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Comparative Analysis of Distance Metrics in KNN and SMOTE Algorithms for Software Defect Prediction Khusnul Rahmi Maulidha; Mohammad Reza Faisal; Setyo Wahyu Saputro; Friska Abadi; Dodon Turianto Nugrahadi; Puput Dani Prasetyo Adi; Hariyady Hariyady
Telematika Vol 18, No 1: February (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Amikom Purwokerto

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35671/telematika.v18i1.3008

Abstract

As the complexity and scale of projects increase, new challenges arise related to handling software defects. One solution uses machine learning-based software defect prediction techniques, such as the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm. However, KNN’s performance can be hindered by the majority vote mechanism and the distance/similarity metric choice, especially when applied to imbalanced datasets. This research compares the effectiveness of Euclidean, Hamming, Cosine, and Canberra distance metrics on KNN performance, both before and after the application of SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique). Results show significant improvements in the AUC and F-1 measure values across various datasets after the SMOTE application. Following the SMOTE application, Euclidean distance produced an AUC of 0.7752 and an F1 of 0.7311 for the EQ dataset. With Canberra distance and SMOTE, the JDT dataset produced an AUC of 0.7707 and an F-1 of 0.6342. The LC dataset improved to 0.6752 and 0.3733 in tandem with the ML dataset, which climbed to 0.6845 and 0.4261 with Canberra distance. Lastly, after using SMOTE, the PDE dataset improved to 0.6580 and 0.3957 with Canberra distance. The findings confirm that SMOTE, combined with suitable distance metrics, significantly boosts KNN’s prediction accuracy, with a P-value of 0.0001.
Early Fusion of CNN Features for Multimodal Biometric Authentication from ECG and Fingerprint Using MLP, LSTM, GCN, and GAT Priyatama, Muhammad Abdhi; Nugrahadi, Dodon Turianto; Budiman, Irwan; Farmadi, Andi; Faisal, Mohammad Reza; Purnama, Bedy; Adi, Puput Dani Prasetyo; Ngo, Luu Duc
Jurnal Teknik Informatika (Jutif) Vol. 6 No. 6 (2025): JUTIF Volume 6, Number 6, Desember 2025
Publisher : Informatika, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52436/1.jutif.2025.6.6.5299

Abstract

Traditional authentication methods such as PINs and passwords remain vulnerable to theft and hacking, demanding more secure alternatives. Biometric approaches address these weaknesses, yet unimodal systems like fingerprints or facial recognition are still prone to spoofing and environmental disturbances. This study aims to enhance biometric reliability through a multimodal framework integrating electrocardiogram (ECG) signals and fingerprint images. Fingerprint features were extracted using three deep convolutional networks—VGG16, ResNet50, and DenseNet121—while ECG signals were segmented around the first R-peak to produce feature vectors of varying dimensions. Both modalities were fused at the feature level using early fusion and classified with four deep learning algorithms: Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Graph Convolutional Network (GCN), and Graph Attention Network (GAT). Experimental results demonstrated that the combination of VGG16 + LSTM and ResNet50 + LSTM achieved the highest identification accuracy of 98.75 %, while DenseNet121 + MLP yielded comparable performance. MLP and LSTM consistently outperformed GCN and GAT, confirming the suitability of sequential and feed-forward models for fused feature embeddings. By employing R-peak-based ECG segmentation and CNN-driven fingerprint features, the proposed system significantly improves classification stability and robustness. This multimodal biometric design strengthens protection against spoofing and impersonation, providing a scalable and secure authentication solution for high-security applications such as digital payments, healthcare, and IoT devices.
Comparative Performance Evaluation of Linear, Bagging, and Boosting Models Using BorutaSHAP for Software Defect Prediction on NASA MDP Datasets Kartika, Najla Putri; Herteno, Rudy; Budiman, Irwan; Nugrahadi, Dodon Turianto; Abadi, Friska; Ahmad, Umar Ali; Faisal, Mohammad Reza
Jurnal Teknik Informatika (Jutif) Vol. 6 No. 6 (2025): JUTIF Volume 6, Number 6, Desember 2025
Publisher : Informatika, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52436/1.jutif.2025.6.6.5393

Abstract

Software defect prediction aims to identify potentially defective modules early on in order to improve software reliability and reduce maintenance costs. However, challenges such as high feature dimensions, irrelevant metrics, and class imbalance often reduce the performance of prediction models. This research aims to compare the performance of three classification model groups—linear, bagging, and boosting—combined with the BorutaSHAP feature selection method to improve prediction stability and interpretability. A total of twelve datasets from the NASA Metrics Data Program (MDP) were used as test references. The research stages included data preprocessing, class balancing using the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE), feature selection with BorutaSHAP, and model training using five algorithms, namely Logistic Regression, Linear SVC, Random Forest, Extra Trees, and XGBoost. The evaluation was conducted with Stratified 5-Fold Cross-Validation using the F1-score and Area Under the Curve (AUC) metrics. The experimental results showed that tree-based ensemble models provided the most consistent performance, with Extra Trees recording the highest average AUC of 0.794 ± 0.05, followed by Random Forest (0.783 ± 0.06). The XGBoost model provided the best results on the PC4 dataset (AUC = 0.937 ± 0.008), demonstrating its ability to handle complex data patterns. These findings prove that BorutaSHAP is effective in filtering relevant features, improving classification reliability, and strengthening transparency and interpretability in the Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) framework for software quality improvement.
Co-Authors Abdul Gafur Adi Mu'Ammar, Rifqi Adi, Puput Dani Prasetyo Ahmad Rusadi Ahmad Rusadi Ahmad Rusadi Arrahimi - Universitas Lambung Mangkurat) Ahmad Rusadi Arrahimi - Universitas Lambung Mangkurat) Aida, Nor Aji Triwerdaya Andi Farmadi Andi Farmadi Andi Farmadi Andi Farmadi Andi Farmadi Ando Hamonangan Saragih Apriana, Susi Ardiansyah Sukma Wijaya Arfan Eko Fahrudin Arifin Hidayat Azwari, Ayu Riana Sari Azwari, Ayu RianaSari Bachtiar, Adam Mukharil Badali, Rahmat Amin Bagaskara Ridho Vandio Bahriddin Abapihi Bedy Purnama Cahyadi, Rinova Firman Dike Bayu Magfira, Dike Bayu Djordi Hadibaya Dwi Kartini Dwi Kartini Dwi Kartini Dwi Kartini, Dwi Emy Iryanie, Emy Faisal Murtadho Fajrin Azwary Fatma Indriani Fatma Indriani Fatma Indriani Fhadilla Muhammad Fitra Ahya Mubarok Fitria Agustina fitria Fitriani, Karlina Elreine Fitrinadi Friska Abadi Friska Abadi Gunawan Gunawan Gunawan Gunawan Hafiz Ilhami Hariyady Hariyady Herteno, Rudy Heru Kartika Candra, Heru Kartika Huynh, Phuoc-Hai Ichsan Ridwan Imam Tahyudin Indah Ayu Septriyaningrum Irwan Budiman Irwan Budiman Irwan Budiman Irwan Budiman Irwan Budiman Irwan Budiman Ismail Didit Samudro Julius Tunggono Jumadi Mabe Parenreng Jumadi Mabe Parenreng Junaidi, Ridha Fahmi Kartika, Najla Putri Kenji Satou Keswani, Ryan Rhiveldi Kevin Yudhaprawira Halim Khusnul Rahmi Maulidha Liling Triyasmono Luu Duc Ngo M Kevin Warendra M. Apriannur Martalisa, Asri Mera Kartika Delimayanti Mera Kartika Delimayanti Midfai Yabani Miftahul Muhaemen Mohammad Reza Faisal Mohammad Reza Faisal Moses Okechukwu Onyesolu Muhamad Ihsanul Qamil Muhammad Alkaff Muhammad Alkaff Muhammad Alvin Alfando Muhammad Anshari Muhammad Haekal Muhammad Hasan Muhammad Ikhwanul Hakim Muhammad Irfan Saputra Muhammad Itqan Masdadi Muhammad Itqan Mazdadi Muhammad Janawi Muhammad Khairin Nahwan Muhammad Mirza Hafiz Yudianto Muhammad Nazar Gunawan Muhammad Rafi Muhammad Reza Faisal, Muhammad Reza Muhammad Rizky Aulia Ramadhan Muhammad Rofiq Muhammad Sholih Afif Muhammad Solih Afif Muliadi Muliadi Muliadi MULIADI -, MULIADI Muliadi Aziz Muliadi Muliadi Muliadi Muliadi Muliadi Muliadi Muliadi Muliadi Muliadi, M Musyaffa, Muhammad Hafizh Nafis Satul Khasanah Nahdhatuzzahra Nahdhatuzzahra Ngo, Luu Duc Nila Yoga Tama Nurwati Noor Hidayah Nursyifa Azizah Ori Minarto Padhilah, Muhammad Pirjatullah Pirjatullah Pirjatullah Prastya, Septyan Eka Priyatama, Muhammad Abdhi Puput Dani Prasetyo Adi Puput Dani Prasetyo Adi Radityo Adi Nugroho Rahayu, Fenny Winda Rahmad Ubaidillah Rahmat Ramadhani, Rahmat Reza Faisal, Mohammad Riadi, Putri Agustina Rifki Izdihar Oktvian Abas Pullah Rifki Riza Susanto Banner Rizal, Muhammad Nur Rizki Amelia Rizki, M. Alfi Rozaq, Hasri Akbar Awal Rudy Herteno Rudy Herteno Rudy Herteno Rudy Herteno Saman Abdurrahman Saragih, Triando Hamonangan Selvia Indah Liany Abdie Septyan Eka Prastya Setyo Wahyu Saputro Setyo Wahyu Saputro sholih Afif Siti Napi'ah Soesanto, Oni Sri Cahyo Wahyono Sri Rahayu Sri Redjeki Sri Redjeki Syarif Maulana, Syarif Totok Wianto Totok Wiyanto Tri Mulyani Triando Hamonangan Saragih Umar Ali Ahmad Utomo, Edy Setyo Wahyu Dwi Styadi Wardana, Muhammad Difha Winda Agustina Yanche Kurniawan Mangalik YILDIZ, Oktay Yudha Sulistiyo Wibowo Zamzam, Yra Fatria