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Istiqomah Rahmawati
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Journal of Biobased Chemicals (JOBC)
Published by Universitas Jember
ISSN : 27463257     EISSN : 27462544     DOI : https://doi.org/10.19184/jobc.v2i1.116
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry
The scopes of this journal include the following topics: 1. Components extract from bioresources 2. Chemical and physical processing of biomass 3. Biobased materials and composites 4. Biobased energy production 5. Catalyst technology for biomass conversion 6. Biological processing of bioresources, chemicals and waste 7. Treatment of biobased chemical waste 8. Application of the biobased chemical products to the target users 9. System analysis, management, and environmental protection of biobased chemical processing This journal does not consider the topics about organic chemicals from non-organism, crops and breeding, organism modification, metabolic engineering, bioresources and environmental management which do not relate to biobased chemical processing.
Arjuna Subject : Teknik Kimia (semua kategori) - Bioengineering
Articles 92 Documents
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Potential of Rice Husk-based Activated Carbon (RHAC) for Blowdown Cooling Water System in Oxygen-Free Copper (OFC) Rod Casting: A Review Yasmin Annisa
JOBC Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Biobased Chemicals
Publisher : University of Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/jobc.v5i2.41

Abstract

OFC rod is an ultra-pure copper conductor with low oxygen content (<10 ppm). The casting industry commonly uses continuous upward casting with an induction furnace, where cooling water plays a crucial role in stabilizing furnace temperature and supporting the solidification process. However, indirect metal contamination may occur, requiring blowdown to maintain product quality. The resulting contaminated blowdown water can harm the environment if discharged untreated. Activated carbon is a suitable adsorbent for removing heavy metals, particularly mesoporous activated carbon, such as Rice Husk-based Activated Carbon (RHAC). Rice husk biomass is rich in silica and carbon, making it an effective precursor to produce activated carbon. This review highlights the novel application of RHAC for treating blowdown water from the Oxygen-Free Copper casting process, an area that has received limited attention in previous research. A systematic review of peer-reviewed studies focused on activation methods, structural properties, adsorption mechanisms, and operating parameters of RHAC. RHAC possesses high porosity, a large surface area, and oxygen-containing functional groups (–OH, –ROH, –COOH, and C=O) that enable the effective adsorption of metal ions (Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Fe²⁺) through ion exchange, complex formation, electrostatic interactions, and localized precipitation. Under optimized conditions, RHAC achieves removal efficiencies up to 98.49%. Its adsorption performance depends on pH, contact time, dosage, initial concentration, temperature, and pore structure. Integrating RHAC in a fixed-bed column with reverse osmosis and filtration offers a sustainable and cost-effective approach for wastewater management and water reuse in the copper casting industry.
Application of Multi-stage Filtration for COD Reduction in Biodiesel Wastewater from Methyl Ester Production Anandya Zulham Valensyah
JOBC Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Biobased Chemicals
Publisher : University of Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/jobc.v5i2.42

Abstract

This study investigates a multi-layer filtration column consisting of sand, zeolite, and activated carbon for reducing Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in methyl ester fractionation wastewater. Pilot-scale experiments were conducted at a flow rate of 1.5 m³·h-¹, resulting in an Empty-Bed Contact Time (EBCT) of only 2.31 seconds. Under this short residence time, the system achieved limited single-pass COD reductions ranging from 0.308% to 0.424%, with an average of 0.356%. A first-order kinetic model predicted a theoretical removal of 0.1815%, which is within the same order of magnitude as the experimental results. This alignment confirms that contact time is the primary limiting factor in system performance. Minor differences between theoretical and measured values may result from variations in activated carbon, first-break flow, and analytical uncertainty. The results indicate that the current configuration is insufficient for achieving meaningful COD removal under the tested operating conditions. Substantial improvement would require increasing EBCT, adding more activated carbon, or redesigning the system into multiple stages. The findings provide quantitative guidance for scaling and optimizing filtration-based pretreatment for industrial wastewater applications.
Antioxidant Potential of Endemic Begonia sp. from Flores Island: Phytochemical Analysis and Vocational-Based Phytopharmaceutical Development Agustina Mogi; Fransiska Gue; Theresia Marsanda Robecka Pilipahi
JOBC Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Biobased Chemicals
Publisher : University of Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/jobc.v5i2.43

Abstract

Begonia sp., a tropical species native to Flores Island, is commonly used as a local vegetable; however, its potential as a natural source of antioxidants has not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to analyze the phytochemical composition and assess the in vitro antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed a complex profile abundant in phenolic compounds and flavonoids, indicated by a prominent chromatographic peak at 18.529 minutes. The extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 518.49 µg/mL in the ABTS assay, which is comparable to that of the Trolox standard (IC50 = 495.22 µg/mL). Additionally, the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) was measured at a notably high level of 4,612.63 mg Ascorbic Acid Equivalent per gram of extract (mg AAE/g extract). These significant results provide scientific evidence for the classification of Begonia sp. as a valuable natural source of bioactive compounds, supporting its application in vocational training for the practical development of local phytopharmaceuticals.
The Effect of Chitosan Addition on the Characteristics of Cassava-Corn Starch Bioplastics Rafidah Putri Aprilia; Alfi Azizah
JOBC Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Biobased Chemicals
Publisher : University of Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/jobc.v5i2.44

Abstract

The issue of plastic waste, which takes hundreds of years to decompose, has prompted the development of eco-friendly alternatives. This research aims to investigate the effect of chitosan addition on the properties of mixed cassava and corn starch bioplastics and to determine the optimal concentration for enhanced performance. The novelty of this research lies in the combination of cassava and corn starch with chitosan reinforcement, which has not been widely explored to enhance both mechanical and biodegradation properties. Using experimental procedures, four chitosan concentrations (2, 3, 4, and 5 g) were examined through mechanical tests (tensile strength and elongation), swelling tests (water absorption), and degradation tests (decomposition). The results revealed that the best results were obtained in the mechanical test, with an elongation value of 10.00% and a tensile strength value of 7.06 MPa. The swelling test showed a water absorption value of 0.00%, and the degradation test yielded a weight loss value of 38.57%. This research shows that cassava-corn starch bioplastics with added chitosan have the potential to be developed as environmentally friendly and biodegradable packaging materials. This innovation helps reduce plastic waste while utilizing agricultural products.
Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Activated Carbon from Palm and Candlenut Shells for Efficient Nickel Ion Adsorption Andi Asdiana Irma Sari Yusuf; Yuli Amdia Riski; Herlina Rahim; Ibtisamatul Aminah; Nur An-nisa Putry Mangarengi; Sariwahyuni; Idi Amin; Syardah Ugra Al Adawiyah
JOBC Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Biobased Chemicals
Publisher : University of Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/jobc.v5i2.45

Abstract

An excessive concentration of nickel in aquatic systems poses significant risks to the environment and living organisms, particularly when it exceeds established environmental quality standards. Conventional treatment techniques such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, and membrane filtration are often limited by high operational costs, complex maintenance, and the generation of secondary sludge. Biomass-derived activated carbon has emerged as a sustainable and cost-effective adsorbent with notable adsorption potential. However, studies exploring hybrid biomass sources for activated carbon production remain scarce. This study investigates the feasibility of using ultrasonically activated carbon derived from a 50:50 blend of palm and candlenut shells for the adsorption of Ni²⁺ from aqueous solutions. The biomass underwent carbonization followed by ultrasonic activation at 48 kHz and was subsequently subjected to comprehensive physicochemical characterization and batch adsorption experiments. The optimized hybrid adsorbent exhibited the highest fixed carbon content (84.68%) and iodine number (374.36 mg/g). Adsorption tests revealed a Ni²⁺ removal efficiency of 77.33% within 30 minutes. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis showed the presence of main functional groups (-OH, C=O, C=C) that can bind metal ions. This emphasized the ultrasonic activation potential as an eco-friendly process for producing high-quality activated carbon, contributing to water treatment and aligning with circular economy principles.
Effect of Cow Rumen Substrate Addition on Anaerobic Digestion Efficiency Under Acidic Conditions Vikhory Bagus Wahyu Nugroho; Aussie Amalia; Rizka Novembrianto
JOBC Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Biobased Chemicals
Publisher : University of Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/jobc.v5i2.46

Abstract

Organic waste management has become a significant issue, particularly with the increasing amount of waste generated from agricultural, livestock, and household activities. One of the most widely applied technologies is the biodigester, which utilizes anaerobic digestion to decompose organic matter into compost and biogas. However, conventional biodigesters often face limitations in methane production efficiency, which is strongly influenced by substrate quality and microbial diversity. Rumen substrate from cows contains cellulolytic and methanogenic microbial communities that play a key role in accelerating the degradation of complex organic matter and enhancing methane production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of varying rumen substrate amounts on the performance of biodigesters. Three treatments were applied: no rumen addition, addition of 1 Kg, and addition of 2 Kg. Parameters observed included C/N ratio, pH stability, and methane gas percentage during a 35-day anaerobic fermentation period. The results showed that the biodigester with 1 Kg of rumen achieved a C/N ratio of 21.23, which falls within the optimal range of 20–30. Meanwhile, the biodigester with 2 Kg of rumen produced the highest methane percentage, reaching 0.0185% v/v on day 14, although production gradually declined thereafter. Overall, the addition of rumen was proven to improve the C/N ratio, stabilize pH, and enrich microbial communities, thereby enhancing methane production efficiency. These findings suggest that rumen substrate can be considered a potential co-substrate to enhance biodigester performance and facilitate sustainable organic waste management.
Improvements in α-Amylase Immobilization Techniques for Corn Starch Hydrolysis: Performance, Stability, and Applications Tafahn, Randy; Ardelia Fidela Sharfina
Journal of Biobased Chemicals Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Biobased Chemicals
Publisher : University of Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/jobc.v6i1.60001

Abstract

This review provides a comprehensive overview of α-amylase immobilization techniques developed between 2016 and 2026, offering a quantitative basis for selecting appropriate methods for industrial starch hydrolysis. The immobilization of α-amylase is a key strategy to address the limitations of free enzymes in starch hydrolysis, particularly for corn starch, by enhancing thermal stability, pH tolerance, and reusability. Commonly used immobilization methods include physical adsorption, entrapment, covalent bonding, and cross-linking of enzyme aggregates. Recent developments also include the use of nanocomposite materials such as chitosan, bentonite, magnetic nanoparticles, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as supports. Comparative studies of 38 selected original research articles indicate that each method has advantages and limitations in catalytic activity, stability, mass-transfer efficiency, and reusability. Covalent bonding on magnetic nanomaterials provides the best operational stability, with many systems achieving reuse over 10 cycles (up to 20 cycles in magnetic-chitosan and MOF-based systems). At the same time, bimetallic core-shell nanoparticles shift the optimum temperature to 80 °C. Entrapment in alginate or gellan hydrogels offers high reusability (up to 20 cycles) but may suffer from diffusion limitations. Cross-linked enzyme aggregates, with starch as a protective agent, retain > 65% of their activity after 25 cycles. Hybrid methods that combine magnetic separation with biodegradable polymers (e.g., polycaprolactone) represent an emerging direction in sustainable biocatalyst design. Future research should focus on the design of multifunctional hybrid biocatalysts that can be economically applied in industry while addressing the technical challenges of mass transfer and the consistency of supporting material quality.
Biogas Production from Livestock Manure via Anaerobic Digestion and Co-Digestion: A Comprehensive Review of Processes, Microbial Roles, Technological Perspectives, and Opportunities Prasiefa, Mizanurafi' Ghifarhadi; Ali, Mohammad Nazarudin
Journal of Biobased Chemicals Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Biobased Chemicals
Publisher : University of Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/jobc.v6i1.60002

Abstract

Anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) of livestock manure is widely recognized for enhancing biogas production; however, its performance is governed by complex interactions between substrate characteristics, microbial consortia, and reactor configurations, which are often addressed separately in existing reviews. This study provides an integrated assessment of manure-based AcoD by linking microbial dynamics, feedstock variability, and technological design to identify key factors controlling methane (CH4) yield and process stability. Mono-digestion is frequently limited by imbalanced C/N ratios and ammonia (NH3) inhibition, whereas co-digestion with plant-based substrates improves nutrient balance and promotes microbial synergy. The AD process involves four stages—hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis–driven by bacteria (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes) and methanogenic archaea (Methanoculleus, Methanosarcina), whose activity is strongly influenced by operating conditions. Various livestock manures, including cow/cattle, bovine, sheep, goat, llama, pig/swine, buffalo, horse, donkey, deer, camel, duck, rabbit, chicken, poultry, fish, shrimp, as well as human waste, have been tested under different co-digestion conditions with plant-derived feedstocks. Across various manure types and co-digestion systems, CH4 content ranges from 46–78%, with yields up to 8905 ± 70.7 mL CH4/g-VS under optimized conditions. This review highlights that optimizing parameters such as the C/N ratio (25–30:1), temperature (35–55 ℃), and organic loading rate (OLR), along with appropriate reactor selection and microbial management, is critical to maximizing performance. Despite these advances, challenges related to NH3 inhibition, feedstock variability, and scale-up remain. Future work should focus on integrated system design, real-time monitoring, and cost-effective process optimization to support the large-scale implementation of manure-based AcoD.
Reaction Kinetics and Catalytic Performance of KOH- Modified CaO in Tamanu Oil Biodiesel Production Sunarti, Aryelvia; Firman Kurniawansyah; Syuaibatul Islamiyah; Elva Febriyanti; Achmad Roasyadi; Muhammad Al Muttaqi; Reva Edra Nugraha
Journal of Biobased Chemicals Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Biobased Chemicals
Publisher : University of Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/jobc.v6i1.60003

Abstract

Biodiesel development as a renewable energy source continues to advance, reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Biodiesel is produced through esterification and transesterification reactions, aided by a catalyst, to increase the reaction rate. One of the main challenges in biodiesel production is selecting a catalyst that is highly active, stable, and easily separated from the product. Heterogeneous catalysts based on calcium oxide (CaO) are a promising alternative, especially when modified to enhance their catalytic performance. CaO has the weakness that it easily reacts with moist air to form calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂). This process can decrease the catalytic activity of CaO. This research aims to determine the energy required for the transesterification reaction using a KOH-modified CaO catalyst in a batch process. A KOH-modified CaO catalyst was synthesized by calcining chicken eggshells and impregnating them with KOH. It was then used to produce biodiesel from tamanu oil through transesterification in a batch reactor. Characterization of the catalyst using the basicity test method showed a basicity value of 2.98 mmol/g benzoic acid, and using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, obtained a surface area of 0.273 m²/g. The transesterification process was carried out at a mole ratio of oil to methanol of 1:3 at various temperatures of 55–75 °C and reaction times of 90, 120, and 150 minutes. The biodiesel produced was analyzed for free fatty acid (FFA) content, density, kinematic viscosity, yield, and reaction kinetics. The results showed that the optimum conditions were achieved at 65 °C and a reaction time of 120 minutes, yielding a biodiesel yield of 71.4%, and all quality parameters met the SNI 7182:2015 standard. Kinetic analysis showed that the transesterification reaction followed a zero-order kinetic model with an activation energy of 129.72 J/mol, indicating that the modified CaO catalyst effectively reduces the reaction energy barrier.
Soapberry-Based Liquid Hand Soap with Betel Essential Oil: Formulation, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity Ihsan, Muhammad; Tiyana Ramadhini Az Zahra; Hana Pertiwi; Devi Lestariningsih
Journal of Biobased Chemicals Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Biobased Chemicals
Publisher : University of Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/jobc.v6i1.60004

Abstract

Soapberry fruit contains natural saponins with potential as biosurfactant active ingredients in liquid hand soap formulations. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the physical quality of a liquid hand soap based on soapberry fruit extract, with sodium chloride (NaCl) employed as a viscosity regulator instead of conventional carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Formulations were prepared at soapberry extract concentrations of 20% (F1), 25% (F2), and 30% (F3) using Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) via saponification. Physical quality was evaluated through organoleptic assessment and pH measurement in accordance with SNI 2588:2017, supplemented by foam stability and specific gravity as additional physicochemical parameters. All formulations satisfied the SNI 2588:2017 pH requirement (4–10), yielding pH 8 across all extract-containing formulations, while specific gravity ranged from 1.031 to 1.038 g/mL. Foam stability decreased progressively with increasing extract concentration (87.5%, 85.8%, and 84.6% for F1, F2, and F3, respectively). F1 was selected as the optimal base formulation based on its superior foam stability and lowest specific gravity at the minimum effective extract concentration. Betel leaf essential oil was subsequently incorporated into F1 at 0.5%, 1%, and 2%, and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli was assessed using the disk diffusion method. Inhibition zones of 23.8, 24.2, and 33.0 mm were recorded at 0.5%, 1%, and 2%, respectively, all classified as very strong antibacterial activity. The combination of 20% soapberry extract (F1) with 2% betel leaf essential oil was identified as the most optimal formulation.

Page 9 of 10 | Total Record : 92

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