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INDONESIA
EDUSAINS
ISSN : 19797281     EISSN : 24431281     DOI : 10.15408/es
Core Subject : Education,
EDUSAINS is a journal publishing the Natural Science Education, Biology Education, Physics Education, and Chemistry Education Journal. Edusains is published by Center for Science Education (CSE) which is located in Departement of Natural Science Education, Faculty of Education and Teachers' Training, Islamic State University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
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Articles 345 Documents
INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) BASED SCIENCE LEARNING TO INCREASE STUDENT CREATIVITY Muhammad Ikhsan; Jumadi Jumadi; Oky Pamungkas; Lilik Kurniawan
EDUSAINS Vol. 16 No. 2 (2024): EDUSAINS
Publisher : Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, UIN (State Islamic University) Syarif Hidayatul

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/es.v16i2.40678

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This research aims to explore the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in science learning to enhance student creativity, focusing on analyzing electronic teaching materials used at the secondary education level. Through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach following PRISMA guidelines, this study identified and analyzed 32 scientific articles from Sinta, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases relevant to the topic. The analysis showed that e-modules were the most widely used electronic teaching materials, with significant contributions to the improvement of 21st century skills, including creativity, critical thinking, and collaboration. This research also highlights the effectiveness of the project-based learning model in supporting students' creative skills development. By providing deep insight into the mechanisms of enhancing creativity through ICT integration in science learning, this study contributes to a better understanding of the role of technology in education and offers recommendations for more innovative teaching practices in the future.
BUILDING 21st-CENTURY SKILLS WITH STEAM-PjBL Siti Suryaningsih; Salamah Agung; Hans-Dieter Barke; Fakhira Ainun Nisa
EDUSAINS Vol. 16 No. 2 (2024): EDUSAINS
Publisher : Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, UIN (State Islamic University) Syarif Hidayatul

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/es.v16i2.41779

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 During the 21st century, students are encouraged to develop skills that enable them to deal with real-life problems. The purpose of this study is to analyze what kind of 21st-century skills can be built during a teaching and learning process in the classroom. Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM) approach through a project-based learning (PjBL), or STEAM-PjBL-based learning, seems to provide a promise in the development of 21st-century skills of students. This study, therefore, is conducted to reveal the kind of skills that can be built during the STEAM-PjBL learning process. Using a literature review, this study collects and analyzes relevant articles from national and international journals through several search engine systems, such as Taylor & Francis Online, Springer, etc., and indexed databases, such as SCOPUS, DOAC, and Eric, both from the period of 2014-2022. This study found that the 4Cs of the 21st-century skills, namely, critical thinking and problem solving, communication, collaboration, and creative thinking, can be built from the activities in each stage of the STEAM-PjBL learning process.  While the skills are evident from the literature review, a further empirical study is encouraged to be conducted to ensure how the skills can be successfully developed and further improved 
DEVELOPING TEACHING GUIDES FOR BIOLOGY-BASED COURSES: INTEGRATING PROJECT-BASED LEARNING, CASE STUDIES, AND 21ST CENTURY SKILLS FOR PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS Ilah Nurlaelah; Handayani Handayani; Lilis Lismaya; M. Syaipul Hayat; Bridget Druken
EDUSAINS Vol. 16 No. 2 (2024): EDUSAINS
Publisher : Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, UIN (State Islamic University) Syarif Hidayatul

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/es.v16i2.42337

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This study aims to develop teaching guides for biology-based courses, including Microbiology, Plant Anatomy, and Agribusiness, designed for pre-service teachers. These guides integrate project-based learning and case studies to cultivate 21st-century skills. Using the ADDIE model (Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) within a Research and Development (R&D) framework, the guides were systematically developed and evaluated. Results show high feasibility, with average scores of 97% for content appropriateness, 95% for presentation quality, and 100% for language clarity, demonstrating their validity, practicality, and effectiveness.
IMPLICATION OF MINI PROJECT ORGANIC CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENTS FOR IMPROVING ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CONCEPT Sri Mulyanti; Atik Rahmawati; Ulfa Lutfianasari
EDUSAINS Vol. 13 No. 2 (2021): EDUSAINS
Publisher : Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, UIN (State Islamic University) Syarif Hidayatul

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/es.v13i2.16879

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IMPLICATION OF MINI PROJECT ORGANIC CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENTS FOR IMPROVING ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CONCEPTAbstractOrganic Chemistry Practice is one of the courses in the chemical education department that must be taken by pre-service teacher of chemistry, still lack of mastery of students on organic chemistry concepts, requiring lecturers to be able to design the experiment in such a way so as to increase mastery of the concept of organic chemistry students in Organic Chemistry Practice. This study aims to apply the mini project model to the Organic Chemistry Practice so that it is expected to increase students' mastery of concepts in organic chemistry. The research was conducted using quantitative methods, its measuring conceptual change from the students from N-gain score. The results showed that there was an increase in students' mastery of concepts based on the% N-gain obtained. The majority of students are at a high criterion with% N-Gain> 70. The t test shows the significance of the implementation of the mini project model to increase students' mastery of concept concepts.AbstrakRendahnya penguasaan mahasiswa terhadap konsep-konsep  kimia organik, menuntut pengajar untuk dapat mendesain praktikum sedemikian rupa, sehingga dapat meningkatkan penguasaan konsep kimia organik mahasiswa pada Praktikum Kimia Organik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menerapkan model mini project pada Praktikum Kimia Organik sehingga diharapkan dapat meningkatkan penguasaan konsep mahasiswa pada materi kimia organik. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode kuantitatif, yakni mengukur hasil tes penguasaan konsep mahasiswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan penguasaan konsep mahasiswa berdasarkan hasil %N-Gain yang diperoleh. Mayoritas mahasiswa berada pada kriteria tinggi dengan %N-Gain > dari 70. Uji t menunjukkan signifikansi pelaksanaan model mini project terhadap peningkatan penguasaan konsep mahasiswa.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICS LEARNING RESEARCH WITH STEM APPROACH IN INDONESIA: A CONTENT ANALYSIS Dewi Fairuz Zulaikha; Jumadi Jumadi; Annisaa' Mardiani; Baiq Armita Lutfia
EDUSAINS Vol. 13 No. 2 (2021): EDUSAINS
Publisher : Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, UIN (State Islamic University) Syarif Hidayatul

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/es.v13i2.18766

Abstract

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICS LEARNING RESEARCH WITH STEM APPROACH IN INDONESIA: A CONTENT ANALYSISAbstractThis study aims to provide an overview of physics learning research with the STEM approach in Indonesia. This study used a thematic content analysis method which aims to determine the depth of the study using a certain matrix so that a conclusion can be presented based on similarities and differences. This study analyzed SINTA indexed scientific articles published from 2016-2020. The results of the search were obtained as many as 51 scientific articles according to the scope of the research. Research that is mostly done is experiments. The most widely used number of samples was 11-30 and the type of sample that was most studied was students in class XI in Senior High School. The most widely used data collection instrument is the test instrument. The most popular physics material is temperature and heat material, while the most measured research variable is students' understanding of concepts. The product that is mostly developed in learning with the STEM approach is students’ worksheets, while the learning model that is most often integrated with the STEM approach is Project-Based Learning (PjBL). In the future, research should examine the effects of learning physics using the STEM approach on variables that are still rarely studied, such as students' representational abilities. In addition, it is necessary to apply a STEM learning approach to other materials that are still rarely used. Thus, it can be concluded that this study has provided preliminary information for further research and policy determination on the STEM approach in physics learning.AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan tinjauan umum terkait penelitian pembelajaran fisika dengan pendekatan STEM di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode thematic content analysis yang bertujuan untuk menentukan kedalaman penelitian dengan menggunakan matriks tertentu sehingga dapat disajikan suatu kesimpulan berdasarkan kesamaan dan perbedaan. Penelitian ini menganalisis artikel ilmiah terindeks SINTA yang dipublikasikan dari 2016-2020. Hasil dari pencarian diperoleh sebanyak 51 artikel ilmiah yang sesuai dengan lingkup penelitian. Penelitian yang banyak dilakukan adalah penelitian eksperimen. Jumlah sampel yang paling banyak digunakan adalah sebanyak 11-30 dan jenis sampel yang paling banyak diteliti adalah peserta didik di kelas XI SMA/MA. Instrumen pengumpulan data yang paling banyak digunakan adalah instrumen tes. Materi fisika yang paling diminati adalah materi Suhu dan Kalor, sedangkan variabel penelitian yang paling banyak diukur adalah pemahaman konsep peserta didik. Produk yang paling banyak dikembangkan dalam pembelajaran dengan pendekatan STEM adalah LKPD, sementara model pembelajaran yang paling sering diintegrasikan dengan pendekatan STEM adalah Project Based Learning (PjBL). Ke depannya penelitian sebaiknya mengkaji efek pembelajaran fisika dengan menggunakan pendekatan STEM terhadap variabel yang masih jarang diteliti, seperti kemampuan representasi peserta didik. Selain itu, perlu diterapkan pendekatan pembelajaran STEM pada materi lain yang masih jarang digunakan. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penelitian ini telah memberikan informasi awal untuk penelitian dan penentuan kebijakan lebih lanjut tentang pendekatan STEM dalam pembelajaran fisika.
ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC HABITS OF MIND ENERGY ISSUES INVENTORY (SHOMEII) INSTRUMENT: RASCH MODEL Rahmadhani Mulvia; Taufik Ramlan Ramalis; Ridwan Efendi
EDUSAINS Vol. 13 No. 2 (2021): EDUSAINS
Publisher : Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, UIN (State Islamic University) Syarif Hidayatul

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/es.v13i2.18883

Abstract

ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC HABITS OF MIND ENERGY ISSUES INVENTORY (SHOMEII) INSTRUMENT: RASCH MODELAbstractScientific Habits of Mind (SHOM) is a thinking characteristic that individuals have in solving problems and making decisions. SHOM can be accomplished in learning such as physics education through discussion, debate, and issue-based learning. However, the instrument for measuring SHOM in physics education is still immature. The purpose of this research is to develop and identify the quality of the SHOM instrument with energy problems analyzed using Model Rasch. This instrument is known as the Scientific Habits of Mind Energy Issue Inventory (SHOMEII). The development was carried out with the 3D+1I model (defining, designing, developing and implementing), involving 280 high school students with an average age of 17 years and came from West Java, Indonesia. The instruments used were a validation sheet and a SHOMEII consisting of 22 items with 4 answer choices based on the level of confidence. The results of the analysis show that SHOMEII has excellent reliability, good validity, and varying levels of difficulty. Therefore, SHOMEII can be implication as an instrument to measure students' SHOM abilities in physics education.AbstrakScientific Habits of Mind (SHOM) merupakan karakteristik berpikir seperti ilmuwan dalam melakukan sesuatu, memecahkan masalah dan mengambil keputusan. SHOM dapat dilatihkan dengan diskusi, debat dan pembelajaran berbasis isu. Akan tetapi, instrumen untuk mengukur SHOM dalam pendidikan fisika kurang berkembang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan dan mengidentifikasi kualitas instrumen SHOM dengan isu energi yang dianalisis Model Rasch, dikenal dengan Scientific Habits of Mind Energy Issues Inventory (SHOMEII). Metode penelitian ini adalah pengembangan dengan model 3D+1I (defining, designing, developing dan implementing) yang melibatkan 280 peserta didik SMA berasal dari Jawa Barat, Indonesia. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah lembar validasi dan SHOMEII terdiri dari 22 item dengan 4 pilihan jawaban berdasarkan tingkat kepercayaan. Hasil analisis, SHOMEII memiliki reliabilitas yang sangat baik, validitas yang baik dan tingkat kesukaran yang beragam. Oleh karena itu, SHOMEII dapat diimplikasikan sebagai instrumen untuk kemampuan SHOM peserta didik pada pendidikan fisika. 
ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARD STEM BASED-ON GENDER AND GRADE LEVEL: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN INDONESIA AND THAILAND Indit Vaiqoh; Supurwoko Supurwoko; Nurma Yunita Indriyanti
EDUSAINS Vol. 13 No. 2 (2021): EDUSAINS
Publisher : Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, UIN (State Islamic University) Syarif Hidayatul

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/es.v13i2.19822

Abstract

ANALISIS SIKAP SISWA TERHADAP STEM BERDASARKAN GENDER DAN TINGKATAN KELAS: STUDI KOMPARASI INDONESIA DAN THAILANDAbstractAttitude is a tendency to behave and react to a given stimulus. The smoothness of STEM learning involves students, one of which is students' attitude towards STEM. Students at the junior high school level are a transitional period from children to adolescents who are not yet considered adulthood. Besides that, there is behavior stereotypical in male and female students during learning. This research was conducted to analyze students' attitudes towards Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in Indonesia and Thailand in terms of grade level and gender. The research method used is descriptive quantitative using a survey. This study used the STEM questionnaire distributed to 139 students in Thailand and 90 students in Indonesia. Data were collected using a questionnaire about students' attitudes towards STEM and interview protocols for science teachers. Analysis of student attitudes, which focused on self-confidence, enjoyment, interest, and anxiety, showed that these attitudes were more dominant among students at the highest grade level in both countries. However, there is no significant difference between the attitudes of male and female students in Indonesia and Thailand; both are the same in responding to STEM learning.AbstrakSikap merupakan kecenderungan berperilaku dan reaksi terhadap stimulus yang diberikan. Kelancaran pembelajaran STEM yang melibatkan siswa, salah satunya adalah sikap siswa terhadap STEM. Siswa pada jenjang sekolah menengah pertama merupakan masa peralihan dari anak-anak menuju remaja yang belum dikatakan masa dewasa, selain itu adanya perilaku stereotype pada siswa laki-laki dan perempuan pada saat pembelajaran. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis sikap siswa terhadap Sains, Teknologi, Rekayasa, dan Matematika (STEM) di Indonesia dan Thailand ditinjau dari tingkat kelas dan jenis kelamin. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif deskriptif dengan menggunakan survei berupa kuesioner. Penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner STEM yang dibagikan kepada 139 siswa di Thailand dan 90 siswa di Indonesia. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan kuesioner tentang sikap siswa terhadap STEM dan protokol wawancara untuk guru IPA. Analisis sikap siswa yang berfokus pada kepercayaan diri, kesenangan, minat, dan kecemasan, menunjukkan bahwa sikap tersebut lebih dominan di antara siswa pada tingkat kelas tertinggi di kedua negara. Namun tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara sikap siswa laki-laki dan perempuan di Indonesia dan Thailand, keduanya sama dalam merespon pembelajaran STEM.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA DUKUNGAN SOSIAL GURU DAN PERILAKU HIDUP SEHAT DI SEKOLAH DASAR Eny Supriyati Rosyidatun; Teguh Supriyadi
EDUSAINS Vol. 14 No. 1 (2022): EDUSAINS
Publisher : Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, UIN (State Islamic University) Syarif Hidayatul

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/es.v14i1.19875

Abstract

Elementary school students' healthy behavior in school is still facing problems. One of the indications is the presence of poisoning incidents at school. The role of teachers in elementary schools is very strategic in developing healthy behaviors for students in schools. One of the roles of the teacher is to provide social support to students. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between teacher social support and healthy behaviors in elementary school students. This research was conducted in two elementary schools around Ciputat Market, South Tangerang City, Banten Province. This research is a quantitative study using a survey method. The study population was made up of elementary school students. The sample for this research is high-grade students. A questionnaire in Google Forms format was used to collect data. The data analysis used was Spearman's rho correlation. The finding of the study is that there is a relationship between the teachers’ social support in the students’ perception and the healthy behavior of elementary school students at school. The socio-ecological model describes the important role of the social environment in shaping behavior and shows its potential for behavior change. In this case, teacher social support plays a key role in influencing the outcomes of elementary students' healthy behavior in schools. The conclusion that can be drawn from the findings is that in developing healthy behavior for elementary school students in schools, the teachers’ social support factor needs to be considered.AbstrakPerilaku hidup sehat siswa di sekolah dasar masih menjadi persoalan. Hal ini diindikasikan dengan ditemukan peristiwa keracunan di sekolah. Peran guru di SD sangat strategis dalam mengembangkan perilaku hidup sehat siswa di sekolah. Salah satu peran guru adalah memberikan dukungan sosial kepada siswanya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan antara dukungan sosial guru dan perilaku hidup sehat siswa SD di sekolah. Penelitian ini bertempat di dua SD sekitar Pasar Ciputat, Kota Tangerang Selatan, Provinsi Banten. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode survei. Populasi penelitian ini adalah siswa SD. Sampel penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas tinggi. Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner dalam format google form. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah korelasi Spearman’s rho. Temuan penelitian adalah terdapat hubungan antara dukungan sosial guru menurut persepsi siswa dan perilaku hidup sehat siswa SD di sekolah. Model sosial-ekologi menjelaskan peran penting lingkungan sosial dalam membentuk perilaku dan menunjukkan potensi untuk terjadinya perubahan perilaku. Dalam hal ini, dukungan sosial guru memainkan peran kunci dalam mempengaruhi perilaku hidup sehat siswa SD di sekolah. Kesimpulan yang dapat ditarik dari hasil temuan adalah bahwa dalam mengembangkan perilaku hidup sehat siswa SD di sekolah, faktor dukungan sosial guru perlu dipertimbangkan.
The Development of Animated Media Based on Project Based Learning To Cultivate Problem Solving Skills In Fungi Material Demi Yusup; Risya Pramana Situmorang; Marisa Christina Tapilouw
EDUSAINS Vol. 14 No. 1 (2022): EDUSAINS
Publisher : Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, UIN (State Islamic University) Syarif Hidayatul

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/es.v14i1.20710

Abstract

Problem-solving is a daily activity that stimulates critical thinking in finding solutions. Learning fungi material also requires problem-solving skills to dig deeper into the potential of fungi based on the structure, function, and life cycle of fungi associated with applications in everyday life. This study aims to develop PjBL-based animation media to foster problem-solving skills in Fungi material. The type of research used is Research and Development using the ADDIE model. The research subjects were students of class X science at SMA Kristen 1 Salatiga. The development research results show that the animation media based on Project Based Learning is valid from the material aspect by 85% and the media aspect by 88.5%. The practicality test by student response got 83.75% achievement. The product trial shows that animated media-based PjBL can increase significantly, namely Sig. < (0.000 < 0.05) means that PjBL-based animation media effectively improves students' problem-solving skills on mushroom material. Based on the research, it can state that the PjBL-based animation media is declared feasible to be used as a learning medium in the fungicide material to improve problem-solving abilities. Thus, this research has implications for the potential use of animation media integrated with scientific learning models to empower 21st-century skills, especially problem-solving.How To Cite: Yusup, D, Situmorang, R.P., Tapilouw. M.C. (2022).The Development Of Animated Media Based On Project-Based Learning To Cultivate Problem Solving Skills In Fungi Topic. EDUSAINS, 14 (1) : 1-13.
APPLICATION OF THE RASCH MODEL ON THE TEST INSTRUMENT TO ANALYZE THE PROBLEM-SOLVING ABILITY OF STUDENTS IN ACID-BASE SOLUTIONS MATERIALS Nurkintan Aprilia; Endang Susilaningsih; Sudarmin Sudarmin; Woro Sumarni; F. Widhi Mahatmanti; Naftalina Ulik Adhelia
EDUSAINS Vol. 13 No. 2 (2021): EDUSAINS
Publisher : Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, UIN (State Islamic University) Syarif Hidayatul

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/es.v13i2.21375

Abstract

APPLICATION OF THE RASCH MODEL ON THE TEST INSTRUMENT TO ANALYZE THE PROBLEM-SOLVING ABILITY OF STUDENTS IN ACID-BASE SOLUTIONS MATERIALSAbstractIn 21st century education, students are required to have high problem-solving skills. This study aims to reveal the quality of the test instrument with the Rasch model. Descriptive quantitative research is used with total of 38 students of class XI SMAN 2 Semarang became the subjects in this study. The data obtained in this study is from a combination of student response patterns on the product development diagnostic test instrument. The data analysis used was IRT Rasch. Rasch model analysis for summary statistics, item-fit, wright-map, item-measure, person-measure, person-fit dan item-DIF. The value of person reliability is 0.78(sufficient), and item reliability value is 0.8(good). Cronbach's alpha value is 0.82 (very good). Based on the analysis Rasch model, it was found that there were two students (12P and 37P) whose response patterns were not ideal. The results showed problem-solving ability profile of students in the very high category of 26%, high of 29%, average of 16%, low of 13%, and very low of 16%. The results of this study indicate that the test instrument can be used for further research in measuring student problem solving and the Rasch model contributes to teachers and schools in identifying students' abilities in more detail. AbstrakPada pendidikan abad-21, siswa dituntut harus memiliki keterampilan problem-solving yang tinggi. Penilaian keterampilan problem-solving dapat dilakukan secara online yang terintegrasi pada soal tes pengetahuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap kualitas instrumen tes dengan model Rasch. Penelitian kuantitatif deskriptif digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Total 38 siswa kelas XI SMAN 2 Semarang menjadi subjek dalam penelitian ini. Data yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini adalah dari kombinasi pola respon jawaban siswa pada instrumen tes diagnostik produk pengembangan. Analisis data yang digunakan menggunakan Item Response Theory (IRT) model Rasch. Analisis model Rasch untuk summary statistics, item-fit, wright-map, item-measure, person-measure, person-fit dan item-DIF. Nilai person reliability didapatkan sebesar 0,78, kriteria cukup, dan nilai item reliability sebesar 0,85, kriteria bagus. Nilai alpha Cronbach sebesar 0,82, kriteria bagus sekali. Berdasarkan hasil analisis Rasch model ditemukan ada dua siswa yang pola responnya tidak ideal yaitu siswa 12P dan 37P. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan profil kemampuan problem-solving siswa dengan kategori sangat tinggi sebesar 26%, tinggi sebesar 29%, rata-rata sebesar 16%, rendah sebesar 13%, dan sangat rendah sebesar 16%. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa instrumen tes dapat digunakan untuk penelitian lanjutan dalam mengukur pemecahan masalah siswa dan model Rasch memberikan kontribusi kepada guru dan sekolah dalam mengidentifikasi kemampuan siswa lebih rinci