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CIVIL LIABILITY OF BANKS FOR CUSTOMER LOSSES CAUSED BY UNLAWFUL ACTS COMMITTED BY BANK EMPLOYEES: A CASE STUDY OF SUPREME COURT DECISION NUMBER 2442 K/PDT/2017 Agustono Ariska, Jeffrey; Sukarja, Detania; Robert, Robert
SIBATIK JOURNAL: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Sosial, Ekonomi, Budaya, Teknologi, Dan Pendidikan Vol. 4 No. 6 (2025)
Publisher : Penerbit Lafadz Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54443/sibatik.v4i6.2787

Abstract

This study examines the civil liability of banks in Indonesia for customer losses caused by unlawful acts committed by bank employees. Specifically, it analyzes the application of the vicarious liability principle under Article 1367 of the Civil Code and explores the legal framework governing such liability, including the Banking Law and relevant consumer protection laws. Through the case study of Supreme Court Decision Number 2442 K/Pdt/2017, the study investigates how the bank is held accountable for its employees' unlawful actions, focusing on the criteria for unlawful acts, the scope of employment, and the principle of prudence. The case establishes an important precedent regarding the proportional liability of banks in customer losses, highlighting the importance of rigorous internal controls and employee oversight. This study emphasizes the need for banks to apply the prudential principle, ensuring secure transactions and preventing fraudulent activities. The findings suggest that banks must enhance their compliance measures, such as implementing strict verification systems for large transactions, improving employee training, and fostering a culture of responsibility. Strengthening these practices will safeguard customer interests, reduce legal risks, and improve public trust in the banking sector, contributing to its long-term stability and growth.
THE ROLE OF INVESTIGATORS OF THE CYBER DIRECTORATE OF THE REGIONAL POLICE NORTH SUMATERA IN HANDLING CRIMINAL ACTS IN THE FIELD OF BANKING THROUGH CYBER INTERMEDIARIES Pasaribu, Hendri Goklas; Syahrin, Alvi; Robert, Robert
SIBATIK JOURNAL: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Sosial, Ekonomi, Budaya, Teknologi, Dan Pendidikan Vol. 4 No. 6 (2025)
Publisher : Penerbit Lafadz Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54443/sibatik.v4i6.2788

Abstract

In line with the development of the times and the increasing development that is also inseparable from all aspects related to human life. Related to developments in people's lives for all existing problems, which are increasingly easy to solve or vice versa, there are also a small number of people who experience difficulties related to facing and meeting their needs. This has resulted in the rapid development of technology that is developing in society. Development at this level of technology will also have an impact on the impacts that occur in almost all aspects of human life, and will also change people's behavior, and human civilization, on the other hand, related developments in the field of technology have resulted in life in the world becoming limitless. Against the increasingly rapid technological advances, of course, it will have an impact in terms of positive or negative aspects. However, in line with the development of the times, the use of information technology has changed both in terms of people's behavior and those related to human civilization in general. With the advancement of technology, banking also follows technological developments, by creating applications that aim to provide convenience to customers so that in carrying out transactions in the form of checking and payments can be done using mobile banking and internet banking only by using a smartphone without having to come to the bank or to an ATM machine.
KEABSAHAN RAPAT UMUM PEMEGANG SAHAM (RUPS) DALAM PERALIHAN SAHAM YANG BERASAL DARI OBJEK PPJB YANG BELUM LUNAS: STUDI PUTUSAN NOMOR 29/PDT.SUS-GLL/2022/PN NIAGA.JKT.PST Ayu Wulandari Damanik, Wiwin; Sunarmi, Sunarmi; Robert, Robert
SIBATIK JOURNAL: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Sosial, Ekonomi, Budaya, Teknologi, Dan Pendidikan Vol. 4 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Penerbit Lafadz Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54443/sibatik.v4i8.2959

Abstract

The General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS) is a company organ that holds the highest power in the company and holds all authorities that are not delegated by the directors and commissioners. In the transfer of shares in the Company, a General Meeting of Shareholders must first be held as in accordance with the provisions of Article 56 of Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies. The objectives of this thesis include analyzing the validity of the GMS in a Limited Liability Company regarding the Transfer of Shares from PPJB that has not been Paid in Full, analyzing the legal consequences of the Sale and Purchase Agreement (PPJB) for PPJB Objects that have not been paid in full in a bankrupt company, and analyzing the judge's considerations in the District Court decision No. 29 / Pdt.SUS-GLL / 2022 / PN.Niaga.Jkt.Pst. The type of research used is Normative Legal Research which will refer to laws and regulations. Normative legal research in this study was carried out using a statute approach and a case approach. The data sources used are Primary Legal Materials (written rules enforced by the state) Secondary Legal Materials (materials in the form of legal reviews) Tertiary Legal Materials (materials that support legal materials, both primary and secondary). Data collection techniques are through legal material literature studies (rechtsmaterialen) and field research through interviews. The results of this thesis research can be concluded firstly the validity of a GMS in a Company can be seen in Law No. 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies based on its material and formal elements. Secondly the legal consequences of the Sale and Purchase Agreement (PPJB) for the PPJB Object that has not been paid off in a bankrupt company are null and void, because the payment obligation has not been fulfilled. The three considerations of the judge in the decision were to sentence and order the Defendant (Curator) to remove the Immovable Assets, namely two apartment units owned by the plaintiff, from the Bankruptcy Asset List, as well as to remove them from all documents related to the bankrupt Assets (budel) and to declare that the Curator had committed an Unlawful Act (PMH).
Utilization Of Waste Glass Material In Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course (Acwc) As A Substitute For Fine Aggregate Ahmad, Muhammad Taufik Habibillah Ibnu; Helyanto, Helyanto; Sarpawi, Sarpawi; Robert, Robert
Journal of Social Research Vol. 4 No. 8 (2025): Journal of Social Research
Publisher : International Journal Labs

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55324/josr.v4i7.2680

Abstract

Sustainable development encourages the use of waste as an alternative material in infrastructure, including on road pavement. This study evaluated the performance of Laston Coated Wear (AC-WC) asphalt mixture with the substitution of glass waste as fine aggregates in variations in 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% levels. Material characteristics testing as well as Marshall tests and residual stability were carried out referring to the General Specification of Highways Division 6 of 2018 Revision 2. The results show that the glass waste meets the technical specifications as a fine aggregate. Blends with 10% glass content produce the highest Marshall stability value of 93.4% and the best overall performance. The Optimum Asphalt (KAO) content has increased as the glass content has increased, but it remains below the normal mix KAO. Mixing with glass also shows good water resistance. Therefore, a 10% glass waste substitution is recommended as an alternative to fine aggregates in AC-WC mixtures to support environmentally friendly road infrastructure.
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KONSUMEN DALAM PERDAGANGAN ASET KRIPTO DI BAWAH PENGAWASAN OTORITAS JASA KEUANGAN (OJK) Utama, Rizki Angga; Ginting, Budiman; Robert, Robert
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND SOCIAL RESEARCH Vol 8, No 3 (2025): August 2025
Publisher : Smart Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54314/jssr.v8i3.4122

Abstract

Abstract: The development of financial technology has encouraged the emergence of crypto assets as digital instruments that are widely traded in Indonesia. Crypto asset transactions, which were initially supervised by the Commodity Futures Trading Supervisory Agency (BAPPEBTI), have now shifted to the Financial Services Authority (OJK) based on the mandate of Law Number 4 of 2023 concerning the Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector (UU PPSK). This change has important legal implications, especially in terms of consumer protection as a party vulnerable to risks in crypto asset trading. Normative legal research uses research that conceptualizes law as what is written in laws and regulations (law in books). This protection includes preventive protection through transparency obligations, risk disclosure, consumer education, and repressive protection through complaint mechanisms, dispute resolution, and the imposition of administrative sanctions. With this approach, OJK aims to increase public trust in the crypto ecosystem and minimize legal risks that can harm consumers.Keyword: Crypto Assets, Consumer Legal Protection, OJK, PPSK Law Abstrak: Perkembangan teknologi finansial telah mendorong munculnya aset kripto sebagai instrumen digital yang diperjualbelikan secara luas di Indonesia. Transaksi aset kripto yang awalnya diawasi oleh Badan Pengawas Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi (BAPPEBTI), kini beralih ke Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) berdasarkan amanat Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2023 tentang Pengembangan dan Penguatan Sektor Keuangan (UU PPSK). Perubahan ini menimbulkan implikasi hukum penting, khususnya dalam hal perlindungan konsumen sebagai pihak yang rentan terhadap risiko dalam perdagangan aset kripto. Penelitian hukum normatif menggunakan penelitian yang mengkonsepkan hukum sebagai apa yang tertulis dalam peraturan perundang-undangan (law in books). Perlindungan ini mencakup perlindungan preventif melalui kewajiban transparansi, penyampaian risiko, edukasi kepada konsumen, serta perlindungan represif melalui mekanisme pengaduan, penyelesaian sengketa, hingga pengenaan sanksi administratif. Dengan pendekatan ini, OJK bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kepercayaan publik terhadap ekosistem kripto dan meminimalkan risiko hukum yang dapat merugikan konsumen. Kata Kunci: Aset Kripto, Perlindungan Hukum Konsumen, OJK, UU PPSK
ANALISIS YURIDIS TERHADAP KEABSAHAN SURAT PEMANGGILAN RAPAT UMUM PEMEGANG SAHAM Hutagalung, Jessica Imelda Putri; Siregar, Mahmul; Robert, Robert
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND SOCIAL RESEARCH Vol 8, No 3 (2025): August 2025
Publisher : Smart Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54314/jssr.v8i3.4264

Abstract

Abstract:A GMS canbeheldifmorethan 1/2 (half) ofthe total numberofshareswith voting rights are presentorrepresented in the GMS, unlessthelawand/orarticlesofassociationdetermine a largerquorum. If thequorumrequirement in the GMS summonsis not achieved, a second GMS summonscanbemade. If thequorumforthesecond GMS isalso not achieved, thecompanycanrequestthechairmanoftheDistrictCourttodeterminethequorumforthethird GMS. Thisthesisisentitled "Legal AnalysisoftheValidityoftheLetterofInvitationto a General MeetingofShareholders (Study ofDecisionNumber 2917 K/Pdt/2016)". The methodused in thisthesisisnormative legal researchandisdescriptiveanalytical in nature. This study uses a statuteapproachand a case study approach. The data sourceusessecondary data in theformofprimary, secondaryandtertiary legal materialsrelatedtotheproblemsstudiedandthe data willbeanalyzedusingthedeductiveconclusiondrawingmethod. The resultsofthe study provide a conclusionthatthevalidityofholding a GMS bythecommissionerbecausetheDirectors are absentis valid andthecompanycanrequestthechairmanoftheDistrictCourttodeterminethequorumforthethird GMS. The GMS isalwaysheld in accordancewith Law Number 40 of 2007 concerningLimitedLiabilityCompaniesandtheCompany'sarticlesofassociationbecauseifthequorumforthe GMS is not met, anapplicationfordeterminingthequorummustbesubmittedtotheChairmanoftheDistrictCourt.  Keyword:GMS, Board of Commissioners, Letter of Invitation  Abstrak: RUPS dapatdilangsungkanjikadalam RUPS lebihdari 1/2 (seperdua) bagiandarijumlahseluruhsahamdenganhaksuarahadirataudiwakili, kecualiundang-undang dan/atauanggarandasarmenentukanjumlahkuorum yang lebihbesar. Apabilasyaratkuorumdalampemanggilan RUPS tidaktercapai, pemanggilan RUPS keduabisadilakukan. Bila kuorum RUPS kedua juga tidaktercapai, makaperseroandapatmemohonkepadaketuaPengadilan Negeri agar ditetapkankuorumuntuk RUPS ketiga. Tesis iniberjudul “AnalisisYuridisTerhadapKeabsahan Surat PemanggilanRapat Umum Pemegang Saham (Studi PutusanNomor 2917 K/Pdt/2016)”. Metode yang digunakandalamtesisiniadalahpenelitianyuridisnormatif dan bersifatdekriptifanalitis. Penelitianinimenggunakanpendekatanundang-undang (statuteapproach) dan pendekatankasus(case study).Sumber data menggunakan data sekunderberupabahanhukum primer, sekunder dan tersier yang berkaitandenganpermasalahan yang diteliti dan data akandianalisisdenganmetodepenarikankesimpulandeduktif. Hasil penelitianmemberikankesimpulankeabsahanpenyelenggaraan RUPS oleh komisariskarenaDireksiberhalanganadalahsah dan erseroandapatmemohonkepadaketuaPengadilan Negeri agar ditetapkankuorum RUPS ketiga. RUPS selaludiselenggarakansesuaidenganUndang-UndangNomor 40 Tahun 2007 Tentang Perseroan Terbatas dan anggarandasar Perseroan karenajikakourum RUPS tidakterpenuhi dan harusmengajukanpermohonanpenetapankourumkepadaKetuaPengadilan Negeri.  Kata kunci: RUPS, Dewan Komisaris, Surat Pemanggilan 
Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Pelaku Pencucian Uang dalam Bentuk Investasi Reksadana (Analisis Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2937 K/Pid.Sus/2021) Bella Azigna Purnama; Mulyadi, Mahmud; Robert, Robert
Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik Vol. 4 No. 4 (2024): (JIHHP) Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (Mei - Juni 2024)
Publisher : Dinasti Review Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/jihhp.v4i4.2084

Abstract

Pencucian uang dalam investasi reksadana di Indonesia diatur melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2010 tentang Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang (UU TPPU) yang menetapkan sanksi hingga 20 tahun penjara dan denda maksimal Rp10 miliar. Selain itu, Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) mengatur penerapan program anti pencucian uang melalui Peraturan OJK Nomor 12/POJK.01/2017. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaturan hukum, pembuktian pidana asal, dan pertanggungjawaban pidana terkait tindak pidana pencucian uang dalam investasi reksadana berdasarkan Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2937 K/Pid.Sus/2021. Metode penelitian ini adalah hukum normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Benny Tjokrosaputro terbukti melakukan korupsi dan pencucian uang dalam pengelolaan investasi PT Asuransi Jiwasraya, merugikan negara sebesar Rp16,8 triliun. Majelis Hakim menerapkan teori pembuktian terbalik dan sistem penyerapan dipertajam (concursus realis), menjatuhkan pidana penjara seumur hidup dan denda uang pengganti Rp6,078 triliun. Penelitian ini memberikan wawasan tentang mekanisme pencegahan dan penindakan kejahatan keuangan, serta mendukung terciptanya sistem keuangan yang aman dan bebas dari praktik ilegal.
PENERAPAN METODE STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING UNTUK ANALISIS PRIORITAS PROGRAM PENANGGULANGAN BANJIR DI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI (DAS) LANDAK BAGIAN HULU Robert, Robert; Nurhayati, Nurhayati; Danial, M Meddy
Jurnal Teknik Sipil Vol 21, No 1 (2021): JURNAL TEKNIK SIPIL EDISI JUNI 2021
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik Universitas Tanjungpura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26418/jtst.v21i1.59201

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Tujuan penelitian ini menentukan penanggulangan banjir di DAS Landak bagian hulu Sungai Landak melintasi tiga kabupaten/kota yakni Kabupaten Landak, Kabupaten Kubu Raya dan Kota Pontianak. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat bermanfaat dalam menentukan kebijakan penanggulangan banjir apabila dana yang tersedia terbatas. Lokasi studi ini terletak di DAS Landak Bagian Hulu dalam Wilayah Kerja Administrasi Kecamatan Kuala Behe, Kabupaten Landak, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksplanatori (explanatory research), dan pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui kuesioner. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis SEM (Structural Equation Model) yang didasarkan pada evaluasi atas adanya hubungan saling ketergantungan antar variabel. Uji Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), digunakan untuk menguji unidimensional validitas dan reliabilitas model pengukuran konstruk yang tidak dapat diukur langsung. CFA memiliki 2 tujuan utama yaitu mengukur indikator-indikator yang dikonsepsikan secara unidimensional, tepat, dan konsisten juga indikator-indikator yang dominan membentuk konstruk yang diteliti. Berdasarkan jawaban responden terhadap variabel pemerintah diperoleh nilai rata-rata 4,07, dimana nilai tersebut masuk dalam kategori tinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa responden memiliki penilaian yang baik terhadap variabel pemerintah terkait dalam penanganan masalah banjir dan masyarakat pemukiman sekitar bagian hulu DAS Landak. Terdapat satu indikator yang lebih rendah dari indikator lainnya, yaitu Indikator   X1.8 (Retarding basin) pada dimensi structural dengan nilai rata-rata 0,533. Sedangkan nilai indikator yang paling tinggi berada pada indikator X2.2 (Rumah panggung) untuk dimensi structural dengan nilai rata-rata sebesar 0,863. Upaya penanggulangan banjir berdasarkan nilai standardized regression weights adalah dengan dimensi structural yaitu membuat rumah panggung dengan nilai estimasi sebesar 0,863.
PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN HUKUM AFFILIATOR YANG MEMPROMOSIKAN PRODUK MENYEBABKAN KERUGIAN KONSUMEN Adli Fahmi Lubis, Muhammad; Sunarmi, Sunarmi; Siregar, Mahmul; Robert, Robert
SIBATIK JOURNAL: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Sosial, Ekonomi, Budaya, Teknologi, Dan Pendidikan Vol. 3 No. 4 (2024): March
Publisher : Penerbit Lafadz Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54443/sibatik.v3i4.1874

Abstract

Binomo as a trading platform has claimed many victims, this happened with the presence of affiliates who also promoted large amounts of profits obtained in a short time. Indra Kenz as an influencer and affiliate has been named a suspect. It is necessary to study the forms of misleading promotion that cause consumer losses, the mechanism for compensation for losses by affiliates to consumers and the legal responsibility of affiliates who promote products that cause consumer losses. This research is normative research using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. Data uses secondary data sources, consisting of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials collected using library study techniques. The data analysis used is qualitative analysis. The research found and concluded that forms of misleading promotions that cause consumer losses include misleading promotions with evidence of success and the promise of large profits promised by affiliates. The mechanism for returning losses to victims of Binary Options crimes is by filing a lawsuit for compensation, both civil and UUPK. Legal liability by affiliates who promote products that cause consumer losses can be subject to sanctions as stated in Article 28 paragraph (1) in conjunction with Article 45A paragraph (1) of the ITE Law and Article 1365 of the Civil Code. If referring to Article 9 paragraph (1) letter k UUPK, then affiliates can be subject to sanctions in Article 62 paragraph (1) UUPK.
Legal Consequences of Non-Disclosure Agreements Between Companies and Employees Regarding the Protection of Sales Methods as Trade Secrets Lemmy, Muhammad Ilham Akbar; Siregar, Mahmul; Robert, Robert
DE LEGA LATA: JURNAL ILMU HUKUM Vol 10, No 2 (2025): July-December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30596/dll.v10i2.27196

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The use of NDAs can certainly be employed as a preventive measure against the disclosure of trade secrets. An NDA is an agreement or contract used to protect a company's confidential information from being leaked. This research discusses the issue: What is the legal standing of NDAs in protecting a company's trade secrets from the perspective of Indonesian law? What are the legal consequences of NDAs between companies and employees regarding the protection of sales methods as trade secrets?This study uses a normative legal research method with a conceptual approach, a legislative approach, and an analytical approach. The research is descriptive in nature. The legal materials used include primary legal materials, namely Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 30 of 2000 concerning Trade Secrets, and secondary legal materials.The results of this study indicate the urgency of creating NDAs between companies and employees in production or service sectors that regulate the boundaries of trade secrets prohibited from being disclosed to the public, thereby ensuring legal certainty between the parties. The impact of this will result in losses for the company and may lead to legal consequences in the form of civil sanctions causing compensation and criminal sanctions resulting in imprisonment and fines.Keywords: Legal Consequences, NDA, Company, Sales Methods, Secrets Trade.