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JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW
Published by Universitas Semarang
ISSN : -     EISSN : 26214105     DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/julr.v2i2.2266
Core Subject : Social,
Social Sciences
Journal USM LAW REVIEW (JULR) is an academic journal for Legal Studies published by Master of Law, Semarang University. It aims primarily to facilitate scholarly and professional discussions over current developments on legal issues in Indonesia as well as to publish innovative legal researches concerning Indonesian laws and legal system. The focus and scope of this journal are legal problems in the fields of Criminal Law; Civil Law; Constitutional Law; International Law; Administrative Law; Islamic Law; Business Law; Medical Law; Environmental Law; Adat Law; Agrarian Law; Legal Philosophy.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
Articles 561 Documents
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Bad-Faith Practices in E-Commerce Standard Clauses and Their Impact on Consumer Protection Rahma, Deva Aurelia; Sulastri Sulastri
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v8i3.13116

Abstract

This study examines consumer legal protection concerning the application of standard clauses in e-commerce electronic agreements, which often create an imbalance of bargaining power between business actors and consumers. The research is motivated by the persistence of unfair standard clauses resulting from weak supervision and ineffective law enforcement, enabling bad faith practices by business actors. This study employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and case study approaches to assess the effectiveness of consumer protection regulations in electronic transactions. The findings indicate that although courts tend to uphold business actors’ responsibility to provide honest and transparent information, the absence of effective preventive supervision mechanisms continues to undermine consumer protection. The novelty of this research lies in proposing a preventive oversight model through the pre-approval of standard clauses by competent authorities prior to the enforcement of electronic agreements, contrasting with prior studies that predominantly adopt reactive and evaluative approaches. This study concludes that implementing a pre-approval mechanism is essential to foster a fair and transparent e-commerce business environment and to strengthen comprehensive consumer protection in Indonesia.
Digital Employment Contracts and Legal Protection for Marketing Freelancers in Indonesia Noor Shabiha Rahmawaty; Hardian Iskandar
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v8i3.13118

Abstract

The rapid expansion of Indonesia's digital economy has introduced new contractual models that blur the legal distinction between employees and independent freelancers, creating uncertainty in the enforcement of rights and obligations. This study examines the legal construction of digital employment contracts between companies and digital marketing freelancers and analyzes the adequacy of legal protection mechanisms under Indonesian civil law. Employing a normative juridical approach with statutory and conceptual analysis, this research evaluates the Civil Code (particularly Article 1320), Law No. 11/2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions, Law No. 6/2023 on Job Creation, Law No. 27/2022 on Personal Data Protection, and Law No. 28/2014 on Copyright. The study finds that the validity and enforceability of digital employment contracts depend on compliance with Article 1320 of the Civil Code and Law No. 11/2008, supported by fair dispute resolution and data protection clauses. However, legal protection for digital marketing freelancers remains fragmented, lacking comprehensive integration of employment law, intellectual property rights, and social security provisions. This study contributes by integrating multiple legal dimensions of employment law, copyright, and data protection into a coherent analytical framework for freelancer protection, offering a foundation for developing adaptive Digital Labor Law in Indonesia's platform-based economy.
Perbandingan Sanksi Administratif KPPU dan Antitrust Law Amerika Serikat Julius, Tambok; Diani Sadiawati
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v8i3.13119

Abstract

This study examines the elements of business conspiracy and the effectiveness of administrative sanctions imposed by the Indonesian Competition Commission (KPPU) in Decision Number 08/KPPU-L/2024, as well as compares them with the United States Antitrust Law framework. The research is motivated by the limited deterrent effect and lack of legal certainty for victims of unfair business competition in Indonesia, particularly in conspiracy cases causing substantial losses. This study employs a normative juridical method using statutory, case, and comparative approaches by analyzing Law Number 5 of 1999 and its implementing regulations alongside the Sherman Act, Clayton Act, and the Federal Trade Commission Act. The findings reveal that all elements of business conspiracy in Decision 08/KPPU-L/2024 were legally established; however, the administrative sanctions imposed were disproportionate to the losses incurred, did not include individual liability, and failed to provide direct restitution mechanisms for injured parties. Consequently, administrative sanctions have not functioned effectively as deterrence and legal protection instruments. The novelty of this study lies in its comparative analysis, positioning private enforcement and victim restitution under U.S. Antitrust Law as benchmarks for strengthening Indonesia’s administrative sanction regime. This study recommends enhancing KPPU’s authority, extending sanctions to both corporations and individuals, and establishing clear restitution mechanisms to ensure legal certainty and substantive justice in competition law enforcement.   Penelitian ini menganalisis unsur persekongkolan usaha dan efektivitas penerapan sanksi administratif oleh Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha (KPPU) dalam Putusan Nomor 08/KPPU-L/2024, serta membandingkannya dengan rezim Antitrust Law Amerika Serikat. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh masih lemahnya efek jera dan ketidakpastian hukum bagi korban praktik persaingan usaha tidak sehat di Indonesia, khususnya dalam perkara persekongkolan yang menimbulkan kerugian signifikan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, kasus, dan perbandingan melalui analisis Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999, peraturan pelaksananya, serta Sherman Act, Clayton Act, dan Federal Trade Commission Act. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seluruh unsur persekongkolan usaha dalam Putusan 08/KPPU-L/2024 telah terpenuhi secara sah, namun penjatuhan sanksi administratif berupa denda dinilai tidak proporsional dengan kerugian yang ditimbulkan, tidak disertai sanksi terhadap individu pelaku, serta tidak memberikan mekanisme pemulihan langsung bagi pihak yang dirugikan. Kondisi ini menyebabkan tujuan sanksi administratif sebagai instrumen efek jera dan perlindungan hukum belum tercapai secara optimal. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada analisis komparatif yang menempatkan private enforcement dan restitusi korban dalam Antitrust Law Amerika Serikat sebagai tolok ukur untuk memperkuat sistem sanksi administratif di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan penguatan kewenangan KPPU, pengenaan sanksi terhadap korporasi dan individu, serta perumusan mekanisme restitusi langsung guna mewujudkan kepastian hukum dan keadilan substantif dalam penegakan hukum persaingan usaha.
Evaluasi Efektivitas Pidana Mati Bersyarat Terhadap Tindak Pidana Narkotika di Indonesia Zahra Aura Diba; Ifahda Pratama Hapsari
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v8i3.13120

Abstract

This study evaluates the effectiveness of the conditional death penalty as regulated under Articles 100–101 of Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Indonesian Criminal Code in addressing narcotics crimes, considering that approximately 93% of death row inmates are convicted of narcotics-related offenses. The ten-year probation period raises legal concerns due to the absence of objective criteria for assessing prisoners’ behavioral changes, thereby affecting legal certainty and substantive justice. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches through grammatical, systematic, historical, and teleological interpretation of the 2023 Criminal Code, the Narcotics Law, and human rights instruments. The findings indicate that the conditional death penalty constitutes a significant penal innovation with the potential to balance public protection against narcotics threats and respect for the right to life and restorative justice principles; however, its effectiveness is constrained by the lack of implementing regulations, the absence of multidisciplinary evaluation standards, and limited correctional institutional capacity. The novelty of this study lies in integrating punishment effectiveness, human rights, and restorative justice perspectives while formulating the need for objective evaluation parameters during the probation period. This study recommends the enactment of implementing regulations, the establishment of independent assessment teams, and the strengthening of correctional resources to ensure a fair, accountable, and human-oriented narcotics sentencing system.   Penelitian ini mengevaluasi efektivitas pidana mati bersyarat sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 100–101 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana dalam penanggulangan tindak pidana narkotika di Indonesia, mengingat sekitar 93% terpidana mati berasal dari perkara narkotika. Pengaturan masa percobaan selama sepuluh tahun menimbulkan persoalan yuridis akibat ketiadaan kriteria objektif untuk menilai perubahan perilaku terpidana, sehingga berimplikasi pada kepastian hukum dan keadilan substantif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan analitis melalui penafsiran gramatikal, sistematis, historis, dan teleologis terhadap KUHP 2023, Undang-Undang Narkotika, serta instrumen hak asasi manusia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pidana mati bersyarat merupakan inovasi pemidanaan yang berpotensi menyeimbangkan perlindungan masyarakat dari bahaya narkotika dengan penghormatan terhadap hak hidup dan prinsip keadilan restoratif, namun efektivitasnya masih terhambat oleh ketiadaan aturan pelaksana, belum adanya standar evaluasi berbasis ilmu multidisipliner, serta keterbatasan kapasitas lembaga pemasyarakatan. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada integrasi perspektif efektivitas pemidanaan, hak asasi manusia, dan keadilan restoratif sekaligus perumusan kebutuhan parameter evaluasi objektif selama masa percobaan. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan pembentukan regulasi pelaksana, tim evaluasi independen, dan penguatan sumber daya pemasyarakatan guna mewujudkan sistem pemidanaan narkotika yang adil, akuntabel, dan berorientasi kemanusiaan.
Integrating National Digital Identity to Prevent Minors’ Transactions on the Roblox Platform Veren Widjaja; Alisya Lidya Rahma; Riyanto, Tio
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v8i3.13124

Abstract

This study examines the effectiveness of age verification mechanisms on the Roblox platform and proposes the integration of Indonesia’s national digital identity system—specifically the Electronic Identity Card (e-KTP) and Digital Population Identity (IKD)—to prevent unauthorized digital transactions by minors. The research is motivated by the increasing vulnerability of children to financial exploitation through virtual currency purchases and the misalignment between global platform governance and Indonesia’s legal standards on legal capacity, parental consent, and personal data protection. Employing a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, this study analyzes Indonesian regulations on child protection, civil capacity, and data privacy alongside global age verification practices. The findings reveal that existing verification methods, which rely on self-declared data, document uploads, or biometric systems, are easily manipulated, legally insufficient, and pose significant data protection risks, particularly in cross-border data processing. In contrast, an e-KTP/IKD-based verification model using a binary “Yes/No” eligibility response offers a legally compliant, privacy-preserving, and preventive solution that aligns with Indonesia’s Civil Code, Child Protection Law, and Personal Data Protection Law, while remaining compatible with international standards such as COPPA and GDPR. The novelty of this study lies in proposing a state-verified digital identity integration model that bridges national legal frameworks with global digital platforms to ensure verifiable parental consent and protect minors from economic exploitation. This model contributes to the development of secure, accountable, and child-centered digital governance in Indonesia’s evolving digital economy.
Ketidakseimbangan Aset Dan Utang Sebagai Dasar Pertanggungjawaban Direksi Dalam Kepailitan PT Sri Rejeki Isman Tbk Latri, Akhdan Adityo; Sakti, Muthia
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v8i3.13125

Abstract

This study examines the causal relationship between asset–liability imbalance, the failure of the Postponement of Debt Payment Obligations (PKPU) mechanism, and the resulting director liability in the bankruptcy of PT Sri Rejeki Isman Tbk (Sritex). The research is motivated by a normative gap in Indonesia’s Bankruptcy and PKPU Law, which does not require an insolvency test, thereby allowing corporations in a state of absolute insolvency to access PKPU despite lacking any realistic prospect of going concern. This study employs a normative juridical method using statutory and case approaches, with particular reference to the Commercial Court of Semarang Decision Number 2/Pdt.Sus-Homologation/2024/PN Niaga Smg. The findings reveal that the extreme disparity between Sritex’s assets and liabilities rendered its restructuring plan legally and economically unfeasible, making creditor rejection a rational outcome that normatively necessitated a bankruptcy ruling. Furthermore, the board of directors’ failure to fulfil fiduciary duties, especially the duty of care and transparency, invalidated the protection of the Business Judgment Rule and triggered potential personal liability. The novelty of this research lies in its integrated analytical framework that conceptualizes asset–liability imbalance as both a determinant of PKPU infeasibility and an indicator of fiduciary breach leading to director liability, thereby providing a normative basis for insolvency law reform in Indonesia.     Penelitian ini mengkaji hubungan kausal antara ketidakseimbangan aset dan utang, kegagalan mekanisme Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang (PKPU), serta implikasi pertanggungjawaban direksi dalam kepailitan PT Sri Rejeki Isman Tbk (Sritex). Kajian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kekosongan norma dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan dan PKPU yang tidak mewajibkan penerapan insolvency test, sehingga perusahaan dalam kondisi insolvensi absolut tetap dapat mengakses PKPU meskipun tidak lagi memiliki prospek going concern. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus, khususnya melalui analisis Putusan Pengadilan Niaga Semarang Nomor 2/Pdt.Sus-Homologasi/2024/PN Niaga Smg. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa disparitas ekstrem antara nilai aset dan liabilitas Sritex menjadikan rencana perdamaian tidak layak secara hukum dan ekonomi, sehingga penolakan kreditur merupakan konsekuensi rasional yang berujung pada putusan pailit. Selain itu, kegagalan direksi dalam memenuhi kewajiban fidusia, terutama duty of care dan prinsip transparansi, menggugurkan perlindungan business judgment rule dan membuka ruang pertanggungjawaban pribadi. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada konstruksi analitis yang menempatkan ketidakseimbangan aset dan utang sebagai parameter kelayakan PKPU sekaligus indikator pelanggaran fiduciary duty yang menimbulkan personal liability, serta memberikan justifikasi normatif atas urgensi reformasi hukum insolvensi di Indonesia.
Strict Liability in Indonesian and Dutch Environmental Civil Law: A Comparative Study Rania Syifa Busroni; Citraresmi Widoretno Putri
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v8i3.13128

Abstract

This study examines the application and characteristics of the strict liability principle in Indonesian and Dutch environmental civil law as a legal mechanism for environmental damage compensation. The research is motivated by differing normative approaches, where Indonesia adopts strict liability as a specific regime under environmental legislation, while the Netherlands develops it within general civil law through a risk-based liability framework. This study employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative law approaches by analyzing legislation, legal doctrines, and judicial practices in both jurisdictions. The findings reveal that the implementation of strict liability in Indonesia remains constrained by evidentiary challenges, particularly regarding causation and the scope of liability, whereas the Dutch system consistently applies risk-based liability without requiring proof of fault. The novelty of this research lies in its comparative assessment, positioning the Dutch model as a normative reference for strengthening the effectiveness of strict liability in Indonesia, especially in ensuring environmental restoration and the protection of affected communities. This study recommends reinforcing Indonesia’s strict liability framework through doctrinal harmonization, simplified evidentiary standards, and clearer environmental compensation mechanisms.
Analisis Keabsahan Peralihan Hak Milik Melalui Pewarisan Prematur dalam Kasus Pagar Laut Tangerang Fahda Putri, Fahda Putri; Sulastri Sulastri
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v8i3.13146

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the legal validity of the transfer of land ownership rights through inheritance conducted prior to the death of the testator (premature inheritance) in the Pagar Laut Tangerang case and to examine its legal implications for land rights status and derivative legal actions within the land registration system. Using a normative juridical method with statutory and doctrinal approaches, this study demonstrates that premature inheritance contradicts the constitutive principles of inheritance law as stipulated in Articles 830 and 833 of the Indonesian Civil Code and fails to fulfill the objective requirements of a valid agreement under Article 1320 of the Civil Code, rendering such transfers null and void by law. Consequently, certificates of ownership rights (hak milik) issued on the basis of premature inheritance lack legal force, and any subsequent legal actions derived from them, including the conversion into building use rights (Hak Guna Bangunan) and related sale and purchase agreements, are likewise legally invalid. This study contributes by clarifying that the invalidity of premature inheritance is not merely individual or administrative in nature but systematically nullifies all derivative legal acts, thereby reinforcing the normative boundary between lawful and legally defective transfers of land rights in the intersection of inheritance law and agrarian law.   Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keabsahan peralihan hak milik atas tanah melalui pewarisan yang dilakukan sebelum meninggalnya pewaris (pewarisan prematur) dalam kasus Pagar Laut Tangerang serta mengkaji implikasi hukumnya terhadap status hak atas tanah dan perbuatan hukum lanjutan dalam sistem pendaftaran tanah. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif melalui pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan doktrinal, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pewarisan prematur bertentangan dengan prinsip konstitutif hukum waris sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 830 dan Pasal 833 KUH Perdata serta tidak memenuhi syarat objektif sahnya perjanjian menurut Pasal 1320 KUH Perdata, sehingga peralihan hak yang timbul darinya adalah batal demi hukum. Akibat hukumnya, sertipikat hak milik yang diterbitkan berdasarkan pewarisan prematur tidak memiliki kekuatan hukum, dan seluruh tindakan hukum turunan, termasuk konversi menjadi hak guna bangunan serta perjanjian jual beli yang bersumber darinya, turut kehilangan legitimasi yuridis. Kontribusi penelitian ini terletak pada penegasan bahwa ketidakabsahan pewarisan prematur bersifat sistemik dan berdampak langsung pada keabsahan seluruh peralihan hak berikutnya, sehingga memperjelas batas normatif antara peralihan hak yang sah dan yang cacat hukum dalam relasi antara hukum waris dan hukum agraria.
From Compliance to Cultural Outcomes: Rethinking Mandatory CSR in Bali Antara Yasa, I Wayan Suka; Lie, Gunardi
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): -
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v9i1.13150

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate whether the legal framework governing Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility (TJSL/CSR) in Bali has been effectively designed and implemented to maximize public and cultural welfare, or whether it remains confined to administrative compliance. Using a juridical-normative method informed by a utilitarian evaluation framework, this research examines the normative foundations of TJSL under the Company Law of 2007, Government Regulation No. 47 of 2012, and Law No. 15 of 2023 (ius constitutum), as well as their operationalization through Bali Provincial Regulation No. 8 of 2023 and Governor Regulation No. 46 of 2023 (ius operatum). The analysis demonstrates that, although the national legal framework provides sufficient authority for regional governments to coordinate and direct TJSL toward culture-based public welfare, its implementation in Bali remains predominantly input-oriented and administrative. The findings identify a significant utility gap, manifested in the absence of standardized cultural outcome indicators, outcome-based public reporting, independent verification mechanisms, and performance-based incentives or sanctions. As a result, TJSL policies have not been able to optimally translate corporate social resources into measurable benefits for key sectors of Balinese welfare, such as the strengthening of customary institutions, the preservation of ritual landscapes, and the transmission of traditional knowledge. The novelty of this study lies in its outcome-oriented evaluation of TJSL policy through a utilitarian lens, bridging normative legal analysis with public policy assessment. The study further proposes a direction for policy reconstruction that aligns TJSL implementation with cultural indicators mandated under Provincial Regulations No. 4 of 2020 and No. 5 of 2020, thereby repositioning TJSL as an effective instrument for cultural sustainability and public welfare rather than mere procedural compliance.
Economic Analysis of Law on Indonesia’s Capital Market Reform after P2SK Mardjono, Amerta; Lie, Gunardi
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): -
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v9i1.13154

Abstract

Capital market legal reform through Law Number 4 of 2023 on the Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector (the P2SK Law) represents a comprehensive effort to address structural weaknesses in Indonesia’s financial sector. However, existing scholarship remains limited in assessing the P2SK Law in an integrative manner, particularly in linking legal efficiency with the philosophical dimension of justice in capital market governance. This analytical gap raises questions as to whether the omnibus reform not only enhances market performance but also ensures fairness for all stakeholders. This study aims to analyze the implications of the P2SK Law for regulatory efficiency, transparency, and investor protection in Indonesia’s capital market. The research employs a qualitative normative legal method using the Economic Analysis of Law (EAL), Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA), and classical legal philosophy approaches. Primary legal materials include the P2SK Law as well as regulations issued by the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and the Indonesia Stock Exchange, which are analyzed alongside legal and financial literature as secondary sources. The findings indicate that the strengthening of OJK’s authority and the enhancement of disclosure obligations under the P2SK Law contribute to lower transaction costs and improved information symmetry, which in turn causally promote greater investor confidence and deeper market liquidity. Furthermore, the simplification of the regulatory structure reduces overlapping authority and strengthens legal certainty, thereby improving capital market governance and systemic risk mitigation. From a justice perspective, the reform also expands retail investor access and accommodates digital financial innovation, aligning with the principles of corrective and distributive justice. The novelty of this study lies in its proposal of an integrative evaluation model that combines economic efficiency and moral justice in assessing capital market regulation. This contribution is not only theoretical but also practical, offering a comprehensive policy-analysis framework for evaluating the effectiveness of modern financial-sector reforms.

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