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INDONESIA
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, & NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY, this journal is published to attract and disseminate innovative and expert findings in the fields of plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolite, and also the effect of natural product on biological system as a reference source for researchers in these fields, and with the aim to set international standards in their methodology.
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Articles 666 Documents
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Phytochemical Profiling and Antibacterial Efficacy of Azadirachta indica Against Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi Isolated from Dental Plaque Aisha Marafa Mahmud; AbdulAzeez Mumsiri Abaka; Zainab Abubakar
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.947-955

Abstract

The global rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) underscores an urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Dental plaque has been identified as a key reservoir for multidrug-resistant bacteria, presenting a significant clinical challenge. Aqueous and methanolic extracts were prepared using cold maceration. Qualitative phytochemical screening identified the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and steroids. Antibacterial activity was evaluated through agar well diffusion (to determine zones of inhibition), broth microdilution (for Minimum Inhibitory Concentration/MIC and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration/MBC), and biofilm inhibition assays. Both extracts exhibited concentration-dependent antibacterial effects. The aqueous extract demonstrated the highest potency, showing the largest mean inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus (26.07 ± 0.61 mm at 200 mg/mL) and the lowest MIC values (1.562 mg/mL) against both S. aureus and E. coli. The methanolic extract was most effective against E. coli (MIC = 3.125 mg/mL). MBC assays confirmed the extracts' bactericidal action, eliminating S. aureus at 75 mg/mL and Gram-negative pathogens at 100 mg/mL. Biofilm formation was also significantly reduced at sub-inhibitory concentrations. The superior efficacy of the aqueous extract validates traditional aqueous-based preparations and highlights the critical role of solvent polarity in extracting bioactive compounds. The broad-spectrum antibacterial activity correlates directly with the rich profile of secondary metabolites, particularly polyphenols and alkaloids, providing a scientific basis for neem's historical medicinal use. By demonstrating significant activity against resistant, plaque-derived pathogens, this research addresses a notable gap in the literature and positions A. indica as a promising source of antibacterial agents. The findings advocate for subsequent bioassay-guided fractionation of the aqueous extract to isolate and characterize the specific compounds responsible for its activity, facilitating the development of novel adjunctive treatments for AMR.
Mineral composition and total polyphenol content of polysaccharide-rich extracts from the edible mushroom Auricularia delicata Alain Tshisuaka Nkongolo; Daddy Kanika Kileshe; Roger Batubenga; Clément Liyongo Inkoto; Gertrude Luswamu Mbumbu; Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua; Joseph Kasali Lumande; Jeff Bekomo Iteku; Simon Mpulusu Dibaluka
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1095-1101

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the biopharmaceutical potential of polysaccharides from A. delicata, commonly consumed as an edible mushroom by the populations of Kinshasa and its surroundings. This biopharmaceutical aspect makes the species a functional food and a source for the production of new drugs against several human diseases. The objective of the study is to measure the mineral composition and total polyphenol content present in extracts rich in polysaccharides from A. delicata. These compounds are reported in the literature as having antioxidant and other biological activities. The results obtained confirmed a moderate fraction of the total polyphenol content, detected at an absorbance of 10.256 ± 0.363 mg GAE/g, and mineral elements, of which iron is dominant in higher quantities than the 19 other minerals measured from polysaccharide-rich extracts. The mineral composition and total polyphenol content in polysaccharide-rich extracts of Auricularia delicata show how much the species is a source of functional food (alicament), with medicinal and therapeutic properties. The presence of these compounds (mineral elements and polyphenols) offers hope for the use of A. delicata in the biopharmaceutical field by the populations of Kinshasa and its surroundings, but also provides a basis for the development of biologically active molecules.
Phenetic Relationships of Ferns Based on Morphological Characteristics in an Oil Palm Plantation of Tampaure Hamlet Tiara Tiara; Lestari M.P Alibasyah; Yulia Windarsih; Musdalifah Nurdin; Manap Trianto; Vita Indri Febriani
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1231-1237

Abstract

Ferns (Pteridophyta) are a group of vascular plants that reproduce by spores and possess true roots, stems, and leaves, as well as xylem and phloem tissues. This study was conducted to investigate the phenetic relationships among fern species based on their morphological characteristics in an oil palm plantation located in Tampaure Hamlet, Bambaira District, Pasangkayu Regency, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. A field exploration method was employed, and samples were collected using a free-collection technique. Morphological data were compiled using Microsoft Excel and subsequently analyzed through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) in PAST version 4.03. A total of 50 individuals representing 10 fern species were identified from both terrestrial and epiphytic habitats, namely Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus, Diplazium dilatatum, Davallia denticulata, Asplenium nidus, Selaginella delicatula, Pityrogramma calomelanos, Stenochlaena palustris, Lygodium circinatum, Nephrolepis biserrata, and Pteris wallichiana. The UPGMA analysis revealed that Pteris wallichiana and Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus exhibited the closest phenetic relationship, with a similarity index of 0.88. In contrast, the most distant relationship was observed between Selaginella delicatula and Asplenium nidus, with a similarity index of 0.63. The PCA biplot analysis demonstrated that the major variation distinguishing fern species in the study area was primarily influenced by meristic traits, particularly the number of fertile pinnae, as well as overall plant size. These morphological characteristics contributed substantially to species differentiation and the phenetic grouping pattern observed among the investigated fern species.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Sulawesi Endemic Butterfly Cethosia myrina Using the COI (Cytochrome Oxidase I) Gene Iin B Mantulangi; Masrianih Masrianih; Manap Trianto; Fatmah Dhafir; Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti; Amalia Buntu
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1055-1063

Abstract

Cethosia myrina is a butterfly species belonging to the family Nymphalidae and is endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia. The phylogenetic relationships of this species were investigated through molecular phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetics is a method used to examine the evolutionary relationships among living organisms. This study aimed to describe the phylogenetic relationships of C. myrina based on the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene. Samples were collected using an exploratory survey method. Genomic DNA was isolated using the GS 100gSYNC™ DNA Extraction Kit. DNA amplification was performed using COI primers (LCO1490 forward and HCO2198 reverse) through the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. Amplified DNA fragments were visualized using 1% agarose gel electrophoresis, a UV transilluminator, and a gel documentation system. Subsequent bioinformatics analyses were conducted using Gene Studio, DnaSP, BLAST, DNASTAR, and MESQUITE software. Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed using the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods in MEGA version 11, applying the Kimura 2-parameter model with 10,000 bootstrap replicates. The results demonstrated that both the Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Likelihood methods produced phylogenetic trees that clearly illustrated the evolutionary relationships among the analyzed samples. Genetic variation analysis revealed the presence of two haplotypes, with a haplotype diversity (Hd) of 0.603 ± 0.165 and a nucleotide diversity (?) of 0.00053 ± 0.00013. Phylogenetic reconstruction formed a single monophyletic clade of C. myrina supported by a 99% bootstrap value. A genetic distance of 0.00% was observed among populations from Central Sulawesi (CMST1.1, CMST1.2, and CMST1.3), Central Sulawesi (EU275514.1), and South Sulawesi (HM998338.1), indicating an extremely close genetic relationship among these populations.
Analysis of Daily Behavioral Patterns of Purebred Cats Before and After Sterilization Henny Chandra; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Syech Zainal; Fatmah Dhafir; Masrianih Masrianih; Manap Trianto
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1183-1192

Abstract

Male domestic cats tend to exhibit different behaviors influenced by reproductive hormones, such as aggression, territorial instincts, and relatively high levels of exploratory activity. Sterilization (castration) has been shown to reduce the production of these hormones, which may consequently affect cats' daily behavioral patterns. This study aimed to examine changes in the daily behavior of domestic male cats before and after sterilization (castration). Observations were conducted on 15 cats (A–O), with variables including feeding frequency, sleeping patterns, grooming behavior, play activity, aggressive behavior, social interactions, and physical health. The method employed was direct observation of cat behavior before and after the sterilization procedure. The findings revealed significant behavioral changes following sterilization, including reduced aggression, decreased roaming activity, increased resting time, and more regular feeding patterns. In addition, social interactions with humans and other cats increased, while the cats’ physical condition became more stable. The degree of behavioral change varied among individual cats and was influenced by factors such as breed, age, individual temperament, and the environment in which they were kept. Therefore, sterilization not only plays an important role in population control but also contributes to improved behavioral stability and overall welfare in domestic male cats.
Habitat Characteristics of Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) Nesting Sites in Bukit Jaya Village, Banggai Regency, Indonesia Nuraini Nuraini; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Manap Trianto; Fatmah Dhafir; Rafiqa Rafiqa; Masrianih Masrianih
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1011-1019

Abstract

The Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) is an endemic bird species found in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This species belongs to the order Galliformes and is distinguished by a prominent black, hard casque on its head, an orange beak, predominantly black plumage, and yellowish facial skin. The Maleo exhibits a unique reproductive strategy, as it does not incubate its eggs directly. Instead, it buries them in loose sandy soil that is naturally heated by geothermal activity. According to the 2021 assessment by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Maleo is classified as Critically Endangered under criteria A2cd+4cd (Version 3.1) of the IUCN Red List. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of Maleo nesting habitats in Bukit Jaya Village, Banggai Regency, in order to support the conservation of suitable in situ breeding and nesting environments. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach, focusing on direct field observations and literature review. Sampling stations were determined using an exploratory survey method, in which sites were purposively selected based on habitat characteristics to observe Maleo nesting conditions and the surrounding vegetation. Data collected included nesting-hole depth and width, temperatures inside and outside the nesting holes, sand surface temperature, and humidity. Measurements were conducted three times daily at 08:00, 13:00, and 17:00. The results showed that: (1) nesting-hole depth ranged from 43 to 46 cm, with an average of 44.4 cm; (2) nesting-hole width ranged from 47 to 53 cm, with an average of 50 cm; (3) between 08:00 and 17:00, the average temperature inside the nesting holes was 31°C, the average temperature outside the holes was 35.74°C, the average sand surface temperature was 36.2°C, and the average relative humidity was 72.62%; and (4) the nesting habitat in Bukit Jaya Village was characterized by diverse vegetation growth forms, including trees, shrubs, herbs, and climbing plants (lianas). A total of 16 plant species belonging to 12 families were identified within the nesting habitat. The protection of nesting habitats should be continuously strengthened to help prevent the extinction of this valuable and iconic bird species.
In vitro Study of the Antibiofilm Potential of Bay Leaf Extract (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp) against Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mutans Listiana Masyita Dewi; Azka Tarisa Atmaja; Muhammad Marcelliano Rifky Aditomo Putra; Devi Usdiana Rosyidah; Nurhayani Nurhayani; Rima Munawaroh
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1145-1152

Abstract

The ability to form biofilms is one of the characteristics of microbes that has the potential to cause antimicrobial resistance. The oral cavity environment, which is frequently exposed to external environments and has a specific histological structure, can lead to the accumulation of EPS, thereby increasing the risk of biofilm formation. Streptococcus is one of the bacterial groups known to have the ability to produce biofilms. Bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp), a member of the Syzygium genus that has been widely used in treating infectious diseases, both traditionally and medically, due to their eugenol content, are suspected to have antibiofilm activity. This study aimed to prove the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of ethanol extract of bay leaves against Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mutans bacteria. This study used a post-test only controlled group design, with a microtiter plate assay technique, and determination of MIC50 and MBIC50 through a probit test. The bacterial test results showed that the MIC50 values for Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mutans were 37.57% and 9.65%, respectively, while the MBIC50 values were 6.41% and 29.98%, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R2) values for both test bacteria, in both the antibacterial and antibiofilm tests, were close to 1. Thus, it can be concluded that bay leaf extract is effective as an antibacterial and antibiofilm agent against Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mutans bacteria, with a stronger antibiofilm effect than its antibacterial effect.
Evaluation of a Five-Ingredient Herbal Combination in Postpartum Hypertension and Maternal Recovery Efri Leny Rauf; Fifi Ishak; Zuriati Muhamad; Rosmin Ilham
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1279-1286

Abstract

Postpartum hypertension represents a persistent contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality across developing regions. This quasi-experimental pretest–posttest study evaluated the efficacy of a five-component polyherbal formulation consist of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum), garlic (Allium sativum), lemon (Citrus limon), apple-cider vinegar, and honey in improving hemodynamic stability and postpartum recovery. Sixty-two postpartum women at Prof. Dr. H. Aloei Saboe Hospital, Gorontalo, Indonesia, were equally stratified into hypertensive and normotensive subgroups. Participants ingested 5 mL of the standardized mixture twice daily for six weeks. Weekly monitoring assessed blood pressure, lactation adequacy, lochia characteristics, and uterine involution. Statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon signed-rank and chi-square tests confirmed significant reductions in mean systolic (153.55 ± 9.72 -> 120.32 ± 6.84 mmHg) and diastolic (98.39 ± 7.41 -> 79.68 ± 5.96 mmHg) pressures among hypertensive participants (p < 0.001). No significant variations occurred in lactation (p = 0.209) or uterine involution (p = 0.319), whereas lochia normalization exhibited positive association (p < 0.05). No adverse events were reported. The outcomes substantiate the formulation’s antihypertensive and restorative efficacy via antioxidative and vasodilatory mechanisms. Its safety, affordability, and cultural acceptability demonstrate translational potential as an adjunct in postpartum hypertension management. Further controlled, biomarker-based studies are warranted to validate long-term efficacy and mechanistic precision.
Cardiopancreatic Effects of Artocarpus heterophyllus in Mercury Chloride-Exposed Wistar Rats: Biochemical and Histological Evidence Edobor Obayuwana; Joseph Raymond Enoghase
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.957-965

Abstract

Mercury chloride (HgCl2) is a pervasive environmental toxicant that disrupts redox balance and induces structural injury in metabolically active organs, including the heart and pancreas. Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit) contains antioxidant phytochemicals, while vitamin E is an established antioxidant; both may counteract mercury-induced toxicity. This study evaluated the protective effects of aqueous Artocarpus heterophyllus fruit extract and vitamin E on cardiac and pancreatic alterations in HgCl?-exposed Wistar rats. Twenty-five adult Wistar rats (180–200 g) were randomly assigned into five groups (n = 5): control; HgCl? (3 mg/kg); Artocarpus heterophyllus extract (1000 mg/kg); extract + HgCl2 (extract administered 30 min before HgCl2); and vitamin E (200 mg/kg) + HgCl2 (30 min prior). Treatments were given orally once daily for 28 days. Body weights were recorded weekly. At sacrifice, heart and pancreas weights were measured and organ-to-body weight indices calculated. Serum antioxidant markers—superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA)-were assayed. Lipid profile parameters (total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides [TG], HDL-C, and LDL-C) were determined using commercial kits. Cardiac and pancreatic tissues were examined histologically using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with LSD post-hoc tests (p < 0.05). All animals completed the study. Phytochemical analysis of Artocarpus heterophyllus extract showed high total phenolic (29 ± 0.48) and flavonoid (5.4 ± 1.2) contents, with appreciable levels of saponins (19 ± 1.1), tannins (4.7 ± 0.41), and alkaloids (0.70 ± 0.09). Body weight increased significantly in the control group (p = 0.005), whereas HgCl2-treated rats showed minimal weight change (p = 0.777). Heart and pancreas weights and indices did not differ significantly among groups (p > 0.05). HgCl2 significantly reduced serum SOD and CAT activities compared with control, while GPx activity showed a non-significant downward trend (p = 0.067). Serum MDA was highest in the HgCl2 group, whereas extract- and vitamin E-treated groups showed marked reductions. HgCl2 exposure decreased TC and HDL-C and increased TG (p < 0.001). Histologically, HgCl2 induced interstitial haemorrhage and vascular congestion in the heart and vascular congestion with mild inflammatory infiltrates in the pancreas. These alterations were markedly attenuated by Artocarpus heterophyllus extract and vitamin E, with preservation of normal tissue architecture. Mercury chloride induced oxidative stress, dyslipidaemia, and structural injury in the heart and pancreas. Pre-treatment with phenolic-rich Artocarpus heterophyllus extract or vitamin E ameliorated these effects, supporting the antioxidant and tissue-protective potential of Artocarpus heterophyllus and warranting further mechanistic studies.
Phytochemical Identification of Secondary Metabolite Compounds in Leaf Extracts of Sente (Alocasia macrorrhizos), Guava (Psidium guajava L.), and Their Combination Adelia Permata Dewi; Majida Ramadhan; Faisal Faisal; Qonita Mukrimatul Hijjah; Naura Dinada Zulfa Salsabila; Nafisa Nafisa
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1103-1111

Abstract

The presence of secondary metabolites in plants plays an important role in their biological activities and supports the use of natural ingredients as candidates for phytopharmaceutical development. This study evaluated the phytochemical profile of ethanol extracts of sente leaves (Alocasia macrorrhizos) and guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.), as well as their combined extract. The extracts were obtained using maceration, followed by qualitative phytochemical screening, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and FTIR analysis. Physicochemical parameters showed that the moisture content of sente and guava leaves was 4.251% and 4.617%, respectively, while the ash content was 0.97% for sente and 0.59% for guava leaves. The extraction yield of guava leaves (3.81%) was higher than that of sente leaves (2.59%). The results showed that A. macrorrhizos contained flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids, whereas P. guajava exhibited a more complete profile, including alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids. The combined extract yielded positive results for almost all tested metabolite groups. The UV-Vis spectra showed absorption peaks in the range of 321–369 nm, while the FTIR spectra revealed the presence of –OH, aliphatic C–H, aromatic C=C, and C–O functional groups. Overall, the findings indicate that both extracts and their combination have strong potential as sources of bioactive compounds and may be further developed for phytopharmaceutical applications.

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