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PENANDAAN DAN BIODISTRIBUSI RADIOFARMAKA TERAPI KANKER OTAK 1251-NIMOTUZUMAB TERHADAP MENCIT NORMAL Ismuha, Ratu Ralna; Ramli, Martalena; Gunawan, Adang Hardi; Mutalib, Abdul; Subarnas, Anas
Jurnal Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka Vol 13, No 2 (2010): Jurnal PRR 2010
Publisher : Jurnal Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka

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ABSTRAKPENANDAAN DAN BIODISTRIBUSI RADIOFARMAKA TERAPI KANKER OTAK 125I-NIMOTUZUMAB TERHADAP MENCIT NORMAL. NIMOTUZUMAB adalah anti bodi monoclonal yang diketahui berperan banyak dalam antiproliferasi, proapoptisis dan efek antiangionik pada terapi kanker  otak  (glioma). Penandaan antibody monoklonal nimotuzumab dengan radiosiotop 1251yang memancarkan e1ektron auger telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode  iodogen. Hasil penelitiaan kemurnian radiokimia terbaik (97%)  menunjukan  mol  ratio protein (nimotuzumab) dengan kalium iodida  dan  lodogen adalah 1: 2: 1200  pada fraksi ke 6.  Kemurnian radiokimia diuji dengan  kromatografi kertas dengan fase diam  dan  fase gerak  masing –masing  adalah  kertas whatman  no. 1 dan  etanol-butanol-amonium  hidroksida dengan  perbandingan  3 : 2 : 1 Nilai Rf untuk  1251_nimotuzumab adalah 0,0 dan  125I adalah 0,9.  Hasil uji biodistribusi terhadap mencit normal selama 72 jam  menunjukan 125 I-nimotuzumab memiliki  waktu  paruh  yang  panjang  dan  terakumulasi  tinggi dalam organ  hati (1,97 ± 1,18%), organ ginjal (0,82± 0,28%)  dan  otot (0,61±,98%).  Sedangkan  akumulasi tertinggi  pada organ otak mencit normal (0,13 ±0,06%) baru terjadi setelah 24jam penyuntikan. Berdasarkan efek terapi dan akumulasi terhadap organ pada mencit normal, 1251_9imotuzumab berpotensi digunakan untuk terapi kanker otak. Kata kunci: Biodistribusi, Glioma, 1251,lodogen, Nimotuzumab ABSTRACT LABELING AND BIODISTRIBUSTION OF THERAPEUTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL FOR BRAIN CANCER 125I – NIMOTUZUMAB IN NORMAL MICE. Nimotuzumab is a monoclonal antibody which known giving contribution in antiproliferation, proapoptosis and antiangionik effect on the therapy of brain cancer (glioma). The labeling of monoclonal antibody nimotozumab with 1251which radiate Juger electrons has been done with idogen method. The best result of radiochemical purity (97%) was shown ihI fraction 6 with the mol ratio of nimotuzumab towards potassium iodide and iodogen was 1 : 2 : 1200. Radiochemical purity was examined by paper chromatography with whatman paper no. 1 as the stationary dhase and ethanol-butanol-ammonium hydroxide with a ratio of 3 : 2 : 1 as the mobile phase. Rf Values for 1251-nimotuzumab is 0.0, while Rf value of 1251is 0.9. The biodistribution result on normal mice for 72 hours showed that 1251-nimotuzumab not only has a long half-life time but also has high accumulation in liver (1.97 e. 1.18(%0.)kidey (0.82±0.28%) and  muscle ( 0.61 ± 0.98 % ). The higest accumulation in liver (1.97 mice ( 0.128±0.06% ) occurred 24 hours after injection . Based on trhwe therapeutic effect and organ accumulation on normal mice,  1251-nimotuzumab could be potentially used for brain cancer therapy. Keywords: Biodistribution, Glioma, 1251,lodogen, Nimotuzumab      
PENGARUH PENCUCIAN LARUTAN NaOCl DAN PENAMBAHAN KOLOM KEDUA ALUMINA TERHADAP YIELD DAN LOLOSAN Mo-99 DARI GENERATOR Mo-99/Tc-99m BERBASIS PZC Gunawan, Adang Hardi; Mutalib, Abdul; Lubis, Hotman; Awaludin, Rohadi; Sulaeman, .
Jurnal Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka Vol 8 (2005): JURNAL PRR 2005
Publisher : Jurnal Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka

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PENGARUH PENCUCIAN LARUTAN NaOCl DAN PENAMBAHAN KOLOM KEDUA ALUMINA TERHADAP YIELDDAN LOLOSAN Mo-99 DARI GENERATOR Mo-99/Tc-99m BERBASIS PZC. Alumina merupakan salah satu bahan utama dalam generator Mo-99/Tc-99m yang berfungsi sebagai zat pengadsorpsi molibdenum. Keterbatasan daya serap alumina terhadap molibdenum menyebabkan senyawa ini tidak dapat digunakan sebagai pengisi kolom untuk generator Mo-99/Tc-99m yang menggunakan Mo-99 hasil aktivasi neutron. Dengan diketemukannya senyawa baru sebagai zat pengadsorpsi molibdenum yaitu PZC (poly zirconium compound), telah memberikan harapan baru untuk dapat dilakukannya pembuatan generator Mo-99/Tc-99m. Penelitian pembuatan generator Mo-99/Tc-99m dengan menggunakan senyawa PZC sebagai adsorbent merupakan bentuk kerjasama antara PRR-BATAN Serpong dengan JAERI dan Kaken Co. Jepang. Dalam penelitian ini telah dilakukan percobaan pembuatan generator Mo-99/Tc-99m dengan melihat pengaruh penambahan pencucian menggunakan larutan NaOCl terhadap Yield dan lolosan Mo-99(Mo-99 breakthrough) dalam larutan Tc-99m hasil elusi . Parameter lainnya yang digunakan untuk mengurangi lolosan Mo-99 dalam Tc-99m hasil elusi adalah penambahan kolom alumina yang ditempatkan setelah kolom Mo-99 PZC.Hasil penentuan kapasitas serap senyawa PZC terhadap molibdenum diperoleh dengan melihat aktivitas Mo-99 setelah pemanasan 3 jam campuran PZC dan molibdenum dan diperoleh hasil setiap gram PZC mampu menyerap 80-95 % mg dari 268 mg molibdenum yang direaksikan. Hasil penentuan yield elusi generator Mo-99/Tc-99m dengan larutan pencuci salin diperoleh < 50 % dan Yield meningkat menjadi > 80 % setelah pencucian dilakukan dengan menggunakan larutan NaOCl 0,5 % atau 1 % . Penggunaan larutan pencuci NaOCl 0,5 % dan penggunaan kolom alumina sebagai kolom kedua mampu menjaga kestabilan Yield hasil elusi dan meminimalkan lolosan Mo-99 pada Tc-99m hasil elusi. Kata kunci: alumina, generator PZC, Mo-99,Tc-99m, NaOCl Alumina is one of main material in Mo-99/Tc-99m generator as molybdenum adsorbent. Limitation of alumina adsorption capacity to molybdenum cause this material cannot be applied as column filler for generator Mo-99/Tc-99m using Mo-99 from neutron activation . The invention of new compound as molybdenum adsorbent , PZC ( poly zirconium compound), have shown that the materials is a promising adsorbent for generator Mo-99/Tc-99m from (n,γ) irradiated molybdenum. The research of generator Mo-99/Tc-99m by using adsorbent PZC is form of cooperation between PRR-BATAN Serpong with JAERI and Kaken Co. Japan. In this research, the effects of addition of NaOCl solution to elution yield and Mo-99 breakthrough have been done. The other parameter used in this experiment to minimize Mo-99 breakthrough in Tc-99m is addition of second column alumina placed after Mo-99 PZC column. Adsorption capacity of PZC material to molybdenum determined by heating Mo-99 solution with PZC up to 3 hours and the result indicated 1 gram PZC adsorbed 80-95 % Mo-99 from the reacted 268 mg molybdenum. Yield percentage of the Mo-99/Tc-99m generator without rinsed by saline solution obtained < 50 % and the yield increased > 80 % after the column washing by using NaOCl 0,5 % or 1 % solutions. Usage of both NaOCl 0,5 % solution and alumina column as second column can give yield stability and minimize Mo-99 breakthrough at Tc-99m effluent. Key words: Alumina, PZC generator,Mo-99,Tc-99m, NaOCl
OPTIMASI KONDISI SPEKTROMETER ALFA DENGAN DETEKTOR ION-IMPLATED SILIKON DI PUSAT PRODUKSI RADIOISOTOP Kadarisman, Kadarisman; Mutalib, Abdul; Gunawan, Adang Hardi; Lubis, Hotman; Lestari, Enny; Mujinah, Mujinah; Hafid, Dadang
Jurnal Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka Vol 1, No 1 (1998): Jurnal PRR 1998
Publisher : Jurnal Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka

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OPTIMASI KONDISI SPEKTROMETER ALFA DENGAN DETEKTOR ION­IMPLATED SILIKON DI PUSAT PRODUKSI RADIOISOTOP. Telah dilakukan penetapan kondisi optimum spektrometer alfa yang dibubungkan dengan detektor silikon yang diimplantasi ion dengan standar sumber radiasi alfa campuran 239Pu, 241Am dan 244Cm.Pengamatan meliputi penetapan jarak antara cuplikan dengan detektor, tingkat kevakuman, batas deteksi alat dan penetapan efisiensi pencacahan dari masing-masing radionuklida. Dari percobaan diperoleh hasil kondisi optimum yaitu, jarak antara detektor dengan standar 1- 2 cm, tekanan kevakuman -1050 mbar, batas deteksi 5,1 dpm dan efisiensi pencacahan masing-masing untuk 239Pu (5157 keV) 10.6%, 241Am(5486 keV) 10,3% dan 244Cm(5805 keV) 9,9%. OPTIMIZATION OF ALPHA SPECTROMETER COUPLED TO ION-IMPLANTED SILICON DETECTOR IN RADIOISOTOPE PRODUCTION CENTER. The optimization of alpha spectrometer coupled to an ion-implanted silicon detector was carried out using an alpha radiation mixed standard source containing radionuclides of 239Pu, 241Am and 244Cm. This experiment involved the determination of the optimum distance between a radiation source and the detector surface, the pressure of the vacuum chamber, and the detection limit and the efficiency of the detector. The results show that the optimum distance between the radiation source and the detector is 1-2 cm; the pressure is -1050 mbar; the detection limit is 5.1 dpm, and the efficiencies for 239Pu ( 5157 keV), 24lAm (5486 keV) and 244Cm(5805 keV) are 10.6%, 10.3% and 9.9%, respectively.
PENGEMBANGAN PROSES PRODUKSI MOLIBDENUM-99 HASIL FISI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN TARGET FOIL LOGAM Uranium PENGKAYAAN RENDAH Mutalib, Abdul; Vandegrift, G. F.; Conner, C.; Gunawan, Adang Hardi; Lubis, Hotman; Sukmana, Ateng; Purwadi, Bambang; Wisnukaton, Khadarisman; Jatmiko, Diki Tri; Sriyono, Sriyono
Jurnal Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka Vol 3, No 1 (2000): JURNAL PRR 2000
Publisher : Jurnal Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka

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PENGEMBANGAN PROSES PRODUKSI MOLIBDENUM-99 HASIL FISI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN TARGET FOIL LOGAM URANIUM PENGKAYAAN RENDAH. Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional dan Argonne National Laboratory dewasa ini sedang melaksanakan kerja sama penelitian dan pengembangan produksi molibdenum-99 dengan menggunakan foil logam uranium pengkayaan rendah. Pembahasan dalam makalah ini lebih difokuskan terhadap hasil kerja sama pengembangan dan penelitian tersebut yang telah dilaksanakan di Pusat Pengembangan Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka. Dalam makalah dijelaskan (1) keberhasilan pemisahan dan pemurnian 99Mo dari target foil logam uranium pengkayaan rendah yang telah diiradiasi di reaktor RSG-GA Siwabesy, dan (2) keberhasilan memodifikasi proses Cintichem. Hasil pengembangan pendahuluan metoda kuantitatif elektrodeposisi cemaran uranium dan plutonium di dalam 99Mo juga akan dijelaskan. DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES OF FISSION PRODUCT MOLYBDENUM-99 USING LEU METAL FOIL TARGETS. A collaboration is underway between Indonesian National Nuclear Energy Agency and Argonne National Laboratory to carry out R&D on the production of molybdenum-99 using LEU (Low Enriched Uranium)-metal foil targets. A review in this paper is focused mainly on the results of laboratory experiments conducted at the Center for Development of Radioisotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals, Serpong. It describes succeses in (1) performing separation and purification of 99Mo in the irradiated LEU-metal foil targets, and (2) modifying Cintichem procedure. A method for quantitatively electrodepositing uranium and plutonium contaminants in the 99Mo is also described.
PENGGUNAAN SILIKA SEBAGAI MEDIA MIGRASI PEMISAHAN ITRIUM-90 DARI STRONSIUM-90 DENGAN METODE ELEKTROFORESIS Sulaiman, Sulaiman; Gunawan, Adang Hardi; Mutalib, Abdul
Jurnal Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka Vol 13, No 2 (2010): Jurnal PRR 2010
Publisher : Jurnal Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka

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ABSTRAKPENGGUNAAN SILIKA SEBAGAI MEDIA MIGRASI PEMISAHAN ITRIUM-90 DARISTRONSIUM-90 DENGAN METODE ELEKTROFORESIS.Itrium-90 merupakan radioisotop yangbanyak digunakan dalam kedokteran nuklir untuk keperluan terapi kanker. Untuk memperoleh 90y yangmemenuhi persyaratan terapi kanker diperlukan metode pemisahan 90y yang praktis dari campuran 90Sr/Oy.Diperlukan media migrasi yang sesuai untuk memisahkan 90y dari 90Sr dengan metode elektroforesis. Telahdilakukan penelitian penggunaan silika sebagai media migrasi pada pemisahan senyawa kompleks 90y dan90Sr menggunakan metode elektroforesis. Elektroforesis dilakukan dengan variasi 2 jenis media migrasi yaitukertas dan silika serta variasi waktu elektroforesis (2,5; 3; 4; 4,5; dan 5 jam), menggunakan penyanggatartrat 0, I M; pH 5. Dihipotesakan bahwa silika sebagai bahan anorganik dapat digunakan untuk mediamigrasi elektroforesis. Penelitian ini menggunakan 85Sr sebagai simulasi 90Sr. Percobaan menunjukkanbahwa senyawa kompleks y+3 dalam larutan penyangga tartrat migrasi ke anoda, sebaliknya Sr+2 tidakmembentuk senyawa kompleks dengan larutan penyangga dan bermigrasi ke katoda dengan kedua mediamigrasi yang digunakan. Silika dapat digunakan sebagai media migrasi untuk pemisahan 90y dari 90Sr, waktumigrasi untuk silika lebih lama dibanding dengan kertas pada parameter operasional elektroforesis yangsama. Dengan demikian data yang diperoleh dapat menjadi acuan awal yang mendukung terbentuknyagenerator 90Sr ;90Y.Kata kunci : elektroforesis, 90y, 90Sr, 85Sr, Silika.ABSTRACTUSAGE OF SILICA AS MIGRATION MEDIA FOR SEPARATION OF YTTRIUM-90FROM STRONTIUM-90 USING ELECTROPHORESIS METHOD.Yttrium-90 is one of mostly usedradioisotope for cancer therapy in nuclear medicine. For obtaining 90y which fulfill the requirements forcancer th erapy requir.e. s a simp Ie met I10d for separatIO. n 0f 90y firom 90SrpOY' mixture. A n approprIa.temigration media to separate 90y from 90Sr was required. The usage of silica as migration media on separationof 90y and 90Sr complex compound has been carried using electrophoresis method. This procedure wascarried out by varying two kinds of migration media: i.e. paper and silica; as well as varying electrophoresistime (2.5; 3; 4; 4.5; and 5 hr) using tartrat buffer 0.1 M; pH 5. It was hypothesized that the silica can be usedas anorganic material for migration on electrophoresis. The research used 85Sr as simulation of 90Sr. Theresults showed that y+3 complex in tartrat buffer migrated to anode, on the other hand, Sr+2 did not form acomplex compound with those buffer solution. The silica can be used as migration media to separate 90yfrom 90Sr. Migration time for silica was longer than paper using similar parameter of electrophoresis.Therefore, the data obtained from this study can be used as a reference to support formation of 90Sr;9°ygenerator.Keywords: Electrophoresis, 90y, 90Sr, 85Sr, Silica.
Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Produksi Bawang Merah di Desa Tampo Kecamatan Anggeraja Kabupaten Enrekang Mutalib, Abdul; -, Nurhapsa; Sriwahyuningsih, A. Erna
Jurnal Ilmiah Ecosystem Vol. 20 No. 1 (2020): ECOSYSTEM VOL.20 NO 1 TAHUN 2020
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian pada Masyarakat Universitas Bosowa

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The study was conducted using multiple linear regression analysis. The aim is to analyze how much the use of production factors are land area (X1), seeds (X2), labor (X3), fertilizer (X4) and insecticide (X5) on the production of shallots (Y). the coefficient of determination (R2) in this study is 0.967, meaning that the influence of factors of production on production can be explained by the independent variable (X) of 96.7%, the rest is explained by other factors outside this study. The value of F-count 140,811> F-table 2.60 at 95% confidence level so that H1 is accepted and H0 is rejected. This means that simultaneously there is a significant influence between the area of land, seeds, labor, fertilizer and insecticide on the production of shallots. Partially the area of land has a significant effect on production, while seeds, labor, fertilizer and insecticides have no significant effect on the production of shallots.
PERBUDAKAN MODERN DI ARAB SAUDI: SEKSUALITAS MAJIKAN DAN BUDAK PEREMPUAN DI ZAMAN JAHILIYAH La maa, Fini; Mutalib, Abdul; Nasim, Abu Sahman
Indonesian Journal of Shariah and Justice Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Program Studi Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, Program Pascasarjana Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Ternate

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46339/ijsj.v4i1.79

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Slavery is not a product of Islam as it existed long before the Prophet Muhammad came. Even in the Qur'an, there are strong indications that enjoying sex with an unmarried slave girl is the same as enjoying it with a legal wife, so it is not even called zina in the Qur'an. It is evident that during the pre-Islamic era, sexuality between a master and his slave girl was commonplace. This research is a literature that is sourced in the form of books, journals and previous research that has the same theme of discussion as this issue. The result of this writing is that in Islam, the master or employer having sex with a slave girl is allowed and is not called adultery because it is stated in the Al-Qur'an surah Al-Mu'minun verses 5-7. The slavery that currently occurs in Saudi Arabia with various forms of slavery, one of which is the forced sexual intercourse of the master against his slave girl, is an act that is strictly prohibited and hated in Islam because it lowers the dignity and dignity of women.
Educational Innovation for Leaders of Private Islamic Religious Universities Mahdayeni, Mahdayeni; Mutalib, Abdul; Hawasyi, Luqmanul Hakim; Aprianto, Iwan; Hariandi, Ahmad
QALAMUNA: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial, dan Agama Vol 16 No 1 (2024): Qalamuna - Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial, dan Agama
Publisher : Lembaga Penerbitan dan Publikasi Ilmiah Program Pascasarjana IAI Sunan Giri Ponorogo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37680/qalamuna.v16i1.5000

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This research aims to analyze educational innovations carried out by leaders at Private Islamic Universities in Jambi Province. Using a descriptive qualitative approach with case studies at two institutes in Jambi Province, this research involved observation, interviews, and documentation as data collection techniques. Research locations include the Yasni Muaro Bungo Islamic Institute and the Tebo Islamic Institute. Research subjects included the IAI Chancellor, lecturers, and staff. The research results show that higher education leaders in Jambi Province have innovated in Islamic religious education through several leadership patterns. They optimize the internal and external potential of the campus, implement superior strategies for lecturers and students, and activate communication between campus leaders and employees. Obstacles include limited human resources, inadequate facilities, and an insufficient budget to support quality lecture activities. To overcome these obstacles, the Leadership has established a systematic work structure, explained job descriptions clearly, carried out collaboration and comparative studies with academic and government institutions, both private and state, and designed a qualification-based national curriculum. They also provide opportunities for lecturers to continue their education to the doctoral level and participate in certification programs, training and research seminars, and community service. Recommendations include competent support, management improvements, and adaptive leadership development. Government support and the development of quality and adaptive Leadership are also recommended.
Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Morfologi Bakteri Dekomposer Asal Rhizosfer Tanaman Bambu dari Kabupaten Sidrap, Sulawesi Selatan Mu'minah; Darmawan; Darwisah, Baso; Isnaini, Junyah Leli; Mutalib, Abdul; Ashan, Muh. Dzulkifly; Ismail, Sarief; Yuniarti, Erny
Jurnal Galung Tropika Vol 14 No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Pertanian, Peternakan dan Perikanan Universitas Muhammadiyah Parepare

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31850/jgt.v14i1.1330

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The utilization of microorganisms that can accelerate the composting process is the utilization of decomposing bacteria from decomposer products that are useful for accelerating the decomposition process of organic materials. This study aims to obtain bacterial isolates that can function as agricultural waste decomposers from bamboo rhizosphere from Sidrap Regency. This study consists of 4 stages, namely (i) Sampling in the bamboo plant rhizosphere, (ii) Isolation of rhizosphere soil samples, (iii) Identification of microorganism morphology, (iv), and the last stage is testing the ability to degrade cellulose (cellulolytic). The study results showed that in Sidrap Regency, there were 4 sampling points, namely at S 030 57 '25.4 "and E 1190 40'44. 9" and S 03056'09.7 "and E 1190 41'24.9". There, 52 isolates were successfully isolated from the four places. Isolates SDR1A101B and SDR1A107B have the best ability to degrade and decompose cellulose.
Meningkatkan Kesadaran Hukum Masyarakat Desa Galo-Galo Kecamatan Morotai Selatan Dalam Ber-Media Sosial Mutalib, Abdul; Hi. Abdullah, Rahmat; Talib, Abdul Balgis Hi.
IKHLAS: Jurnal Pengabdian Dosen dan Mahasiswa Vol. 4 No. 1 (2025): IKHLAS: Jurnal Pengabdian Dosen dan Mahasiswa
Publisher : Indra Institute Research & Publication

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Pengabdian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan selain mendukung program pendidikan tinggi dalam mengadvokasi perbuatan-perbuatan penyalahgunaan media sosial yang dikategorikan sebagai suatu kejahatan juga ditujukan untuk menyebarluaskan informasi pada masyarakat mengenai tanggung jawabnya dalam upaya mencegah terjadinya penyalahgunaan media sosial, dan mengingatkan kembali kepada masyarakat mengenai kewajibannya untuk memberikan perlindungan kepada korban penyalahgunaan media sosial. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam pengabdian ini adalah ceramah dan diskusi interaktif. Hasil ceramah dan diskusi secara interaktif dalam pengabdian ini menunjukkan bahwa memahami dengan baik terhadap materi yang disampaikan. Secara umum pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat terlaksana dengan baik, tertib dan lancar. Seluruh elemen masyarakat menunjukkan antusiasmenya melalui pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang disampaikan secara variatif dan direspons dengan jawaban-jawaban yang baik pula. Melalui seluruh tahapan pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian ini, masyarakat Desa Galo-Galo juga menyampaikan harapan agar kegiatan serupa dapat terus terlaksana di desanya dengan tema atau pokok pembahasan lain sesuai dengan kondisi objektif serta kebutuhannya sebagaimana masyarakat yang hidup di desa dan berada pada pulau kecil.