alur penanganan limbah obat yang tidak sesuai.Simpulan: Separuh lebih sarana farmasi telah memiliki alur pengelolaan limbah sesuai Pedoman Pengelolaan Limbah Obat Rusak dan Kadaluarsa di Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan tahun 2021 namun diperlukan sinkronisasi dengan pedoman layanan farmasi yang lain serta sosialisasi kepada pengelola. Apoteker sebagai pengelola perbekalan farmasi perlu mendapat daya dukung yang baik dalam menangani limbah obat secara professional. Title: Suitability of Practices for Management and Destruction of Drug Waste in Community Pharmacy Service Facilities in the East Bandung RegionBackground: Pharmaceutical waste as one of the causes of environmental pollution is still a dilemma for community pharmacy service facilities where drugs must be destroyed independently. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of the management and destruction of drug waste in community pharmacy facilities in the East Bandung area.Method: This research was a descriptive study conducted through direct observation and interviews in April – September 2021. Respondents were responsible for the management and destruction of drug waste at 47 pharmaceutical facilities consisting of pharmacies and primary clinics determined by accidental sampling. The data was processed and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively including the characteristics of drug waste and a description of the suitability of the management and destruction of drugs.Result: All facilities only produce solid drug, OTC drugs,and traditional medicines waste with solid dosage forms dominating an average of 330.2 items (41.9 g). The activity of destroying drug waste is carried out independently by 85.7%, while 13.3% of handling is carried out by handing it over to other parties. Most of the pharmaceutical facilities have not collaborated with third parties. As many as 59.6% of the facilities had appropriate waste management lines, while eleven pharmacies and three primary clinics had inappropriate drug waste management lines.Conclusion: More than half of pharmaceutical facilities already have a waste management flow in accordance with the Guidelines for Waste Management of Damaged and Expired Drugs in Health Service Facilities in 2021, but synchronization with other pharmaceutical service guidelines and socialization to managers is required. Pharmacists as managers of pharmaceutical supplies need to have good support in dealing with drug waste in a professional manner.
Identifikasi Escherichia coli Penghasil ESBL dari Efluen Rumah Potong Hewan Unggas di Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat Yunindika, Thufeil; Latif, Hadri; Pisestyani, Herwin; Wahyudi, Ading; Ahmad, Hasniah; Susanti, Oli
Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia Vol 21, No 1 (2022): Februari 2022
Publisher : Master Program of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkli.21.1.43-49

Abstract

Latar belakang: Escherichia coli merupakan bakteri enterik komensal yang mudah resistan terhadap antibiotik karena memiliki kemampuan bawaan dalam menghasilkam enzim resistansi antibiotik, salah satunya Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL). Bakteri ini dapat ditularkan melalui lingkungan, salah satunya melalui cemaran efluen dari rumah potong hewan unggas (RPH-U) dan Tempat Pemotongan Ayam (TPA). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengisolasi, mengidentifikasi, dan mengukur jumlah bakteri E. coli penghasil ESBL dari RPH-U/TPA di Kota Bogor.Metode: Disain penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian eksploratif dengan metode pengambilan sampel secara purposive sampling. Sampel yang diambil berjumlah 12 dari tiga RPH-U/TPA yang memiliki kapasitas pemotongan lebih dari 1000 ekor/hari. Metode yang digunakan adalah ESBL Ec Tricycle dan dilakukan di laboratorium Balai Pengujian Mutu dan Sertifikasi Produk Hewan. Data dibahas secara deskriptif dan disajikan berupa gambar dan tabel. Hasil: Escherichia coli penghasil ESBL teridentifikasi dari semua 12 sampel yang berasal dari tiga RPH-U/TPA di Kota Bogor dengan persentase E.coli penghasil ESBL terendah 10,45% dan terbesar yaitu 39,52% dengan rata-rata 17,76%.Simpulan: Escherichia coli penghasil ESBL ditemukan pada efluen dari ketiga RPH-U/TPA di Kota Bogor.  Bakteri tersebut berisiko mencemari lingkungan melalui efluen dan dapat menjadi ancaman kesehatan terutama terhadap masyarakat yang berada di sepanjang aliran sungai. Langkah mitigasi dan pencegahan perlu dilakukan. Title: Identification of  ESBL Producing Escherichia coli  from Poultry Abattoir Effluent in Bogor, West Java Background: Escherichia coli is a commensal enteric bacteria that is easily resistant to antibiotics because it has an innate ability to produce antibiotic resistance enzymes, one of which is Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL). These bacteria could been transmitted through the environment from poultry abattoir (RPH-U) and chicken slaughterhouses (TPA) effluent contamination. The purpose of this study was to isolate, identify, and enumerate the number of ESBL-producing E. coli bacteria from RPH-U/TPA in Bogor CityMethod:  The research design used is exploratory research with purposive sampling method. 12 samples were taken from 3 RPH-U/TPA which have a slaughtering capacity of more than 1000 head/day. The method used is the ESBL Ec Tricycle and is carried out in the Center for Quality Testing and Certification of Animal Products laboratory. Data discussed descriptively and presented in the form of pictures and tables.Result: Escherichia coli producing ESBL was identified from all 12 samples from 3 RPH-U/TPA in Bogor City with the smallest ESBL-producing E.coli percentage of 10.45% and the largest 39.52% with an average of 17.76%.Conclusion: Escherichia coli producing ESBL was found in the effluent of the three RPH-U/TPA in Bogor City. These bacteria are at risk of contaminating the environment through effluents and can pose a health threat, especially to people living along the river. Mitigation and prevention measures need to be taken. 
Determinan Diare Berdasarkan Pilar Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat Ahyanti, Mei; Rosita, Yeni
Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia Vol 21, No 1 (2022): Februari 2022
Publisher : Master Program of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkli.21.1.1-8

Abstract

Latar belakang: Indonesia, bahkan dunia masih memikili masalah kesehatan serius yaitu diare, kasusnya meningkat dari tahun 2016-2018. Distribusi kasus di Kabupaten Lampung Selatan terbanyak pada Desa Taman Sari Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Penengahan. STBM dinyatakan sebagai proyek yang dapat membawa perubahan besar terhadap kejadian diare. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui determinan diare berdasarkan pilar STBM.Metode: penelitian ini dilakukan dengan rancangan cross sectional. Populasi adalah penduduk Desa Taman Baru Kecamatan Penengahan Kabupaten Lampung Selatan berjumlah 267 kepala keluarga (KK), dan semuanya dijadikan objek penelitian. Pengumpulan data melalui wawancara dan pengamatan menggunakan instrumen yang merujuk pada instrumen Kemenkes RI. Data dianalisa secara bivariat dengan chi square. Pengolahan dan analisa data menggunakan program komputer.Hasil: masyarakat telah memiliki pengetahuan yang baik tentang STBM, akan tetapi belum diterapkan dengan benar. Pemaparan yang dilakukan petugas belum memberikan dampak terhadap penurunan angka diare. Hal ini dapat diasumsikan bahwa informasi yang disampaikan oleh petugas tidak sampai kepada masyarakat. Metoda penyampaian yang kurang tepat atau model pemberdayaan masyarakat yang kurang menyebabkan masyarakat tidak tergugah untuk melakukan perubahan perilaku hidup sehat.Simpulan: faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan diare adalah penerapan pilar STBM. Perlu dilakukan strategi promosi kesehatan untuk penerapan pilar STBM dan peningkatan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang pencegahan diare. Penelitian lanjutan dapat dilakukan berkaitan dengan model yang tepat dan efektif dalam penyampaian informasi kepada masyarakat dengan dukungan tokoh masyarakat. ABSTRACT Title: Determinants Of Diarrhea Based On Pillars Of Total Community-Based SanitationBackground: Diarrhea remains a health problem around the world, including in Indonesia. Cases increased from 2016 to 2018. The distribution of cases in South Lampung district is mainly in Taman Sari village, the working area of Puskesmas Penengah. STBM is considered a program that could make a big difference in diarrhea incidence. This study aimed to identify determinants of diarrhea according to the STBM pillars.Method: the research was conducted with a cross-sectional design. The population is 267 families who are residents of Taman Baru Village, and all of them are used as the research object. Data were collected through interviews and observations using instruments referencing the instruments of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Data were analyzed by chi-square statistical test using a computer application.Result: research shows that people have good knowledge about STBM, but it has not been implemented properly. The officer's exposure has not had an impact on reducing diarrhea rates. It can be assumed that the information submitted by the officers did not reach the public. Inappropriate delivery methods or community empowerment models that are less likely to cause people to not be moved to make changes to healthy living behaviorConclusion: the dominant factor associated with diarrhea is the implementation of the STBM pillar. There is a need  to implement health promotion strategies to implement the STBM pillars and increase public awareness of diarrhea prevention. With the support of community leaders, further research can be conducted on appropriate and effective modalities for providing information to the public.
Analisis Kualitas Air Berdasarkan Konsentrasi Ozone (O3) pada Penyediaan Air Minum (PAM) di Gedung Perkantoran Arif Susanto; Agus Riyanto; Edi Karyono Putro; Uli Amrina; John Charles Wilmot; Sulthan Muchammad Quds
Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia Vol 21, No 2 (2022): Juni 2022
Publisher : Master Program of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkli.21.2.122-130

Abstract

Latar belakang: Dalam memenuhi kebutuhan air minum pekerja Divisi Concentrating PT Freeport Indonesia (PTFI), perlu dilakukan pemantauan kualitas berdasarkan karakteristik air baku dan unit pengolahan yang digunakan. Sistem disinfeksi dengan ozonasi diterapkan PTFI bertujuan untuk membasmi mikroorganisme, tertutama bakteri patogen, serta membuat air minum olahan menjadi lebih sehat, karena penggunaan disinfektan klor dapat mengalami masalah seperti terbentuknya trihalomethanes (THMs) maupun perhitungan breakpoint clorination (BPC) yang kurang tepat. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengevaluasi konsentrasi ozone (O3) di dalam penyediaan air minum (PAM) di gedung perkantoran OB-1 dan OB-2 Divisi Concentrating PTFI agar sesuai dengan Keputusan Menteri Perindustrian dan Perdagangan No. 705 tahun 2003 bahwa kadar O3 dalam air minum harus berkisar antara 0,1 sampai 0,4 mg/L.Metode: Penelitian menggunakan metode observasi dan dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli sampai Oktober 2021. Desain penelitian menggunakan cross sectional dengan mengukur konsentrasi O3 pada sistem PAM. Teknik sampel yaitu sampel jenuh berdasarkan jumlah titik pemantauan yang hanya berjumlah 10 titik, yaitu titik atau stasiun distribusi yang terdiri atas 5 lantai pada setiap gedung. Analisis data menggunakan metode Lagrangian. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan perangkat lunak EPAnet agar dapat diperoleh simulasi konsentrasi O3 yang terkandung dalam air minum.Hasil: Simulasi hidrolis dan kualitas air minum yang dilakukan menunjukkan hasil konsentrasi O3 pada setiap node dan link berubah setiap perubahan waktu mengikuti segmen distribusi air minum. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi sisa O3 di akhir pendistribusian yaitu pada bak penampungan air minum berkisar antara 0,33 sampai 0,39 mg/L. Konsentrasi O3 dapat dipengaruhi oleh faktor jarak, pH, suhu, dan kondisi lingkungan di sekitar pipa. Terdapat kecenderungan semakin jauh antara reservoir dengan konsumen, maka semakin sedikit pula sisa O3 yang terkandung didalamnya, hal ini dapat disebabkan oleh adanya reaksi, yaitu bulk reaction dan pipe wall reaction.Simpulan: Konsentrasi awal O3 yang diinjeksian pada proses disinfeksi memiliki konsentrasi sebesar 0,50 mg/L, konsentrasi tersebut terus berubah hingga pada saat air minum ditempatkan pada bak penyimpanan air minum di gedung kantor OB-1 dan OB-2 Divisi Concentrating PTFI konsentrasinya menjadi berkisar antara 0,33 sampai 0,39 mg/L. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kualitas air minum yang diolah di Instalasi Pengolahan Air Minum (IPAM) telah memenuhi baku mutu. ABSTRACTTitle: Water Quality Analysis Based on Ozone (O3) Concentration in Drinking Water Supply at the Office Background: Monitoring the quality of the raw water and treatment units is necessary to meet the drinking water needs of the Concentrating Division employees of PT Freeport Indonesia (PTFI). Therefore, disinfection with ozonation implemented by PTFI aimed at eradicating microorganisms, particularly pathogenic bacteria, as well as making processed drinking water healthier because the use of chlorine disinfectants can cause problems, such as the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) due to inaccurate breakpoint chlorination (BPC) calculations. This research aims to evaluate the ozone concentration in drinking water supply (PAM) in office buildings OB-1 and OB-2 PTFI Concentrating Division in compliance with the Decree of the Minister of Industry and Trade No. 705 of 2003 that states that ozone (O3) levels in drinking water should range from 0.1 to 0.4 mg/L.Method: The observation method was used and conducted from July to October 2021. The concentration of O3 in the PAM system was measured using a cross-sectional design. In addition, the saturated sampling technique was used since the number of monitoring points was limited to 10, namely distribution points or stations consisting of 5 floors in each building. The Lagrangian method was used to analyze the data and the EPAnet software to obtain a simulation of the concentration of O3 in drinking water.Results: The hydraulics and drinking water quality simulations reveal that the O3 concentration at each node and link varies depending on the drinking water distribution segment. The simulation results show that the residual O3 concentration at the end of the distribution, such as drinking water reservoirs, ranges from 0.33 to 0.39 mg/L. Furthermore, O3 concentration can be affected by distance, pH, temperature, and environmental conditions around the pipe. This indicates the greater the distance between the reservoir and the consumer, the less residual O3 contained in it, and this can be due to reactions, specifically bulk, and pipe wall reactions.Conclusion: The initial concentration of ozone injected in the disinfection process was 0.50 mg/L, which continued to change until the drinking water was placed in storage tanks in the OB-1 and OB-2 office buildings of the PTFI Concentrating Division. The resulting concentration ranged from 0.33 to 0.39 mg/L, indicating that the drinking water treated at the Drinking Water Treatment Plant (IPAM) met the quality standards. 
Logam Berat dan Probabilistik Penilaian Risiko Kesehatan Melalui Konsumsi Beras dari Lahan Sawah di Hulu Sungai Citarum Cicik Oktasari Handayani; Sukarjo Sukarjo; Triyani Dewi; Hidayatuz Zu’amah
Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia Vol 21, No 2 (2022): Juni 2022
Publisher : Master Program of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkli.21.2.225-234

Abstract

Latar belakang: Beras merupakan salah satu makanan pokok masyarakat Indonesia sehingga perlu adanya jaminan keamanan pada beras khususnya bebas dari cemaran logam berat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan konsentrasi logam berat pada beras yang ditanam pada lahan pertanian di Kabupaten Bandung dan menganalisis risiko kesehatan masyarakat yang mengkonsumsi beras tersebut.Metode: penentuan lokasi pengambilan contoh dilakukan dengan metode purposive sampling pada lahan pertanian yang siap panen di beberapa kecamatan di Kabupaten Bandung dengan jumlah contoh beras sebanyak 26 sampel. Analisis logam berat yang dilakukan adalah analisis logam berat Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu dan Zn dengan ekstrak HNO3:HClO4 dan diukur menggunakan Atomic Absorbption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Analisis probabilistik penilaian risiko kesehatan masyarakat dilakukan dengan menganalisis nilai estimated daily intake (EDI), estimated weekly intake (EWI), risiko non-karsinogenik dan risiko karsinogenik. Hasil: semua contoh beras mengandung logam berat Cr, Co, Cu dan Zn dengan nilai konsentrasi berturut-turut berkisar antara 0.64-2.28 mgkg-1, 1.18-2.66 mgkg-1, 0.64-3.47 mgkg-1 dan 5.44-8.69 mgkg-1. Konsentrasi logam Cu pada contoh beras yang diambil pada lahan pertanian kawasan industri berbeda nyata dengan contoh beras di luar kawasan industri dengan nilai p sebesar 0.014. Risiko non-karsinogenik yang ditimbulkan jika mengkonsumsi beras dari lahan pertanian Kabupaten Bandung tidak mungkin untuk terjadi karena nilai hazard index (HI) menunjukkan angka <1, nilai HI secara berurutan yaitu anak-anak (0.0880)>remaja (0.0370)>dewasa (0.0259)>manula (0.0281) dan risiko karsinogenik juga menunjukkan nilai yang dapat ditoleransi karena di bawah 10-4 untuk semua katogeri umur (anak-anak, remaja, dewasa, manula) dengan nilai cancer risk (CR) berturut-turut sebesar 6.15x10-7, 6.72x10-7, 2.53x10-6 dan 2.74x10-6.Simpulan: beras yang dihasilkan dari lahan pertanian di Kabupaten Bandung aman untuk dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat karena risiko kesehatan yang ditimbulkan masih dapat ditoleransi ABSTRACTTitle: Heavy Metals and Probabilistic Risk Assessment Via Rice Consumption From Rice Fields in Upstream of The Citarum River Background: Rice is one of the staple foods of the Indonesian people, so it is necessary to guarantee the safety of rice, especially free from heavy metal contamination. This study aims to determine the concentration of heavy metals in rice grown on agricultural land in Bandung Regency and analyze the health risks of the people who consume the rice. Method: the determination of location of sampling was carried out by purposive sampling method on agricultural land that was ready for harvest in several sub-districts in Bandung Regency with a total of 26 samples of rice. Heavy metal analysis carried out was heavy metal analysis of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu and Zn with HNO3:HClO4 extract and measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Probabilistic analysis of public health risk assessment was carried out by analyzing the estimated daily intake (EDI), estimated weekly intake (EWI), non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk.Results: all rice samples contained Cr, Co, Cu and Zn metals with concentration values ranging from 0.64-2.28 mgkg-1, 1.18-2.66 mgkg-1, 0.64-3.47 mgkg-1 and 5.44-8.69 mgkg-1, respectively. The concentration of Cu metal in rice samples taken on agricultural land in industrial areas was significantly different from rice samples outside industrial areas with a p value of 0.01. The non-carcinogenic risk caused by consuming rice from agricultural land in Bandung Regency is unlikely to occur because the hazard index (HI) value shows the number <1, the HI values are children (0.0880)>adolescents (0.0370)>adults (0.0259 )> the elderly (0.0281) and the carcinogenic risk also shows a value that can be tolerated because it was below 10-4 for all age categories (children, adolescents, adults and the elderly) with a cancer risk (CR) value of 6.15x10-7, 6.72x10-7, 2.53x10-6 and 2.74x10-6.Conclution: Rice produced from agricultural land in Bandung Regency is safe for consumption by the community because the health risks caused are still tolerable.
Hubungan Kondisi Fisik Lingkungan Rumah dan Angka Kuman Udara Dengan Kejadian Pneumonia Balita (Studi di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Baturraden II Banyumas) Bahri Bahri; Mursid Raharjo; Suhartono Suhartono
Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia Vol 21, No 2 (2022): Juni 2022
Publisher : Master Program of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkli.21.2.170-179

Abstract

Latar belakang: Kejadian kasus penyakit pneumonia merupakan urutan kedua masalah utama yang menyebabkan 277 kematian pada kelompok anak usia 29 hari hingga usia 11 bulan di Indonesia. Prevalensi kejadian kasus pneumonia tertinggi sejumlah 13,7% di Kabupaten Banyumas terdapat di daerah binaan Puskesmas Baturraden II. Penelitian dilakukan untuk menganalisis keberadaan hubungan kondisi fisik lingkungan rumah dan angka kuman udara pada kejadian kasus pneumonia balita.Metode: Desain dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kasus kontrol. Popupasi terdiri atas balita yang tercatat tinggal di daerah binaan Puskesmas Baturraden II pada waktu penelitian dilakukan. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling dengan sampel umur 1-5 tahun, perbandingan sampel kasus dengan kontrol 1:1, sehingga total berjumlah 130 sampel. Data dikumpulkan dengan cara wawancara dan pengamatan dengan instrumen. Data penelitian dianalisis menggunakan program komputer dengan uji chi square (bivariat) dan uji regresi logistik (multivariat).Hasil: Hasil analisis menunjukan variabel kepadatan hunian, kelembapan rumah, jenis lantai rumah intensitas cahaya dan angka kuman udara memiliki hubungan yang signifikan pada kejadian kasus penyakit pneumonia balita. Hasil analisis multivariat menyimpulkan bahwa angka kuman udara menjadi variabel paling besar dalam mempengaruhi terjadinya pneumonia pada balita dengan nilai OR paling besar yaitu 4,613.Simpulan: Hasil analisis membuktikan bahwa ada hubungan antara variabel lingkungan fisik rumah kepadatan hunian, kelembapan rumah, jenis lantai rumah, intensitas cahaya dan angka kuman udara dengan kejadian kasus penyakit pneumonia pada balita. ABSTRACT Title: The Relationship Between Physical Conditions of The Home Environment and The Number of Bacteria With The Incidence of Toddlers Pneumonia (Study In The Working Area of Baturraden II Public Health Center Banyumas)Background: The incidence of pneumonia cases is the second major problem that causes 277 deaths in the group of children aged 29 days to 11 months in Indonesia. The highest prevalence of pneumonia cases of 13.7% in Banyumas Regency was in the target area of Baturraden II Public Health Center. The study was conducted to analyze the relationship between the physical condition of the home environment and the number of bacteria in the incidence of pneumonia cases in toddlers.Method: The design in this study used a case control. The population consisted of toddlers who were recorded as living in the target area of the Baturraden II Public Health Center at the time the study was conducted. The sampling technique used purposive sampling with samples aged 1-5 years, the comparison of case samples with controls was 1:1, so that the total number of samples was 130. Data were collected by means of interviews and observations with instruments. Research data were analyzed using a computer program with chi square test (bivariate) and logistic regression test (multivariate).Result: The results of the analysis showed that the variables of occupancy density, house humidity, type of house floor, light intensity and air of bacteria had a significant relationship with the incidence of pneumonia cases in toddlers. The results of the multivariate analysis concluded that the number of bacteria was the biggest variable in influencing the occurrence of pneumonia in toddlers with the largest OR value of 4.613.Conclusion: The results of the analysis prove that there is a relationship between the physical environment variables of the house, residential density, house humidity, type of house floor, light intensity and airborne germ numbers with the incidence of pneumonia cases in toddlers.
Analisis Pajanan Organofosfat Terhadap Kadar Kolinesterase Pada Petani Sayuran Kubis di Desa Tanjung Rejo Kabupaten Jember Siti Nur Halisa; Prehatin Trirahayu Ningrum; Anita Dewi Moelyaningrum
Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia Vol 21, No 2 (2022): Juni 2022
Publisher : Master Program of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkli.21.2.144-151

Abstract

Latar belakang: Pestisida berfungsi megendalikan hama sehingga dapat meningkatkan produksi petani jika dalam dosis tepat. Jenis pestisida yang banyak digunakan petani adalah organofosfat. Organofosfat mudah terserap pada kulit sehingga berdampak terhadap enzim kolinesterase. Terhambatnya kerja enzim kolinesterase menyebabkan asetilkolinesterase dalam darah menurun dan penyebaran impuls dari neuron ke pusat tidak stabil sehingga menjadi indikator keracunan pestisida. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan organofosfat dengan kadar kolinesterase pada petani sayuran kubis di Desa TanjungRejo, Jember.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian observasional analitik dan desain cross-sectional. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Juli - Agustus 2020 pada petani sayuran di desa Tanjung Rejo, Jember. Populasi penelitian sebanyak 90 responden dengan sampel sebanyak 35 responden dengan teknik Simple Random Sampling. Variabel penelitian yaitu variable bebas (pajanan pestisida, faktor individu dan lingkungan) dengan variabel terikat yaitu kadar kolinesterase. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan kuesioner dan observasi. Pengujian kadar kolinesterase menggunakan fotometrik kinetik di Laboratorium Prosend Jember. Analisis data bivariat menggunakan Uji spearmann dengan nilaisignifikansi 0,05.Hasil:  Hasil penelitian yaitu trdapat 2 responden dengan kadar kolinesterase tidak normal. Nilai minimal kolinesterase laki-laki (4620 U/L), sedangkan perempuan 3930 U/L. Hasil analisis menunjukkan faktor individu (tingkat pengetahuan p = 0,003), lingkungan (kelembaban p = 0,045, temperatur p = 0,006, dan arah angin p = 0,032) memiliki hubungan dengan kadar kolinesterase.Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan, kelembaban, temperatur serta arah angin dengan penurunan kadar kolinesterase sehingga petani perlu menggunakan APD dan mematuhi petunjuk pemakaian pestisida dalam kemasan termasuk memperhatikan waktu, frekuensi dan lama penyemprotan. ABSTRACT Title: Analysis of Organophosphate Exposure to Cholinesterase Levels in Farmers Vegetables in Tanjungrejo Village, Jember RegencyBackground: Pesticides function to control pests so that they can increase farmers' production if in the right dosage. Type of pesticide widely used by farmers is organophosphate. Organophosphates are easily absorbed by the skin so they have impact on cholinesterase enzyme. Inhibition of the action of the cholinesterase enzyme causes a decrease in acetylcholinesterase in the blood and the spread of impulses from neurons to the center is unstable so that it becomes an indicator of pesticide poisoning. Research aims to analyze the relationships between organophosphates ‘and cholinesterase levels in cabbage farmers in Tanjung Rejo Village, Jember.Methods: The research uses a quantitative approachwith an analytic observational research type and a cross -sectional design.Research was conducted in July - August 2020 on vegetable farmers in Tanjung Rejo village, Jember. The research population was 90 Respondents with 30 sample using simple random sampling technique. The research variable is the independent variable (pesticide exposure, individual and environmental factors) with the dependent variable being cholinesterase levels. Instrument used a questionnaire aand observation. Testing of cholinesterase levels using kinetic photometrics at the Jember Prosend Laboratory. Bivariate data analysis used spearman's test with significance 0.05.Result: The results of the study were 2 respondents with abnormal cholinesterase’ levels. The minimum value of cholinesterase is male (4620 U/L), while female is 3930 U/L. The results of the analysis showed that individual factors(knowledge level p=0.003), environment (humidity p=0.045, temperature p=0.006, and wind direction p=0.032) had a relationship with cholinesterase levels.Conclusion: There is relationship between level knowledge, humidity, temperature and wind direction with a decrease in cholinesterase levels so that farmers need to use PPE and comply with the instructions for using pesticides in packaging including paying attention to the time, frequency and duration of spraying.
Faktor Lingkungan Fisik dan Dimensi Tangibles Pelayanan Terhadap Niat Kunjungan Ulang ke Puskesmas di Kabupaten Demak Ayun Sriatmi; Lina Dwi Yoga Pramana
Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia Vol 21, No 2 (2022): Juni 2022
Publisher : Master Program of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkli.21.2.235-244

Abstract

Latar belakang: Dampak pandemi Covid-19 menurunkan jumlah kunjungan ke Puskesmas di Kabupaten Demak dari 141,2% (2020) menjadi 69,5% (2021). Kebijakan pembatasan sosial menuntut Puskesmas menyediakan sarana fisik dan mekanisme layanan dengan batasan-batasan tertentu yang mempengaruhi kepuasan. Keengganan berkunjung juga dikarenakan lingkungan fisik dan sarana prasarana dianggap kurang memuaskan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh faktor lingkungan fisik dan dimensi tangibles pelayanan terhadap niat berkunjung ulang ke Puskesmas.Metode: Penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain cross-sectional. Populasi targetnya semua pasien yang berkunjung ke Puskesmas. Populasi terjangkau yaitu pasien yang berkunjung ke Puskesmas Dempet dan Karangawen-I. Total sampel 332 orang yang dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Variabel bebas pada faktor lingkungan fisik: kondisi gedung dan bangunan, kondisi ruangan, sarana transportasi, sedangkan dimensi tangibles: alur pelayanan, ketenagaan, waktu tunggu. Variabel terikatnya niat kunjungan ulang ke Puskesmas. Analisis bivariat dengan uji Chi-Square. Selanjutnya, analisis multivariat dengan regresi logistik bergandaHasil: Sebanyak 57,5% responden berniat berkunjung ulang ke Puskesmas. Proporsi responden yang menyatakan lingkungan fisik dan dimensi tangibles kurang baik berada pada kisaran 44,6%-49,4%. Variabel kondisi gedung dan bangunan, kondisi ruangan, sarana transportasi, alur pelayanan, dan ketenagaan secara parsial berhubungan dengan niat kunjungan ulang (p<0,05). Variabel kondisi gedung dan bangunan, sarana transportasi dan ketenagaan secara simultan mempengaruhi niat berkunjung ulang.    Simpulan: Faktor lingkungan fisik dan dimensi tangibles secara parsial maupun simultan mempengaruhi niat berkunjung ulang ke Puskesmas. Secara bertahap Puskesmas perlu meningkatkan kebersihan dan kenyamanan lingkungan (gedung, bangunan, ruangan, termasuk area parkir), memperbaiki sanitasi dan prasarana fisik, serta performansi petugas dalam memberikan pelayanan. ABSTRACT Title: Physical Environmental Factors and Tangible Dimension of Services on Revisiting Intention into Health Center in Demak RegencyBackground: Impact of Covid-19 pandemic have reduced visiting numbers into Health Centre in Demak Regency from 141.2% (2020) to 69.5% (2021). The social restriction policy required PHC to provide physical facilities and service mechanisms with certain limitations that affected satisfaction. The reluctance to visit because physical environment and infrastructure were considered unsatisfactory. The study aims to analyze effect of physical environment and tangibles dimensions of services on revisiting intention into PHC.Method: It's quantitative research with cross-sectional design. Target population were all patients who visiting PHC and affordable population were patients who visit into PHC of Dempet and Karangawen-I. Total sample 332 people were selected using purposive sampling technique. Independent variables on tangibles dimension were: services flow, personnel and waiting time, as well as dimensions of physical environment were: building conditions, room conditions, and transportation facilities. Dependent variable was revisiting intention into PHC. Bivariate analysis with Chi-Square test and multivariate with multiple logistic regression.Result: As many as 57.5% of respondents intend revisiting into PHC. Respondents proportion who stated that physical environment and tangibles dimensions were not good were in range of 44.6%-49.4%. Variables of building condition, rooms condition, transportation facilities, services flow and personnel were partially related to revisiting intention into PHC (p <0.05). Variables of building condition, transportation facilities and personnel simultaneously affected revisiting intention.Conclusion:. Physical environmental factors and tangible dimensions partially or simultaneously affected revisiting intention into PHC. Gradually, PHC need improving environments cleanliness and comfort (building, rooms, including parking areas), improving sanitation and maintenance physical infrastructure as well as health workers performance in providing services.
Potensi Daun Kumis Kucing (Orthosiphon stamineus) dan Daun Kemangi (Ocimum sanctum) Sebagai Pestisida Nabati Terhadap Lalat Rumah (Musca domestica) Surahmaida Surahmaida
Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia Vol 21, No 2 (2022): Juni 2022
Publisher : Master Program of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkli.21.2.194-199

Abstract

Latar belakang: Penyakit yang disebabkan lalat rumah (Musca domestica) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat. Upaya pengendalian lalat rumah tersebut umumnya menggunakan pestisida kimia namun meninggalkan residu yang berdampak buruk bagi kesehatan dan lingkungan. Untuk itu dikembangkan pestisida nabati dengan memanfaatkan tanaman seperti kumis kucing (Orthosiphon stamineus) dan kemangi (Ocimum sanctum) sebagai solusi alternatif yang ramah bagi lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi daun kumis kucing dan daun kemangi dalam mengendalikan lalat rumah.Metode: Tahapan penelitian eksperimental yang dilakukan bulan November 2021 ini meliputi pembuatan ekstraksi daun kumis kucing (Orthosiphon stamineus) dan daun kemangi (Ocimum sanctum) dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut metanol, dilanjutkan pembuatan konsentrasi yaitu 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% dan 40%, dan uji toksisitas terhadap lalat rumah menggunakan metode knockdown. Tiap perlakuan toples sebagai kandang uji berisi 25 lalat rumah dan direplikasi 3 kali. Ekstrak bahan uji disemprotkan ke dalam masing-masing toples uji sebanyak 2 kali semprot (1 semprot @ 0,5 ml). Lalu dihitung jumlah lalat yang jatuh (knockdown).Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi 10% ekstrak kemangi pada menit ke-10 dan konsentrasi 10% ekstrak kumis kucing menghasilkan efek knockdown sebesar 100% terhadap lalat rumah setelah diaplikasikan.Simpulan: Dapat disimpulkan bahwa daun kumis kucing dan daun kemangi memiliki aktivitas sebagai pestisida nabati terhadap lalat rumah ABSTRACT Title: The Potentials Of Cat Whiskers Leaves (Orthosiphon stamineus) And Basil Leaves (Ocimum sanctum) as Plant-Based Pesticide Against House Flies (Musca domestica)Background: Diseases caused by house flies (Musca domestica) are still a  public health  problem. These house fly control efforts generally use chemical pesticides but leave residues that have a negative impact on health and the environment. For this reason, plant-based pesticide were developed by utilizing plants such as cat whiskers (Orthosiphon stamineus) and basil (Ocimum sanctum) as an alternative solution that is friendly to the environment.  This study aims to determine the potential of cat whiskers and basil leaves in controlling house flies. Method: The experimental research stage carried out in November 2021 includes the extraction of cat whiskers (Orthosiphon stamineus) and basil (Ocimum sanctum) leaves by maceration method using methanol solvent., followed by making concentration of 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%, and  the toxicity test against house flies using the knockdown method. Each treatment  jar as a test cage contained 25 house flies and replicated 3 times. The extract of test material was sprayed into each test jar 2 times (1 spray@0,5 ml). Then count the number of flies that fall (knockdown). Result: The results showed that 10% concentrations of basil extract at 10 minutes and a 10% concentration of cat whiskers  ectract produced a  100% knockdown effect on house flies after application.Conclusion: It can be concluded that cat whiskers and basil leaves have activity as plant-based pesticide against house flies.

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