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Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
ISSN : 14114283     EISSN : 26855062     DOI : https://www.doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon
Core Subject : Health,
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia is a collection of publication journals, covering all aspects of Pharmaceutical sciences, including Technology of Formulations, Excipients Optimization, Extract and Herbal Standardizations, Pharmacological activity determination on natural sources, Drug Synthesize and Development, Molecular Biology, Antibiotic Screening, Metabolite Profiling and Quantification, Clinical Pharmacy, Health and Environmental issues, published by Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. We look forward to working with pharmaceutical community of researchers as we are intended to serve as a major resource for pharmaceutical information
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 12 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Volume 22, No 1 (2025)" : 12 Documents clear
Evaluation of Drug Management in the Planning, Procurement, and Distribution Stages at the Hospital Pharmacy Installation Sinaga, Clara Ritawany; Tikes, Roivelisko; Simanullang, Raymon
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i1.6395

Abstract

Pharmacy department is a very important part of the hospital because it is the center of drug management and a source of hospital income. This study aims to determine drug management at the planning, procurement, and distribution stages at the Hospital Pharmacy Installation. This type of research is a descriptive evaluative research with qualitative methods. Data collection was carried out retrospectively on drug management indicators at the planning, procurement, and distribution stages, prospectively by conducting direct interviews and using random sampling methods. Data analysis uses and according to the Indonesian Ministry of Health in 2008, WHO in 1993 and Pudjaningsih in 1996. The validity test used is expert judgment. The results of the study showed that the conformity of drug items with the National Formulary was 18%, the frequency of procurement of each drug item was 5,6x/year, 13% invoice errors, the frequency of delayed payments by the hospital against the specified time was 70%, the level of drug availability was 46 months, the percentage of dead stock was 1%, the compatibility between drugs and stock cards was 100%. This shows that the indicators of drug management at the planning, procurement, and distribution stages are still not efficient, because there are still several indicators that do not comply with the established standards so that improvements need to be made.
Antioxidant Activity Test And Permeability Test of Antioxidant Cream Preparation of 96% Ethanol Extract of Kaffir Lime Fruit Peel (Citrus hystrix) With The Addition of Enhancer Meta Safitri; Syifa Afiatun Nisa; Firdanu Nupus; Mohammad Zaky; Nuriyatul Fathonah
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i1.6880

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity, levels contained in kaffir lime peel extract, and penetration test on the antioxidant cream preparation of kaffir lime peel extract. This research method is experimental with descriptive analysis and SPSS. This extract was obtained by maceration using 96% ethanol and then standardizing the specific and non-specific extracts. The dosage form made is a cream with an extract concentration of 15% and modified enhancer variations F0 (without enhancer), F1 (10% propylene glycol), F2 (10% oleic acid), and F3 (5% propylene glycol and 5% oleate). The cream preparation was tested for physical evaluation of the preparation, % inhibition antioxidant activity using the DPPH technique and permeability test activity using Franz diffusion. The results showed that there were hesperidin levels of 25.34 mg/g, naringin 1.94 mg/g. Physical evaluation tests show that the cream fulfill all appropriate physical requirements, including homogeneity and organoleptic, pH, viscosity, spread ability, stickiness, cream type. The antioxidant activity of vitamins based on the inhibition percentage value is greater when compared to antioxidant cream, namely 41.604. The SPSS test uses One Way Anova, and the permeability test results of the largest cumulative amount and flux value were found in F2 with values ​​respectively 341.983 µg/cm2, 0.928 µg/cm2/minute. It can be concluded that the cream preparation made has antioxidant activity and permeability with the addition of 10% oleic acid enhancer which can influence penetration into the skin.
In Vitro Cholesterol Reduction Activity Test Of 70% Ethanol Extract of Hiyung Cayenne Pepper Fruit (Capsicum frutescens L. var hiyung) Originating from Tapin South Kalimantan Mu'mina Hayati; Rizaldi, Gusti; Saputri, Revita
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i1.7025

Abstract

Kalimantan Island has an endemic plants that holds potential as a medical one of them namely hiyung cayenne pepper fruit (Capsicum frutescens L. var hiyung) the local commodity of Tapin, South Kalimantan and known as the hottest pepper in Indonesia. It containts secondary metabolites and capsaicin that has potential to lower cholesterol. This study aims to identify secondary metabolite compounds and cholesterol-lowering activity of 70% ethanol extract of hiyung cayenne pepper fruit. Cholesterol lowering test was conducted in vitro by cholesterol complex formation method with FeCl3 using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer at maximum wavelength of 525 nm. The results of the phytochemical screening test showed positively contained alkaloids, triterpenoids, phenols, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. The result of cholesterol reduction test from concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 µg/mL were 53.62%, 58.30%; 64.19%; 70.02%; and 74.91%, respectively. So, the 70% ethanol extract of hiyung cayenne pepper fruit has the potential to reduce cholesterol with the lowest concentration being able to reduce cholesterol by more than 50%.
The Potential UV-B Filter of Gel Preparation Containing Ethanol Extract of Bidara Arab Leaf (Ziziphus spina-christi) Cultivated in Indonesia Mardhiyani, Dini; Aswatul Ulya; Eni Yanti Wulan Desri; Gendis Purno Yudanti; Muslim Suardi; Vonny Kurnia Utama; Kony Putriani; Isna Wardaniati
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i1.7487

Abstract

Bidara arab leaf (Ziziphus spina-christi) contains flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, and lipids that may act synergistically as natural UV filters. Flavonoids are highlighted for their ability to absorb UVA and UVB light, while other compounds may enhance photoprotection. Previous studies reported that its ethanol extract contains 1.53% flavonoids and exhibits strong antioxidant activity (LC₅₀ = 90.96 ppm). To formulate gel preparations containing Bidara Arab leaf ethanol extract and evaluate their physicochemical properties, sun protection factor (SPF), and photoprotective efficacy against UV-B–induced erythema. The extract was incorporated into gel at concentrations of 2.5% (F1), 5% (F2), and 10% (F3). Physicochemical tests included organoleptic assessment, pH, viscosity, and spreadability. In vitro SPF was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. In vivo testing involved UV-B–irradiated mice, and erythema was scored to assess protection. All gels met standard parameters (pH 5.34–6.51; viscosity 10.352–15.459 cP; spreadability 5.2–5.8 cm). SPF values were 19.26 (F1), 20.22 (F2), and 20.50 (F3), indicating medium UV-B protection. Erythema scores in all extract-treated groups were 0, with erythema areas of 0.50 mm², 0.38 mm², and 0.19 mm², respectively—significantly lower than in the blank gel (3.96 mm²) and untreated control (7.51 mm²) (p<0.01). Bidara arab leaf extract gel (2.5–10%) shows medium SPF protection and effectively prevents UV-B–induced erythema in mice. These findings support its potential as a natural sunscreen agent.
Mechanism and Target Therapy of Rituximab in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Literature Review Listiadewi, Afifah; Suharjono
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i1.8103

Abstract

The malignant condition known as lymphoma affects the lymphoid tissues, bone marrow, and blood. Between 2009 and 2013, the incidence rate of lymphoma in the United States was approximately 22 per 100,000 individuals. Hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are among the hematologic symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a highly diverse disease. Rituximab (RTU) and other monoclonal antibodies that target β cells are used as off-label therapy for SLE. Rituximab is a human CD20-specific chimeric monoclonal antibody. Rituximab can be utilized as an alternate therapy for SLE in addition to providing treatment for lymphoma. Rituximab has demonstrated positive effects and potential as a treatment for SLE in several clinical trials. This study aims to elucidate the mechanism of action of rituximab as a therapeutic agent targeting β cells in patients with SLE. The methodology used in this study is a literature review. The literature retrieval and search strategies were conducted using electronic means. A literature review of seven periodicals was produced by employing keywords to retrieve scientific material using the Boolean approach. Rituximab depletes and inhibits the activation of β cells in individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus by binding to the Fc gamma IIβ receptor on both β cells and macrophages.
Antioxidant and Total Phenolic Testing of Ethanolic Extract of Lime and Kaffir Lime Peel Waste and Peel Off Mask Formulation Laili Nailul Muna; Erna Wulandari; Farhatul Uyun; Enny Riyan Hasni
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i1.8421

Abstract

The use of synthetic ingredients in cosmetics causes many side effects such as premature aging, skin irritation, acne, blackheads and so on. So it is necessary to develop cosmetics from natural ingredients, such as using citrus waste to make peel-off masks. Development of peel-off mask preparations using active ingredients from kaffir lime peel and lime peel waste which have antioxidant activity and total phenolic content.   The preparation of peel-off masks from citrus peel waste was carried out by extracting phenolic compounds from citrus peels using the maceration method with ethanol solvent and continued by formulating peel-off mask preparations with PVP and PVA bases.   Furthermore, the peel off mask preparation was tested which included organoleptical, pH, adhesion, spreadability and viscosity tests. The method used to analyze the total phenolic content using Folin Ciocalteau method, while the antioxidant activity analysis was tested with DPPH method. The results of this study showed that the measurement of total phenolic content by Folin Ciocalteau method resulted in a value of 862.05 µg/ml per 1000µg of extract, while the measurement of antioxidant activity by DPPH method using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 515.5 nm amounted to 63.13 µg/ml with a positive control of vitamin C of 50.17 µg/ml. The peel off mask developed has good physical properties with the value of the preparation obtained pH 6, the value of spreadability 10.35 ± 0.41 grams.cm/s, the value of stickiness 8.00 ± 0.00 seconds, the value of viscosity 2,110.07 ± 83.97 cPa.
Antibiotics in Children with Pneumonia: a Review Kurniasih, Fatimah Intan; Hanifah, Suci
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i1.8491

Abstract

Pneumonia is one of the most common infections in children; at the same time, it's also a case that consumes lots of days in hospitals with antibiotics. Essentially, antibiotics are medicines that specifically combat infection produced by bacteria, turning out to be some of the important discoveries in the entire history of medicine. This review aims to analyze the types of sensitive and resistant antibiotics in the management of pneumonia in children. Antibiotic resistance is one of the most dangerous health hazards facing the global community, which has grave consequences economically. The literature search in this study is adopted from both Google Scholar and PubMed. While on Pubmed, the keyword used includes "pneumonia", "antibiotics", "children", "PICU"; on Google Scholar, the word used is antibiotics, pneumonia, pediatric, and intensive care joined by using "AND" or "OR". The inclusion criteria in this literature search include published literature within less than 10 years, between 2014 and 2024; antibiotic articles on use scheme in the PICU; literatur of pneumonia in pediatric; and study review about bacterial type examinations. Thus, other articles were excluded that did not represent any empirical data regarding the study of antibiotics, or those that focused only on one kind of antibiotic sine the contextualization of its usage design. From the outcome of the review, the following bacteria types have been identified to be present in pneumonia patients: M. pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, and K. pneumoniae. Tetracycline and fluoroquinolone groups are effective choices of antibiotic classes. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a common bacteria in pneumonia patients with CAP, is resistant to macrolides, leading to the recommendation of combination therapy or tetracycline antibiotics. Meropenem, widely used in VAP patients, is now limited and recommended for other types.
Cost Analysis of Inpatient Stroke Treatment at Panembahan Senopati Bantul Regional General Hospital Based on INA-CBG's tariff in 2023 Hadning, Ingenida; Mouretha, Vrizca; Viviandhari, Daniek; Kusumaningtyas, Triana Arum
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i1.8551

Abstract

Stroke in Yogyakarta has the second highest prevalence rate in Indonesia, which requires long-term care and rehabilitation at a high cost. Stroke patients treated in classes 1, 2 and 3 are known to have experienced an increase in INA-CBG rates based on Minister of Health Regulation Number 3 of 2023. However, some hospitals often experience discrepancies between actual costs and INA-CBG's rates. Therefore, this study is the first to assess the cost of inpatient stroke treatment using the INA-CBG's tariff based on the Minister of Health Regulation Number 3 of 2023. This study aims to determine the average actual cost, the appropriateness of the average actual cost, and the difference in actual costs at a Regional General Hospital according to the INA-CBG's tariff in 2023. The research method used an observational design with a cross-sectional approach and retrospective data collection on stroke patients hospitalized from January to September 2023. Data were analyzed using the descriptive analysis method and one sample t-test if the data were normally distributed and the Wilcoxon test if the data were not normally distributed. Based on the study's results, it is known that the average actual cost does not exceed the INA-CBG tariff, so the hospital is profitable.
Evaluation of Calcium and Protein Content in Powder and Gummy Candy from Anchovy Extract (Stolephorus commersonnii) Hermawati, Ema; Ismyama, Dian Farida; Handayani, Marybet Tri Retno
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i1.10541

Abstract

Anchovies (Stolephorus commersonnii) are a good source of calcium and protein. Intake of these nutrients is associated with child height. According to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia's Nutrition Status Study Report, the prevalence of stunting among Indonesian children in 2022 was 21.6%, which is still higher than the World Health Organization's (WHO) standard of <20%. This study aims to optimize the formulation of anchovy extract gummy candies that meet quality standards and contain high levels of calcium and protein. Anchovy powder contains 328.64 mg/kg of calcium, 28.46% protein, 0.12% ash, and 5.3% moisture. The anchovy extract was prepared using the maceration method with a 70% ethanol solvent. Four gummy candy formulations were made based on variations in anchovy extract concentration: 10%, 7.5%, 3%, and 1.5%. Formulation 4 (F4) with 1.5% anchovy extract produced the best physical quality, with a standard deviation (SD) of <5% for the weight uniformity test. The organoleptic test results for F4 are as follows: the anchovy taste is mild, the color is dark purple, the smell is slightly aromatic, the shape is consistent with the mold, and the texture is chewy. F4 gummy candies contain 1,490.64 mg/kg of calcium, 27.49% protein, 9.17% ash, and 3.96% moisture.  A serving size of one gummy (1.5 g) contains 2.24 mg of calcium, 0.41 g of protein, 0.06 g of total fat, 0.07 g of carbohydrates, 0.55 g of sugar, and 4.18 mg of sodium. F4 meets quality standards and is high in calcium and protein.
Antioxidant Activity of DPPH and ABTS Methods, from Jackfruit Leaf Extract and Fraction (Artocarpus heterophyllus) with ELISA Reader Subekti, Istiara; Sujono, Tanti Azizah; Suhendi, Andi
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i1.10549

Abstract

Oxidative stress caused by the accumulation of free radicals is a key factor in the development of degenerative diseases. Jackfruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus), which are rich in polyphenolic compounds, have the potential as natural antioxidants. This study aims to activate the antioxidant activity of jackfruit leaf extracts and fractions. The study was conducted by extraction using the maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent and fractionated by vacuum liquid chromatography into polar, semi-polar and non-polar fractions. Antioxidant activity was measured in vitro, using 3 methods including DPPH, ABTS and FRAP which were read with an ELISA Reader with vitamin C as the reference standard. The results showed that the crude extract had strong antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 31.93 µg/mL (DPPH) and 29.59 µg/mL (ABTS), as well as the highest antioxidant equivalent ascorbic acid (AEAC) levels in the FRAP test. The polar fraction showed moderate antioxidant activity, while the semi-polar and non-polar fractions showed weak activity. These findings suggest that polar compounds such as flavonoids and phenolics play a role in the antioxidant effects of jackfruit leaves. In conclusion, jackfruit leaf extract and its polar fractions have significant antioxidant activity and show promise for further development as natural antioxidant agents in nutraceutical formulations aimed at preventing oxidative stress-related diseases.

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