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Indonesia’s multi-track diplomacy: efforts to address the educational rights of undocumented Indonesian migrant workers’ children in East Malaysia Asma Amin; Resky Ramadhan Antuli; Ismah Rustam; Anbar Zahirah; Salmiati; Wandi Abbas; Pindiaman Hulu
Otoritas : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Department of Government Studies, Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26618/ojip.v16i1.21033

Abstract

 The right to education for undocumented children of Indonesian migrant workers (IMWs) in East Malaysia remains inadequately protected due to administrative exclusion, legal uncertainty, geographic remoteness, and fragmented cross-border governance. This study analyzes how Indonesia’s multi-track diplomacy operates to protect the right to education for undocumented children of IMWs in East Malaysia.  This research employs a qualitative explanatory design based on semi-structured interviews supported by document analysis. Data were analyzed through thematic coding using NVivo, with the application of triangulation and participant verification to enhance credibility. Findings indicate that educational protection functions through coordination across four main Tracks. Tracks One provides policy authority, diplomatic legitimacy, schools, documentation facilitation, and scholarships. Tracks Two translates formal commitments into operational support, particularly regarding student repatriation and placement. Tracks Four maintains access in remote plantation areas through mentor teachers who fill teaching vacancies. Tracks Five strengthens the system through temporary teaching, training, and the production of policy-relevant knowledge. This study makes a theoretical contribution by expanding multi-track diplomacy beyond conflict resolution and demonstrating its value as an analytical lens for cross-border social governance. It further demonstrates that effective coordination depends on functional complementarity, negotiated interdependence, and adaptive responses to structural constraints.
The Effect on the Integrated Chunking Techniques Combined with Writing is Thinking on Students Thinking Levels in the Topic of the Human Circulatory Sirniawan; Mu'min Z, Nurul; Salmiati; Erniati, Nining
BIO-EDU: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): BIO-EDU: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi - April 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Pendidikan Biologi, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Timor

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32938/jbe.v11i1.10314

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the thinking levels of students learning about the circulatory system taught using the chunking technique combined with writing is thinking, the chunking technique, and the lecture technique in grade XI students at SMA Negeri 20 Gowa in the 2024/2025 academic year. This study was an experiment using purposive sampling with specific considerations. The research population consists of 300 individuals, with 90 samples divided into 6 learning groups. Data collection was conducted using a test instrument consisting of two types of questions: multiple-choice and essay-style, to assess students' thinking levels. Hypothesis testing was performed using an ANOVA test, as the data were normally distributed and homogeneous. The results of the hypothesis testing indicated that the significance level was <0.000. This indicates that the sig value is < α (0.05), so it can be concluded that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. This means that there is a difference in the level of thinking of students taught using the chunking technique combined with writing is thinking (experimental class), the chunking technique (positive control class), and the lecture technique (negative control class) in students learning about the human circulatory system. Since there is a difference, an LSD (Least Significant Difference) test was conducted, showing that the level of thinking among students taught using the chunking technique combined with writing was thinking was the highest, followed by the chunking technique and the lecture technique.