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All Journal Journal of Tropical Life Science : International Journal of Theoretical, Experimental, and Applied Life Sciences Jurnal Kedokteran Brawijaya Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention Jurnal Farmasi Klinik Indonesia The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Majalah Kesehatan FKUB Narra J Malang Respiratory Journal Asian Journal of Health Research Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran Keluarga Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
Dewi Santosaningsih
Department Of Parasitology, Faculty Of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Computer Science & IT Education Environmental Science Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Physics Public Health Social Sciences Other

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Comparison between cytomegalovirus and HIV viral load among HIV patient who underwent antiretroviral therapy Tulle, Andrew; Santosaningsih, Dewi; Hastuti, Nurima Diyah Puji
Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Available online : 1 December 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Society for Clinical Microbiology (Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Mikrobiologi Klinik Indonesia)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51559/jcmid.v5i2.75

Abstract

Introduction: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most prevalent viral infections in humans. The prevalence is approximately 20 percent among children and nearly 100 percent among adults. Among immunocompetent individuals, CMV infection remains predominantly asymptomatic. However, in immunocompromised patients such as people with HIV (PWH), it can cause end-organ diseases that may be life-threatening. With the increasing administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV infection can be controlled, and complications from CMV infection have been decreasing. One critical method for monitoring CMV infection is identifying CMV viremia. This study aims to investigate whether CMV viremia persists in PWH undergoing ART and to explore its relationship with HIV viral load. The research seeks to provide insights to guide clinical management of CMV reactivation in this patient population Methods: This cross-sectional study analysed archived plasma samples to detect and compare CMV viral load and HIV viral load among PWH undergoing ART. The samples were archived biological materials collected for HIV viral load detection. All samples were previously tested by PCR to detect CMV. Data were analysed using the Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation test. Result: Among 67 total samples, seven were identified as CMV positive, displaying various viral load concentrations. Analysis using the Mann-Whitney test demonstrated a statistically significant difference between variables, while the Spearman correlation test showed no correlation between them. This indicated that CMV viremia may not be directly influenced by HIV infection. Conclusion: Despite the significant difference between variables, the CMV viral load among PWH undergoing ART was not correlated with HIV viral load status. These findings suggest that CMV monitoring should be considered independently of HIV viral load status. However, the limited sample size suggests caution in generalizing these findings.
Elevated TLR4 as Potential Biomarker for RMT-positive Subclinical Tuberculosis Priyono, Riski Irawan Putra; Handono, Kusworini; Djajalaksana, Susanthy; Santosaningsih, Dewi
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i2.4066

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Subclinical tuberculosis (TB) is often underdiagnosed due to the limited sensitivity of sputum-based diagnostics. Host-response biomarkers, particularly pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), offer a potential alternative. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), and dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) are involved in the early recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and may reflect initial immune activation under conditions of low bacillary burden and absent clinical symptoms. However, their diagnostic value in subclinical TB remains unclear. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate their potential as biomarkers for subclinical TB.METHODS: Eighty-eight asymptomatic adults with a radiographic suspicion of pulmonary TB were classified into rapid molecular test (RMT)-positive and RMT-negative groups based on GeneXpert MTB/Rifampicin (RIF) results, which served as the reference standard. Blood samples were collected from the subjects, and their serum levels of TLR4, SR-B1, and DC-SIGN were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).RESULTS: TLR4 levels were significantly higher in the RMT-positive group (p=0.011), whereas SR-B1 and DC-SIGN showed no significant differences. TLR4 was the only biomarker with strong correlation with subclinical TB status (r=0.861, p<0.001). Based on logistic regression results, TLR4 was identified as the superior predictor with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.937, 91.3% sensitivity, and 89.8% accuracy. Combining SR-B1 and DC-SIGN with TLR4 did not materially improve diagnostic performance over the TLR4-only model.CONCLUSION: TLR4 is a promising biomarker associated with RMT-positive status among individuals with suspected subclinical TB, with strong diagnostic performance. Patients with both RMT-positive results and elevated TLR4 levels may require closer monitoring for potential progression to active disease.KEYWORDS: subclinical tuberculosis, PRRs, TLR4, SR-B1, DC-SIGN, tuberculosis biomarker
Co-Authors 'Arifin, Miftah Saiful Abousouh, Emad Khaleefah Achmad Rudijanto Agustina Tri Endharti Agustinus Santoso Anita Purnamayanti Arie Zainul Fatoni Arief Satria Hardika Aslam, Achmad Dian Handayani Djajalaksana, Susanthy Endang S. Rahayu Erikawati, Dewi Fikhy Rizky Hapsari Gatya, Mifta Halim, Putri Aulawiya Rosyida Hastuti, Nurima Diyah Puji Hidayah, Rizka Nurul Irene Ratridewi, Irene Jonny K. Fajar Kristi, Brenda Kusworini Handono Lilik Zuhriyah Lucida, Maria Inge Mariyatun Mariyatun, Mariyatun Martha Nurani P Martin, Amandus Michael Mayniar Ayu Rahmadianti, Mayniar Ayu Melani, Ira Resmi Muti'ah, Roihatul Muwarni, Sri Nafisa, Belia Bima Nanik Setijowati Nazila Tanasya Nirwan Nugraha L. Noorhamdani AS Pramesi, Putrika C. Priyono, Riski Irawan Putra Putra, Ngakan Rahayu, Siwipeni I. Ramadhona, Aisya Rasyidin Rumlus Riandinata, Mohammad Reza Rika Yulia Roekistiningsih Roekistiningsih Sanarto Santoso Sjoekoer M. Dzen Sugiri, Jane Suheni Ninik Hariyati Sutjipto, Yossy I. Syifa Mustika Teguh Wiyono Thomas E. C. J. Huwae Tulle, Andrew Wafi, Muhammad Farid Wijaya Kartanegara Wildan Aulia Firdaus Wiyasa, I Wayan Arsana Yaman, Muli Yusuf, Evira Natasya