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Biopesticides and Refugia Implementation Increasing the Population and Diversity of Natural Enemies in Rice Fields based on Ecology Kurniawan, Muhammad Izza; Kusuma, Ramadhani Mahendra; Wiyatiningsih, Sri
Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) Vol. 14 No. 6 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : The University of Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23960/jtepl.v14i6.2250-2261

Abstract

The diversity of natural enemies of insects is influenced by the availability of microhabitats and food sources, which can be increased through the use of refugia. Intensive use of pesticides in conventional agricultural systems has resulted in a decline in the diversity of natural enemies that play an important role in biological control of pests. This study aims to identify the types, roles, and populations of natural enemies of pests and determine the level of natural enemy diversity including the species diversity index, species evenness, species richness, and dominance in rice fields using integrated and conventional farming systems. Data collection methods were carried out through a combination of direct observation, insect nets, yellow traps, light traps, and identification of insect morphospecies using a digital microscope and supporting literature. The identification results showed 7 orders and 21 genera of natural enemies with a total of 4,679 individuals in integrated fields and 2,792 individuals in conventional fields. The species diversity index (H’=2.11), evenness (E’=0.69), species richness (R’=2.37), and dominance (C’=0.18) indicated that the integrated system was more supportive of biodiversity. Ecological engineering through refugia has been shown to increase the population diversity of natural enemies, thereby strengthening biological control in rice ecosystems.
Spatial Characterization of NDVI-Based Vegetation Density in Smallholder Coffee Plantation on Mount Kawi’s Southern Slopes Sholikah, Dinna Hadi; Maharani, Nabilla Putry; Kusuma, Ramadhani Mahendra; Bella, Dewi Shasa; Sembiring, Yoga Gregorius; Wijayanti, Fitri; Soemarno, Soemarno
Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology Vol. 9 No. 4 (2025): Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology
Publisher : Green Engineering Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55043/jaast.v9i4.494

Abstract

Indonesia’s coffee cultivation covers 1.25 million hectares, predominantly managed by smallholders (98.14%). Malang Regency, a key production area in East Java, experienced a sharp yield decline from 29,728 tonnes (2021) to 14,151 tonnes (2022). This study investigates smallholder plantations in the Kletek sub-watershed, emphasising the role of shade vegetation in coffee growth. Shade density critically influences productivity and ecological resilience. To support sustainable management, vegetation cover is assessed via remote sensing using the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), enabling spatial analysis of canopy structure. This research aims to analyse the types of coffee shade trees on smallholder coffee farms. NDVI is used to distinguish differences in land cover, including coffee shade. The study employed a land survey using the grid method with 30 observation points. Spatial analysis involves spectral transformation of Sentinel-2A Harmonised imagery, while statistical analysis uses correlation tests. Smallholder coffee farms in the Kletek Sub-watershed feature shade plants such as lamtoro, mahogany, and banana trees. NDVI values across these plantations ranged from moderate (0.4–0.5) to very high (>0.6) vegetation density, showing a strong correlation with land cover conditions (r = 0.80). This confirms NDVI as an effective remote sensing tool for assessing shade vegetation, significantly influencing coffee productivity and ecological resilience. The findings support NDVI-based monitoring for precision agriculture and adaptive management, with scalable applications in sustainable land-use planning, agroforestry optimisation, and climate-resilient coffee cultivation in regions such as Malang Regency, where production has declined.