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VIOLENCE IN THE NAME OF RELIGION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PHILOSOPHY OF LAW Muhammad Solikhudin; Sheyla Nichlatus Sovia
Kontemplasi: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin Vol 9 No 2 (2021): Jurnal Kontemplasi
Publisher : IAIN Tulungagung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21274/kontem.v9i2.5588

Abstract

Violence in the name of religion seems to be being carried out by all groups of Indonesian society. Even in some cases, there are strong nuances to amplify the desecration. Religion that is not inclusive with one-sided truth claims still shows its existence which is quite strong among religious people, especially Muslims. They consider their religious understanding to be an undeniable truth, and is considered a definite reflection of the source of religious teachings. This brings religious people to a life where conflicts often occur between fellow human beings, both fellow believers of same religion but different sects, as well as fellow believers of different religions. In addition, understanding this model will make religious people fall into an extreme religious understanding. Religion is understood as dead dogmas and only deals with the problems of the hereafter and divinity so that it does not have the ability to provide pleasant solutions in solving human problems that are manifested in today's life. This article tries to analyze the problems above by using a philosophy of law approach so that the reader is able to see the problem with an objective view without losing common sense. Keywords: Religious Violence, Indonesia, The Philosophy of Law. Abstrak Kekerasan atas nama agama hingga saat ini tampaknya masih terus dilakukan segenap kelompok dari masyarakat Indonesia. Bahkan pada sebagian kasus, ada nuansa kuat untuk menguatkan penodaan tersebut. Keberagamaan yang tidak inklusif dengan klaim kebenaran sepihak masih menampakkan keberadaannya yang cukup kuat di kalangan umat beragama, khususnya umat Islam. Mereka menganggap pemahaman keagamaan yang dianut mereka merupakan kebenaran yang tidak terbantah, serta dianggap pencerminan yang pasti dari sumber ajaran agama. Hal ini membawa umat beragama kepada kehidupan yang sering terjadi konflik antar sesama manusia, baik sesama pemeluk agama yang berbeda aliran, maupun sesama umat yang berbeda agama. Di samping itu, pemahaman model itu akan membuat umat beragama masuk dalam pemahaman keagamaan yang ekstrim. Agama dipahami sebagai dogma-dogma mati dan hanya mengurus masalah akhirat serta ketuhanan sehingga tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk memberikan solusi yang menyenangkan dalam penyelesaian problem kemanusiaan yang terwujud di kehidupan masa kini. Artikel ini mencoba menganalisis permasalahan di atas dengan menggunakan pendekatan filsafat hukum sehingga pembaca mampu melihat permasalahan tersebut dengan pandangan objektif tanpa kehilangan akal sehat. Kata Kunci: Kekerasan Agama, Indonesia, Filsafat Hukum.
Politik Hukum dalam Undang-Undang No. 38 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengelolaan Zakat Perspektif Maqasid al-Risalah Muhammad Solikhudin; Oktaria Ardika Putri
Tafáqquh: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Kajian Keislaman Vol. 8 No. 1 (2020): Juni
Publisher : INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM BANI FATTAH (IAIBAFA)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (566.314 KB) | DOI: 10.52431/tafaqquh.v8i1.262

Abstract

This paper tries to explain the legal policy of the law carried out by the Indonesian government about zakat which is an obligation for capable Muslims as a manifestation of human empathy to others in need. Zakat has a noble goal, namely to alleviate poverty and eliminate social inequality in society. This objective is in line with one of the objectives of the Indonesian government which has been mandated in the opening of the 1945 Constitution, namely to advance public welfare. Thus, the management of zakat in Indonesia will be better, if implemented by the government, given that zakat is a very potential source of funds that can be used for public welfare for all Indonesian people. This article explains the process of formulating zakat laws in Indonesia, the substance of Islamic law in zakat, and the purpose of the Law (maqa>s}id al-risa>lah) about zakat in Indonesia, so that readers can fully comprehend the purpose of zakat law.
Kontroversi dan Kritik Terhadap Hadis Riwayat Abu Hurairah Muhammad Solikhudin; Khamim Khamim
Tafáqquh: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Kajian Keislaman Vol. 9 No. 1 (2021): Juni
Publisher : INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM BANI FATTAH (IAIBAFA)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52431/tafaqquh.v9i1.343

Abstract

Abstrak: Abu> Hurairah merupakan rija>l al-h}adis yang paling fenomenal. Dia merupakan sahabat yang paling banyak meriwayatkan hadis dengan jumlah 5374. Kendati kuantitas hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Abu> Hurairah paling banyak namun kualitasnya dipertanyakan oleh sebagian orang. Bermula dari permasalahan tersebut dapat dipahami, bahwa yang menjadi salah satu persoalan mendasar dalam studi hadis, yaitu masalah rija>l al-h}adis. Sebab rija>l al-h}adis akan menentukan derajat hadis, sebagai hadis s}ah}i>h, h}asan atau d}ai>f. Sementara, rija>l al-h}adis tidak memiliki kompetensi yang sama saat menerima, menghafal dan mencatat hadis. Apalagi dalam beberapa keterangan dijelaskan bahwa kepandaian baca dan tulis para sahabat di masa Rasu>l Alla>h sangat terbatas. Hal yang banyak dilakukan oleh sahabat saat menerima hadis dari Rasu>l Alla>h saat itu hanyalah menghafal, memahami, memelihara serta menyampaikannya kepada orang lain. Untuk itu, dalam artikel ini akan dibahas tentang seorang rija>l al-h}adis, Abu> Hurairah yang tergolong sahabat Rasu>l Alla>h yang fenomenal, karena meriwayatkan hadis terbanyak dibandingkan dengan sahabat Rasu>l Alla>h yang lainnya. Padahal dari segi masa berkumpulnya dengan Rasu>l Alla>h, Abu> Hurairah tergolong sangat singkat bila dibandingkan dengan Sayyidah A<<<<<isyah yang terkenal sebagai umm al- mu’mini>n. Inilah yang menimbulkan kontroversi tentang hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Abu> Hurairah. Agar pembaca memperoleh pemahaman yang komprehensif terkait Abu> Hurairah akan penulis tuangkan pikiran penulis ini dalam sebuah artikel yang berjudul kontroversi dan kritik terhadap hadis riwayat Abu> Hurairah. Kata Kunci: Kontroversi, Kritik, Hadis, dan Abu> Hurairah Abstract: Abu> Hurairah is the most phenomenal rija>l al-h}adis. He is the friend who narrated the most hadis with the number of 5374. Although the quantity of hadis narrated by Abu> Hurairah is the highest, the quality is questioned by some people. Starting from this problem it can be understood, that which is one of the fundamental problems in the study of hadis, namely the problem rija>l al-h}adis. Because rija>l al-h}adis will determine the degree of hadis, as a hadis s}ah}i>h, h}asan or d}ai>f. Meanwhile, rija>l al-h}adis does not have the same competence when receiving, memorizing and recording hadis. Moreover, in several statements it was explained that the reading and writing skills of the friends during the Rasu>l Alla>h era were very limited. what many friends did when receiving hadith from Rasu>l Alla>h at that time was only memorizing, understanding, maintaining and conveying it to others. For this reason, this article will discuss about a rija>l al-h}adis, Abu> Hurairah who is a phenomenal friend of Rasu>l Alla>h, because he narrated the most hadiths compared to other Rasu>l Alla>h friends. In fact, in terms of the period of his association with Rasu>l Alla>h, Abu> Hurairah was very short when compared to Sayyidah A<isyah who was known as umm al-mu'mini>n. This has caused controversy about the hadis narrated by Abu> Hurairah. In order for the reader to gain a comprehensive understanding of Abu> Hurairah, the writer will write his thoughts in an article entitled controversy and criticism of the hadis narrated by Abu> Hurairah. Keywords: Controversy, Criticism, Hadis, and Abu> Hurairah
Penguatan Nilai Kebangsaan dalam Upacara Hormat Bendera Merah Putih: Reaktualisasi Konsep Kebangsaan Berbasis Maslahah Muhammad Solikhudin
Tafáqquh: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Kajian Keislaman Vol. 10 No. 1 (2022): Juni
Publisher : INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM BANI FATTAH (IAIBAFA)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52431/tafaqquh.v10i1.712

Abstract

This article seeks to explain the strengthening of national values in the red and white flag honoring ceremony: the re-actualization of the concept of nationality based on mas}lah}ah. The purpose of the flag salute ceremony is to strengthen love for the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia and realize the common benefit of living together in a pluralistic and multicultural nation-state. Therefore, it is necessary to re-actualize the concept of nationality, especially with regard to respect for the flag based on mas}lah}ah. Furthermore, the concept of nationality in the view of Islam is compatible and does not need to be contradicted. Regarding the pros and cons of information on the article competition respecting the flag in the view of Islamic law, this must be addressed wisely and actually this competition is organized by BPIP in commemoration of santri day, so the right theme is about Islam and nationality. Respect for the flag is the nation's way of showing respect for the symbol of the State of Indonesia and love for the homeland. Regarding the respect for the flag which is reviewed with mas}lah}ah, then this is included in the realm of mas}lah}ah mursalah because there is no clear explanation in the scriptures or Hadith and this practice is included in the realm of d}aruriyat which was originally only the needs of religious people and the state. as well as being a nation on a secondary basis, but by implementing it, national unity and integrity will emerge, this shifts from h}a>jiyat to d}aruriyat.   Kata Kunci: Kebangsaan, Hormat Merah Putih dan Maslahah.   Abstract: This article seeks to explain the strengthening of national values in the red and white flag honoring ceremony: the re-actualization of the concept of nationality based on maslahah. The purpose of the flag salute ceremony is to strengthen love for the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia and realize the common benefit of living together in a pluralistic and multicultural nation-state. Therefore, it is necessary to re-actualize the concept of nationality, especially with regard to respect for the flag based on maslahah. Furthermore, the concept of nationality in the view of Islam is compatible and does not need to be contradicted. Regarding the pros and cons of information on the article competition respecting the flag in the view of Islamic law, this must be addressed wisely and actually this competition is organized by BPIP in commemoration of santri day, so the right theme is about Islam and nationality. Respect for the flag is the nation's way of showing respect for the symbol of the State of Indonesia and love for the homeland. Regarding the respect for the flag which is reviewed with maslahah, then this is included in the realm of maslahah mursalah because there is no clear explanation in the scriptures or Hadith and this practice is included in the realm of daruriyat which was originally only the needs of religious people and the state. as well as being a nation on a secondary basis, but by implementing it, national unity and integrity will emerge, this shifts from hajiyat to daruriyat.   Keywords: Nationality, Respect for Red and White and Maslahah.
Islam as an Environmentally Friendly Religion: Critical Analysis of the Ecological Politics in the Establishment of a Cement Factory in Rembang, Indonesia Muhammad Solikhudin
International Journal of Social Science and Religion (IJSSR) 2020: Volume 1 Issue 1
Publisher : Indonesian Academy of Social and Religious Research (IASRR)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53639/ijssr.v1i1.4

Abstract

Boisterous problems occur in Indonesia and other parts of the world. The issue of Cement Plant in Rembang spread in online and offline media is an example that can be disclosed here. People around the cement factory in Rembang who work as farmers attempt to stop the practice by casting the foot together. The reason is that food security must be maintained, and natural beauty also needs to be maintained. This problem is still a tug-of-war among government, employers, and the people. Islam as a religion of compassion, certainly teaches a sense of justice and humanity to all humanity. In direct proportion to Islam, green political reasoning also likes this. In this paper will be parsed study Cement Plant Perspective Green Politics, as an effort to maintain the continuity of human life and care for the beauty of nature. In a country that embraces a democratic system and applies green political theory, it should implement three aspects, namely: First, distributing justice, Second, committed to democratization process, Third, Efforts to achieve ecological sustainability.
Tipologi Nalar Mayarakat Terhadap Larangan Perkawinan Adat Kebo Balik Kandang Muhammad Solikhudin Soleh; Sella Dyah Ariska; Fatimatuz Zahro
HUMANISTIKA : Jurnal Keislaman Vol 8 No 2 (2022): Juni 2022
Publisher : Institut Ilmu Keislaman Zainul Hasan Genggong

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55210/humanistika.v8i2.792

Abstract

Abstrak: Perkawinan merupakan ikatan lahir batin antara seorang laki-laki dan perempuan yang sebelumnya belum halal menjadi halal dengan tujuan untuk beribadah kepada Allah SWT guna untuk membentuk keluarga bahagia, sakinnah, mawaddah wa rahmah, serta berkah dunia dan akhirat. Namun dalam realitas di Indonesia banyak berbagai macam kebudayaan/adat istiadat. Khususnya di Jawa, banyak macam adat istiadat yang bagi mereka merupakan larangan yang tidak boleh dilanggar. Seperti larangan perkawinan adat kebo balik kandang yang ada di Desa Tanjungtani Kecamatan Prambon Kabupaten Nganjuk. Realitas menunjukkan bahwa larangan perkawinan adat kebo balik kandang tersebut telah menjadi suatu hal yang pro dan kontra bagi masyarakat Desa Tanjungtani karena dalam pandangan masyarakat terdapat perbedaan pandangan, meliputi pandangan masyarakat klasik, modern dan tokoh agama. Pandangan masyarakat modern abai terhadap tradisi tersebut, pandangan masyarakat klasik masih meyakini terhadap tradisi tersebut dan tokoh agama menancapkan kontrol harmoni dengan cara menghormati tradisi dan terdapat proses dialektika hukum adat dan hukum Islam atau maqa>sid al-shari>’ah secara khusus. Hal ini merupakan konstruksi sosial yang ada di Desa Tanjungtani Kecamatan Prambon Kabupaten Nganjuk. Dengan adannya pandangan yang berbeda tersebut karena dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, baik faktor kebudayaaan, faktor pendidikan, pola pikir masyarakat, dan faktor kejadian yang menjadikan suatu bentuk pengalaman dengan adannya pengalaman tersebut menjadikan sebagian masyarakat Desa Tanjungtani menjadi percaya akan adannya larangan perkawinan adat kebo balik kandang. Kata Kunci: Masyarakat dan Perkawinan Adat Kebo Balik Kandang. Abstract: Marriage is an inner and outer bond between a man and a woman who previously had not been halal to become halal with the aim of worshiping Allah SWT in order to form a happy family, sakinah, mawaddah wa rahmah, and the blessings of the world and the hereafter. However, in reality in Indonesia, there are many kinds of culture/customs. Especially in Java, there are many kinds of customs which for them are prohibitions that should not be violated. Such as the prohibition of traditional marriage of kebo balik kandang in Tanjungtani Village, Prambon District, Nganjuk Regency. The reality shows that the ban on traditional marriage of kebo balik kandang has become a matter of pros and cons for the people of Tanjungtani Village because in the community's view there are different views, including the views of classical, modern and religious leaders. he views of modern society are indifferent to the tradition, the views of classical society still believe in the tradition and religious leaders maintain control of harmony by respecting tradition and there is a dialectical process of customary law and Islamic law or maqasid al-shari'ah in particular. This is a social construction in Tanjungtani Village, Prambon District, Nganjuk Regency. With the existence of these different views because they are influenced by several factors, both cultural factors, educational factors, people's mindsets, and incident factors that make a form of experience with the existence of these experiences, some people in Tanjungtani Village believe in the prohibition of traditional marriage of kebo balik kandang. Keywords: Society and Traditional Marriage of Kebo Balik Kandang.
Tradisi Pernikahan Kerubahan Gunung Perspektif Fenomenologi Sulton Muzadi; Muhammad Solikhudin
Salimiya: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Keagamaan Islam Vol 3 No 2 (2022): Salimiya
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian, Penerbitan dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (LP3M) IAIFA Kediri

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

People's views on the value of marriage are considered sacred in life, and Islam upholds a marriage. When a person has fulfilled the requirements of the pillars of marriage, he immediately entered into a marriage contract, because it would be dangerous to delay marriage. However, in Candisari Village, Sambeng District, Lamongan Regency, the phenomenon of the "kerubahan gunung" marriage prohibition occurred. As for the practice of the "kerubahan gunung" tradition, while in the process of waiting for the wedding day, a family member, especially a straight line parent, died before the day of the wedding ceremony. So when following the tradition, the marriage must be postponed to next year or the turn of the Javanese year, namely the suro month. he settlement pattern is to do two ways by doing the marriage next to the corpse or by delaying the marriage by waiting for next year. The phenomenological correlation in the pattern of settlement of the "kerubuhan gunung" tradition by bringing up three aspects: First, the phenomenon, digging information, observing and collecting tradition data. Second, awareness, uniting the heart, mind and the five senses to understand tradition. and third, the constitution, confirms and narrates the meanings behind the "kerubahan gunung" marriage tradition. Thus, this pattern of settlement is in accordance with 'urf shahih and fiqh rules which read that rejecting damage takes precedence over attracting benefit.
Tinjauan Maqashid Shari’ah Terhadap Pola Penyesuaian Perkawinan Ngalor Ngulon di Nganjuk Muhammad Solikhudin; Lutfi Masruroh; Mochammad Agus Rachmatulloh
The Indonesian Journal of Islamic Law and Civil Law Vol 3 No 2 (2022): Oktober
Publisher : Institut Agama Islam Nahdlatul Ulama Tuban

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51675/jaksya.v3i2.241

Abstract

Perkawinan merupakan sesuatu yang dilakukan untuk menghalalkan antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Dengan memenuhi rukun dan syarat yang telah ditentukan. Namun pada kenyataannya di Desa Katerban ini terhalang oleh tradisi larangan perkawinan Ngalor Ngulon. Maka dari itu, peneliti tertarik untuk menelitinya agar pandangan masyarakat lebih luas mengenai pernikahan Ngalor Ngulon. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan hukum normatif dan konseptual dengan jenis penelitian lapangan (field research) dan kepustakaan (library research). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: Praktik pola penyesuaian merupakan cara yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat yang mempercayai hukum adat setempat dan juga tetap melangsungkan perkawinan Ngalor Ngulon Desa Katerban Kecamatan Baron Kabupaten Nganjuk.. Ditinjau dari segi maqashid shari’ah dapat dipahami, Pola penyesuaian perkawinan adat Ngalor Ngulon cara yang digunakan masyarakat Desa Katerban yang masih tetap mempercayai adanya larangan adat perkawinan Ngalor Ngulon dan juga tetap melangsungkan perkawinan Ngalor Ngulon. Adapun praktik pola penyesuaiannya dengan cara merubah Kartu Tanda Penduduk, melangsungkan resepsi di rumah salah satu mempelai saja, dan melakukan tasyakuran. Proses atau cara tersebut dilakukan oleh salah satu mempelai dan mayoritas yang melakukannya adalah mempelai pria. Kedua, dari segi maqashid shari’ah masuk dalam tingkatan “dharuriyyat” (kebutuhan yang paling utama). Pada tingkatan ini masuk dalam hifdzu din dan hifdzu nasl.
ANALISIS MAQASID AL-SHARI’AH TERHADAP HUKUMAN DISIPLIN BERAT ATAS PELANGGARAN IZIN PERCERAIAN OLEH PEGAWAI NEGERI SIPIL MENURUT PERATURAN PEMERINTAH NOMOR 94 TAHUN 2021 TENTANG DISIPLIN PEGAWAI NEGERI SIPIL Shafira Candra Dewi; Muhammad Solikhudin; Mochammad Agus Rachmatulloh
Minhaj: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah Vol. 4 No. 1 (2023): Januari
Publisher : Lembaga Penerbitan Jurnal Ilmiah Institut Agama Islam Bani Fattah Jombang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52431/minhaj.v4i1.1334

Abstract

Abstract: Changes in regulations in Indonesia aim to develop law in accordance with the times. One of the regulations that was changed was the PP on Civil Servant Discipline which was originally regulated by PP No. 53 of 2010 and then replaced by PP No. 94 of 2021. There is an interesting thing found by the author when one of the severe disciplinary penalties in PP No. 53 of 2010 mentions a penalty of "dishonorable dismissal as a civil servant". Then in PP No. 94 of 2021, this penalty is abolished. Then the author is interested in analyzing the severe disciplinary punishment in Government Regulation No. 94 of 2021 from the perspective of maqa?id al-shari'ah. This research is a normative legal research and uses a statute approach and conceptual approach. The results of this study, namely maqa?id al-shari'ah analysis of severe disciplinary punishment for violations of divorce permits by Civil Servants according to Government Regulation Number 94 of 2021, show that the regulation is in accordance with the concept of maqa?id al-shari'ah, namely hif? al-'ir?i (maintaining honor). That the most severe punishment in the severe disciplinary punishment in Government Regulation No. 94 of 2021 is “dismissal with honor not at his own request as a civil servant” pays more attention to the professional rights of civil servants. Abstrak : Perubahan regulasi di Indonesia bertujuan untuk mengembangkan hukum sesuai dengan perkembangan zaman. Salah satu regulasi yang diubah yaitu PP tentang Disiplin PNS yang semula diatur oleh PP No. 53 Tahun 2010 kemudian diganti dengan PP No. 94 Tahun 2021. Terdapat hal menarik yang ditemukan oleh penulis ketika salah satu hukuman disiplin berat pada PP No. 53 Tahun 2010 menyebutkan adanya hukuman “pemberhentian tidak dengan hormat sebagai PNS”. Kemudian pada PP No. 94 Tahun 2021, hukuman tersebut dihapuskan. Lantas penulis tertarik untuk menganalisis hukuman disiplin berat pada PP No. 94 Tahun 2021 menurut perspektif  maqa?id al-shari’ah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach). Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu analisis maqa?id al-shari’ah terhadap hukuman disiplin berat atas pelanggaran terhadap izin perceraian oleh Pegawai Negeri Sipil menurut Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 94 Tahun 2021 menunjukkan bahwa peraturan tersebut telah sesuai dengan konsep maqa?id al-shari’ah yaitu hif? al-‘ir?i (memelihara kehormatan). Bahwa hukuman paling berat dalam hukuman disiplin berat pada PP No. 94 Tahun 2021 adalah “pemberhentian dengan hormat tidak atas permintaan sendiri sebagai PNS” lebih memperhatikan hak profesi PNS.
The Formulation of Good Governance Fiqh for Indonesia as a Welfare State Muhammad Solikhudin; Moh. Zainullah
Al-Qisthu: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu-Ilmu Hukum Vol. 20 No. 2 (2022): Al-Qisthu: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu-Ilmu Hukum
Publisher : Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kerinci

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32694/qst.v20i2.1718

Abstract

This study departs from the fact that fiqh, which is the religious guideline for Muslims, does not yet contain specific formulations of good governance that are relevant and increasingly needed in today's state life, especially for Indonesian moslem. This study is intended to identify the principles of good governance and formulate them by looking at their relevance to Indonesia in the context of the welfare state. For that purpose, this study uses the documentation method by collecting and interpreting qualitative data from fiqh books, the 1945 Constitution, and relevant laws and regulations in Indonesia. This study shows that in fiqh books that contain discussions or allude to citizenship and state administration, there are principles of deliberation, justice, welfare, and mutual benefit. These principles can be formulated as good governance fiqh that is relevant to Indonesia which contains the principles of legal certainty, legal urgency, and legal universality. Legal certainty includes accountability and justice. The legal urgency includes aspects of transparency and professionalism. While the universality aspect of law is in the form of guaranteeing general welfare and mutual benefit.