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Comparison of the Concept of Politeness in Language in a Pragmatic Perspective: A Literature Review of the Theories of Politeness Strategy , Ni Luh Putu Setianingsih; I Made Juliarta; I Putu Eka Suardana
Focus Journal : Language Review Vol 3 No 2 (2025): Focus Journal Language Review
Publisher : Universitas Bali Dwipa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62795/fjlg.v3i2.407

Abstract

This study examines the comparative conceptualization of language politeness in a pragmatic perspective through a systematic literature study approach to contemporary politeness strategy theories. A descriptive qualitative methodology was used to analyze academic publications for the 2020-2024 period related to linguistic politeness. The findings reveal that the Brown- Levinson theory remains the dominant paradigm, but it requires adaptation to diverse cultural and situational contexts. Comparative analysis shows significant variability in the implementation of politeness strategies based on communication medium, social hierarchy, and cultural orientation. The context of digital communication presents new challenges that require theoretical reformulation to accommodate the unique characteristics of virtual interactions. The theoretical implications point to the need to develop an integrative model that harmonizes universal principles with local particularities in the analysis of pragmatic linguistic politeness. The findings indicate that Brown and Levinson’s (1987) theory of politeness continues to serve as the dominant paradigm in politeness research due to its structured categorization of positive and negative politeness strategies. However, despite its enduring influence, the theory shows limitations when applied to diverse cultural and situational contexts, particularly in non-Western societies where norms of interpersonal interaction often diverge from its original assumptions.  
The Development of Indonesian Vocabulary in the Digital Era: A Literature Review on Neologisms and Linguistic Adaptation in Information Technology , Elistyani; I Made Juliarta; Komang Astiari
Focus Journal : Language Review Vol 3 No 2 (2025): Focus Journal Language Review
Publisher : Universitas Bali Dwipa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62795/fjlg.v3i2.409

Abstract

This literature review examines the development of Indonesian vocabulary in the digital era, focusing on neologisms and linguistic adaptation within information technology contexts. The study employs a qualitative literature review methodology, analyzing scholarly publications from 2020 to 2025 to understand patterns of vocabulary development, sociolinguistic factors, and integration processes in contemporary Indonesian usage. The analysis reveals five distinct neologism formation patterns: direct borrowing from English, hybrid formation combining foreign elements with Indonesian morphological structures, extensive use of acronyms and abbreviations, morphological creativity through affixation processes, and semantic extension of existing Indonesian words to accommodate digital meanings. Sociolinguistic factors significantly influencing vocabulary adaptation include generational differences, educational background, urban-rural divides, social media platform preferences, professional domain requirements, and regional linguistic variations. Integration levels vary considerably across different contexts, with terms like "internet" and "computer" achieving high integration in formal settings, while newer terms remain primarily in informal usage. Comparative analysis demonstrates that Indonesian occupies an intermediate position in global digital vocabulary adaptation, showing more flexibility than languages with strong resistance policies but maintaining creative adaptation mechanisms that preserve linguistic identity. The study identifies significant implications for language policy and planning, highlighting tensions between prescriptive terminology development and descriptive usage realities. The research reveals substantial gaps in longitudinal studies, corpus linguistics applications, and psycholinguistic investigations of digital vocabulary processing. The findings contribute to understanding how local languages adapt to global technological advancement while maintaining cultural and linguistic identity in digital environments.
Semantic Aspects of Spoken Interaction in the English Department at Bali Dwipa University , Ida Ayu Kade Dewi Artini; I Putu Eka Suardana; I Made Juliarta
Focus Journal : Language Review Vol 3 No 2 (2025): Focus Journal Language Review
Publisher : Universitas Bali Dwipa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62795/fjlg.v3i2.429

Abstract

This article, titled Semantic Aspects of Spoken Interaction in the English Department at Bali Dwipa University, investigates how meaning is constructed and conveyed through students’ everyday spoken communication. The main objective is to examine the semantic elements present in their conversations and to reveal the types of meaning relations that commonly appear in their speech. The data were obtained from spontaneous verbal exchanges among 20 undergraduate students (mean age = 20.8), all of whom were intermediate to advanced users of English and agreed to participate in the study. To gather the data, the researcher employed a non-participant observational technique, supported by audio recordings and brief observational notes. The recorded interactions were later transcribed and examined using a qualitative descriptive framework that emphasized semantic relations, including sense–reference distinctions and lexical meaning patterns. The analysis showed that the most prominent semantic relations used by the students were synonymy, hyponymy, and polysemy. Additionally, many utterances relied heavily on shared situational knowledge, highlighting the significant role of contextual reference and pragmatic reasoning in maintaining smooth interaction. Overall, the study demonstrates that students’ spoken discourse is influenced by both their choice of semantic forms and the context in which these forms are used. These insights imply that incorporating semantic-focused learning activities may help students strengthen their communicative abilities and deepen their awareness of how meaning functions in actual spoken situations. The outcomes of this research can also assist lecturers in developing instructional strategies that draw attention to semantic aspects of spoken language.